LLM Group 6 Environment and Legal Order Environmental Legislations Solved Question Papers with Answers 2015 to 2026 - Mumbai University | munotes

Seven files in this folder hold NINE distinct printed papers and sixty three questions, and all sixty three are answered here. Two of the scans carry two complete and different hundred mark papers each, not a paper and its Marathi translation: the 2016 file holds Q.P. Code 312401 from the first half sitting of 2016 and QP Code 11897 from the second half, and the 2018 file holds Q. P. Code 32882 from the first half sitting of 2018 and subject code 70512 on printer's form 57025 from the second. The 2015 file is QP Code 15893 and the 2019 file printer's form 57053, and the three newest files are single papers under subject code 70512, on form 20675 in 2022, form 68931 in 2024 and form 06849 in 2025-2026.

The shape of the paper has hardly moved since 2015. All nine papers set SEVEN questions for a hundred marks, attempt any four, with all questions carrying equal marks, so each answer is worth twenty five. Only the 2022 and 2024 papers print that figure, in their instructions; the other seven print no marks at all, and twenty five is the paper's own arithmetic. Every paper allows three hours except 2022, which prints three hours and forty five minutes. No question is compulsory anywhere in the folder, but some questions have compulsory PARTS: the first 2018 paper opens with two short notes questions that each say any two and print only two options, the second 2018 paper and the 2019 paper each set a pair of notes with no choice, and question 2 of the 2022 paper and question 5 of the 2025-2026 paper each print two parts to be written together.

What recurs is unusually concentrated, and the counts are by paper, so a topic set twice on one paper counts once. The COASTAL REGULATION ZONE is set as a full question on ALL NINE papers, the only topic that is. The ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 is on all nine as well: as a full question on eight, and on the 2024 paper through the question on judicial activism in interpreting it and two short note options on it. CRIMINAL LAW, meaning the Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code or now the two Sanhitas, and DISASTER MANAGEMENT are each set on eight papers, and the one paper that sets neither is 2022. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT and the ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY are each on seven, and the judiciary has been on every paper since the first half of 2018. ECO-MARK is on six papers, HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND WASTE on five, ECO-TOURISM on five and always as a short note, ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT and LOCAL BODIES on four each, and AQUACULTURE and the REGULATION OF SEA RESORTS on three each.

That produces the most useful fact in this note, and it was computed by testing every combination of topics against every paper rather than estimated. NO SET OF FOUR topics will answer the four questions you have to write on all nine papers. EXACTLY ONE set of five will: the Coastal Regulation Zone, the Environment (Protection) Act, criminal law, disaster management and the role of the judiciary. The margin is thin. That set gives exactly four answerable questions on six of the nine papers, and on two of those the fourth is a short notes question: sea resorts with the delegation of powers to environmental agencies on the 2022 paper, and any two of disaster preparedness, the powers of the Central Government and the objectives and scope of the Act on the 2024 paper. The best insurance is environmental impact assessment or hazardous substances, each of which adds a fifth answerable question on three of those six papers.

The older papers and the newest ones reward different preparation. On the six papers up to 2019, four topics are enough, the Act, the Coastal Regulation Zone, criminal law and disaster management, and no other set of four is. On each of the three newest papers those same four leave you one question short. What the newest papers need is the judiciary: the Act, the Coastal Regulation Zone, criminal law and the judiciary answer four questions on each of the 2022, 2024 and 2025-2026 papers, and so does the same set with eco-mark in place of criminal law. The newest papers have moved in two other visible ways. ECO-MARK, a short note on four earlier papers, became a full question in 2024 and again in 2025-2026. And PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, set on seven papers from 2015 to 2022, is on neither of the two newest, which ask instead about environmental information.

Eight questions are printed in the same words on more than one paper, and each carries the identical answer here, because a candidate sitting either paper writes the same thing. The most repeated question in the folder asks for the role of the I.P.C., Cr.P.C. and Local Laws in environment protection, and it is set on FOUR papers: the second 2016 paper, both 2018 papers and the 2019 paper. The other seven are set twice each: prohibition, exemption and permissible activities in CRZ areas with reference to the notifications, in 2015 and 2022; the classification of the zone with the prohibited activities explained at length, on the second 2016 paper and in 2019; whether the E. P. Act was framed to overcome lacunas in the laws then existing, on the second papers of 2016 and 2018; pre and post disaster management plans and their efficacies, on the second 2016 paper and the first 2018 paper; the salient features of the Act followed by the powers of the Central Government, on the first 2018 paper and in 2019; public participation with the procedure to obtain it, on the second 2018 paper and in 2019; and judicial activism in interpreting the Act, in 2024 and 2025-2026.

The reuse of full questions belongs to the middle years. Four of the seven questions on the second 2016 paper were set again in 2018 or 2019, and four of the seven on the 2019 paper had been set before. The three newest papers repeat only two full questions from any earlier paper between them: the 2022 paper repeats the CRZ question of 2015, and the 2025-2026 paper repeats the judicial activism question of 2024. Preparing from the older papers therefore means preparing their topics, not expecting their questions. Short notes behave differently: eco-tourism is set five times across the folder, eco-mark and environmental impact assessment four times each and aquaculture three times, eco-tourism and aquaculture both reach the 2025-2026 paper, and each note is the same text wherever its printed topic is the same.

Beware the questions that LOOK repeated and are not, because the difference is the whole answer. The two 2018 papers set the classifications of the Coastal Regulation Zone with the activities declared prohibited and exempted, and differ by one verb: the first paper says DISCUSS and the second says STATE. The 2022 paper asks for the powers of the Central Government first and the salient features of the Act second, the reverse of the 2018 and 2019 question, and has its own answer built around the work each power does. Environmental audit is set three ways: a note on the Environmental Audit Report in 2015, a note on Environmental Audit AND Report on the second 2016 paper and in 2019, and a full question on the process and importance of audit in 2022. And the local bodies topic is printed in four different forms on four papers, each with its own answer.

Several faults in the printing are worth knowing so that you do not think you have misread. The 2015 paper asks about the Protection of environment protection under the CRPC and the Penal Code, and spells permissible as PERMISSIABLE. The first 2016 paper speaks of Coastal REGULATORY Zones, where the notifications say Coastal Regulation Zone. On the first 2018 paper, questions 1 and 2 each say write short notes, any two, and print only two options, lettered (a) and (b) and then (c) and (d), so whichever of them you attempt needs both its notes. And the 2025-2026 paper spells the new codes BHARTIYA Nyaya Sanhita and Bhartiya NAGRIK Suraksha Sanhita; the enacted names are the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, and the answers use them.

Every answer here is written on the law as it stands today, and in this subject that reaches the most repeated question of all. The Code of Criminal Procedure is named on seven of the nine papers and the Indian Penal Code on six, and both were replaced on 1 July 2024: public nuisance under section 268 of the Penal Code is now section 270 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, and the magistrate's order to remove a public nuisance under section 133 of the Code is now section 152 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita. The answers state the criminal law on the Sanhitas and give the old section beside the new wherever a paper or a decided case uses it.

Only two papers ask for case law in terms, the 2015 paper and the 2025-2026 paper, but every answer here is built on decided cases, among them Municipal Council, Ratlam v. Vardhichand and State of M.P. v. Kedia Leather & Liquor Ltd. on the magistrate's nuisance power and its survival beside the pollution Acts, Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India on absolute liability and the polluter pays principle, Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India on the precautionary principle, S. Jagannath v. Union of India on shrimp farms in the coastal zone, Kerala State Coastal Zone Management Authority v. State of Kerala, Maradu Municipality and Kapico Kerala Resorts Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Kerala on demolishing buildings put up in breach of the coastal rules, Swaraj Abhiyan v. Union of India on the disaster plans the Act required and the Union had not made, and Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. Rohit Prajapati with Vanashakti v. Union of India on environmental clearance granted after the event.

These are model answers prepared by munotes. They are a study aid and not official University answer keys, which the University of Mumbai does not publish.