LLM Group 6 Environment and Legal Order Prevention and Control of Pollution Solved Question Papers with Answers 2015 to 2026 - Mumbai University | munotes

Eight files in this folder hold ELEVEN distinct printed papers and seventy seven questions, and all seventy seven are answered here. Three of the scans carry two complete and different hundred mark papers rather than a paper and its Marathi. The 2016 file holds Q.P. Code 11844 from the first half sitting and Q.P. Code 60986 from the second. The 2018 file holds Q.P. Code 20340 from the first half sitting and Q.P. Code 20339, printed under subject code 26918. The 2019 file holds printer's form 69973 from the first half sitting and form 77719 from the second, and its third page is form 77719 again in Marathi, not a third paper. The 2015 file is Q.P. Code 27187, and the four newest files are single papers under subject code 26918: form 20206 in 2022, form 70646 in 2024, and two papers for 2025-2026, form 16522 dated 8 July 2026 and form 16521 dated 17 July 2026, whose form numbers run backwards against their dates.

The shape of the paper has not moved since 2015. All eleven papers allow three hours for a hundred marks and set SEVEN questions, attempt any four, all questions carrying equal marks, so each answer is worth twenty five. NO PAPER IN THIS FOLDER PRINTS TWENTY FIVE against a question, and the figure is the paper's own arithmetic. No question is compulsory anywhere in the folder, but some questions have compulsory PARTS: question 6 of the 2022 paper sets the modalities of air pollution control and market based instruments to be written together, and question 5 of both 2025-2026 papers prints two parts on waste. Every paper closes with a short notes question asking for any two, and it offers four options on nine papers, five on the first 2019 paper and three on the 2022 paper. The six papers from 2019 on tell you to cite case law; the five before them do not.

The syllabus prints six labels and nothing else: Pollution, Pollution of Water and Pollution of Air in Module I, Noise Pollution in Module II, Disposal of Waste in Module III and Sanctions against Pollution in Module IV. The papers keep close to those labels, and the counts here are by paper, so a topic set twice on one paper counts once. AIR POLLUTION and WASTE are set as full questions on ALL ELEVEN papers. NOISE is on all eleven too, as a full question on ten and as a short note on the second 2018 paper. SANCTIONS reach all eleven counting the short notes, and are a full question on five, among them each of the three newest papers. The general question on POLLUTION, its kinds and its effects is set on ten papers, and the eleventh, 2024, asks you to define pollution at the start of its air question. WATER is on nine, and eight of them name GROUND WATER. Beyond the labels, JUDICIAL ACTIVISM or the role of the judiciary is a full question on six papers and a short note on both 2025-2026 papers, MARKET BASED INSTRUMENTS for abating industrial pollution are on seven, the BHOPAL gas leak on five and INCENTIVES to pollution control on four.

That produces the most useful fact in this note, and it was computed by testing every combination of topics against every paper rather than estimated. NO SET OF FOUR topics will answer the four questions you have to write on all eleven papers. The six labels of the syllabus will, with one to spare: ANY FIVE of pollution, water, air, noise, waste and sanctions give you four answerable questions on every paper in the folder, counting a short notes question only when two of its options fall inside, and all six give you at least five on every paper. If you must choose five, pollution, air, water, noise and waste is the strongest, with five answerable questions on eight papers and four on the second 2018 paper, 2024 and the first 2025-2026 paper.

The older and newer papers reward different preparation. On the eight papers from 2015 to 2022, four topics are enough, pollution, air, water and waste, and no other set of four is. On each of the three newest papers those four leave you one question short, and the gap is filled by noise or by sanctions, each a full question on all three. The two 2025-2026 papers have moved furthest. NEITHER SETS WATER POLLUTION, which was on every earlier paper, and BOTH set the WILD LIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972 as question 2, although it falls under none of the six labels: the first asks for its salient features and the second for its objectives and its effectiveness in the modern era, and each has its own answer here. Both also name the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, named before only on the first 2019 paper, and the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, named on no earlier paper. And the 2024 paper is the only one to set environmental impact assessment, the polluter pays principle, the right to a clean and healthy environment and the powers and functions of the State Pollution Control Board.

One full question and TEN short notes are printed in the same words on more than one paper, and each carries the identical answer here, because a candidate sitting either paper writes the same thing. The most repeated question in the folder is MARKET BASED INSTRUMENTS for abating industrial pollution, set on SEVEN papers: as a short note in 2015, on the first 2018 paper, on the second 2019 paper, in 2024 and on both 2025-2026 papers, and in 2022 as the compulsory second half of question 6. The BHOPAL GAS LEAK CASE is a note on five papers, both 2016 papers, the second 2018 paper and both 2019 papers, and INCENTIVES TO POLLUTION CONTROL on four, 2015, the second 2018 paper and both 2025-2026 papers. The only full question repeated word for word is Describe judicial activism in protection of environment in India, in 2015 and on the second 2019 paper. Seven more notes are set twice each: the efficacy of criminal and civil sanctions in 2015 and 2022; corporate liability, civil and criminal, and the Ganga water pollution case, both on the two 2016 papers; sanctions against pollution in India on the first 2018 and second 2019 papers; the Doon valley case in 2015 and on the first 2018 paper; ground water pollution on the second 2019 paper and in 2022; and bio-medical waste disposal on the first 2019 paper and in 2022.

Beware the questions that LOOK repeated and are not, because the difference changes the answer. Judicial activism is set in three forms: DESCRIBE judicial activism IN protection of environment in 2015 and on the second 2019 paper, DISCUSS judicial activism AND protection of environment on the first 2018 paper, which invites the debate over whether the courts have gone too far, and the EMERGING JUDICIAL TRENDS on the second 2018 paper. The role of local bodies and other agencies is set for wastes in general in 2015 and on the second 2025-2026 paper, for BIO-MEDICAL waste on the first 2016 paper, for HAZARDOUS wastes on the first 2019 paper and for SOLID waste on the second 2019 paper and in 2022, and the law changes with the kind of waste. The 2022 paper asks for the impact of pollution ON HUMAN BEINGS, which puts health at the centre. The 2024 noise question asks only for sources and effects, with no law at all, where every other full question on noise wants the law. And the efficacy of criminal and civil sanctions, a short note in 2015 and 2022, is a full question in 2024, where the note alone is not enough.

A few faults in the printing are worth knowing so that you do not think you have misread. Both 2025-2026 papers call the statute the WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972; its enacted title is the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, and the answers use it. The second 2019 paper asks how we can REMEDIFY the ill effects of pollution, meaning remedy. The 2024 paper sets a note on the POLLUTER PAY PRINCIPLE, which is the polluter pays principle. And the second 2018 paper names its case note Ratlam Municipal Council Vs. Vardhichand, which the law reports give as Municipal Council, Ratlam v. Vardhichand.

Every answer here is written on the law as it stands today, and the changes fall hardest on sanctions, which reach every paper in the folder. Since 1 April 2024, under the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023, most contraventions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 are met with penalties imposed by an adjudicating officer, with an appeal to the National Green Tribunal, instead of prosecution. The same change to the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, made by its amending Act of 2024, applies only in Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, the Union territories and the States that adopt it. The Indian Penal Code, named on the first 2019 paper, was replaced on 1 July 2024: public nuisance is now section 270 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, and the magistrate's order to remove a nuisance, the power at issue in Ratlam, is section 152 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita. And waste, set on every paper, is answered on the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2026, in force from 1 April 2026 in place of the Rules of 2016.

Case law is asked for in terms on the six papers from 2019 on, and the named case notes stop in that same year: the Bhopal gas leak is set on five papers, the Doon valley and Ganga cases on two each and the oleum gas leak and Ratlam on one each, all between 2015 and 2019. Every answer here is built on decided cases, among them Municipal Council, Ratlam v. Vardhichand on the municipality that could not plead lack of funds against a public nuisance, M.C. Mehta v. Union of India on the oleum gas leak and absolute liability, Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India on the Bhopal settlement, Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh on the Doon valley quarries, the Kanpur tanneries and municipality cases on the Ganga, Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India on the polluter pays principle, Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India on the precautionary principle, In re Noise Pollution on loudspeakers and firecrackers, and Almitra H. Patel v. Union of India on municipal solid waste.

These are model answers prepared by munotes. They are a study aid and not official University answer keys, which the University of Mumbai does not publish.