LLM Group 6 Environment and Legal Order Biological Diversity and Legal Order Solved Question Papers with Answers 2015 to 2026 - Mumbai University | munotes

Six files in this folder hold EIGHT distinct printed papers and fifty six questions, and all fifty six are answered here. Two of the scans carry two complete and different hundred mark papers, not a paper and its Marathi translation: the 2016 file holds Q.P. Code 311800, headed 2016 first half, and QP Code 11880, headed 2016 second half, and the 2018 file holds Q.P. Code 08447, headed 2018 first half, and subject code 70506 on printer's form 60742, headed 2018 second half. The 2015 file is QP Code 15876, and the three newest files are single papers under subject code 70506, on form 60744 in 2019, form 69048 in 2024 and form 06148 in 2025-2026, the last two printing every question in English and then in Marathi.

The shape of the paper has hardly moved: three hours, one hundred marks, seven questions, attempt any four, all questions carrying equal marks, so each answer is worth twenty five. NO PAPER in this folder prints that figure against a question, and twenty five is the paper's own arithmetic. Every paper sets one short notes question asking for any two. The 2024 paper is the exception twice over: it prints its short notes FIRST, as question 1, and offers only three options, where the other papers offer four or five.

What recurs is concentrated, and the counts are by paper, so a topic set twice on one paper counts once. PROTECTED AREAS, meaning sanctuaries, National Parks, zoos and the protected areas of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, are the only topic on ALL EIGHT papers: a short note on the six papers up to 2019 and a full question on the two newest, which print it in identical words. The MEANING OF BIODIVERSITY AND THE NEED TO PROTECT IT is a full question on every paper except 2024, and so is ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION, which 2025-2026 folds into a longer question. DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT is a full question on every paper except 2025-2026. The CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY is on every paper except the second 2016 paper, as a full question on five of them. Medicinal and cosmetic plants are on seven papers too, but a full question only in 2024 and 2025-2026. GENETIC ENGINEERING and the BIOMEDICAL USE OF FLORA AND FAUNA, which is where the questions on multinational corporations belong, are each on six.

Trade in wild life products is on six papers, wild life conservation and the Wild Life (Protection) Act as a whole on four, and genetic resources for agriculture on four, always as a short note. The BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT, 2002 is the surprise. It was a full question on all four papers of 2016 and 2018 and has NOT been one since: 2019 and 2024 do not set it at all, and 2025-2026 sets it only as a short note on access to biological resources.

That produces the most useful fact in this note, and it was computed by testing every combination of topics against every paper rather than estimated, counting a short notes question only where two of its own options fall inside the topics prepared. NO SET OF FIVE topics answers the four questions you must write on all eight papers. Several sets of six do, and every one of them contains genetic engineering and the biomedical use of flora and fauna. One of them, those two with the meaning of biodiversity, development projects, animal experimentation and protected areas, gives five answerable questions on three of the papers: the first 2016 paper, the second 2018 paper and 2024.

The older papers and the newest reward different preparation. On the six papers from 2015 to 2019 one set of five topics answers four questions on every paper, and no set of four does: the meaning of biodiversity, development projects, animal experimentation, genetic engineering and the biomedical use of flora and fauna. That set still answers four questions in 2024 but only three in 2025-2026, which sets no development question and puts animal experimentation inside a composite question on biomedical use and wildlife trade. For the two newest papers EXACTLY ONE set of four works, the meaning of biodiversity, protected areas, genetic engineering and the biomedical use of flora and fauna, with no margin at all on either paper.

Six questions are printed in the same words on more than one paper, and each carries the identical answer here, because a candidate sitting either paper writes the same thing. The most repeated asks for the legal and ethical issues arising out of experimentation on animals, set on THREE papers: 2015, the first 2016 paper and the first 2018 paper. The other five are set twice: sustainable development in the context of development projects, on the second 2016 paper and in 2024; the liabilities of multinational corporations in utilising biosphere resources, on the second 2016 paper and in 2025-2026; what the Convention on Biological Diversity is and how it recognises biological resources at country level, on the first 2018 paper and in 2024; and, on both of the two newest papers, genetic engineering and its effects on the mutation of seeds and micro-organisms, and the legal provisions that protect National Parks and sanctuaries. So FOUR of the seven questions on the 2024 paper and THREE on the 2025-2026 paper are printed in words already set on another paper in this folder.

The short notes repeat even more. Regulation of trade in wild life products is set on FOUR papers, both papers of 2016 and both of 2018, so each of those scans prints it twice. Sanctuaries and National Parks is set on three papers, and the Convention on Biological Diversity on three under three different names. Cosmetic plants, animal products, medicinal plants, genetic resources for agriculture and the protection of genetic resources for agriculture are each set twice. Each note is the same text wherever its printed topic is the same.

Beware the questions that LOOK repeated and are not, because the difference is the whole answer. The meaning of biodiversity is set in seven wordings on seven papers, and they ask different things: the need for conservation AND protection in 2015, the protection of flora and fauna on the first 2016 paper, significance in the new millennium on the second 2018 paper, importance in human life in 2019, and the Indian and international legal instruments in 2025-2026. Animal experimentation is set as the issues ARISING OUT OF it on three papers, but as an EVALUATION of its control on the second 2016 paper, the issues INVOLVED in it on the second 2018 paper and the legal MECHANISM of control in 2019, which wants the machinery layer by layer. The 2025-2026 note on regulation of trade in WILD LIFE is not the note on wild life PRODUCTS set on four earlier papers, because live animals and plants are part of it. And medicinal plants are asked four ways: as a short note on their own, paired with cosmetic plants in 2019, as the DIFFICULTIES of regulating them in 2024, and as their need, impact and importance beside micro-organisms and wild life in 2025-2026.

Several faults in the printing are worth knowing so that you do not think you have misread. The first 2016 paper asks for the issues arising WHILE experimentation on animals, meaning arising out of it. The first 2018 paper asks for the IMPLEMENTIVE structures of the Biodiversity Act, meaning the bodies that implement it. The 2024 paper asks for sustainable development in the CONTEST of development projects, meaning context. Several papers name the statutes loosely: the Wild Life Act 1972 is the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, and the Biodiversity Act 2002 is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. And the question on multinational corporations and BIOSPHERE resources uses a word Indian law does not: the Act regulates biological resources, and the answer is written on that footing.

Every paper tells the candidate to cite case law or illustrations, and every answer here is built on decided cases, among them T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India on the meaning of forest and, in 2012, on the wild buffalo of Chhattisgarh, Animal Welfare Board of India v. A. Nagaraja on the five freedoms of animals, Centre for Environmental Law, WWF-India v. Union of India on the Asiatic lion, M.K. Ranjitsinh v. Union of India on the Great Indian Bustard and the right against the adverse effects of climate change, Sansar Chand v. State of Rajasthan on the organised trade in tiger and leopard skins, Vellore Citizens' Welfare Forum v. Union of India on the precautionary principle, and Divya Pharmacy v. Union of India on benefit sharing by Indian companies, a question on which the Himachal Pradesh High Court has disagreed in interim orders while the Chhattisgarh High Court upheld a State Board's levy in a final judgment of 13 August 2026.

These are model answers prepared by munotes. They are a study aid and not official University answer keys, which the University of Mumbai does not publish.