munotes®
Sign in
Semester 3: Notes + Solved papers
Or either one alone: ₹499
₹798 ₹998 Unlock Semester 3

LL.M. Environment and Legal Order Semester 3: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

For students of Mumbai University and all its affiliated colleges.

As per latest University of Mumbai syllabus

1,494 law students from 165 colleges affiliated to the University of Mumbai read munotes, 133 of them on the LL.M. Counted from accounts, so it leaves out everyone who reads without signing in.

What do you get

  • All the notes of all the subjects in Semester 3, as per the latest syllabus 2026.
  • Previous year question papers, with full solutions.
  • Your own dashboard, where you can track everything you have read, subject by subject.
  • Valid for one year, 365 days from the day you pay.
  • If the University revises the syllabus while your year is running, the notes are rewritten to match and you read the new version at no extra cost. You are never asked to buy the same semester twice.

  1. Biological Diversity and Legal Order

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Biological Diversity and Legal Order

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Group 6 Environment and Legal Order

    Biological Diversity and Legal Order

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What This Paper Is About 1
    2. The Three Levels of Diversity 4
    3. What the Statute Means by Biological Diversity 7
    4. Biological Resources, and What the Definition Leaves Out 10
    5. The Meaning of Biodiversity, as the University Asks It 13
    6. Biodiversity and Human Life 16
    7. The Values of Biodiversity 19
    8. Ecosystem Services, and Putting a Price on Them 22
    9. India as a Megadiverse Country 25
    10. Why Biodiversity Must Be Protected 28
    11. Flora and Fauna, and Why the Law Treats Them Differently 31
    12. The Five Drivers of Biodiversity Loss 35
    13. Extinction, Endangerment and the Red List 38
    14. In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation 41
    15. Biodiversity and International Law 44
    16. From Stockholm 1972 to Rio 1992 47
    17. The Convention on Biological Diversity and Its Three Objectives 50
    18. Article 3: Sovereignty, and Recognition at Country Level 53
    19. Articles 6 and 7: National Strategies, Identification and Monitoring 56
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Article 8, and the Clause That Changed Indian Law 59
    2. Articles 9 and 10: Ex-situ Conservation and Sustainable Use 63
    3. Articles 11 to 14: Incentives, Research, Education and Impact Assessment 66
    4. Article 15: Access to Genetic Resources 69
    5. Articles 16 to 19: Technology, Information and Biotechnology 72
    6. Articles 20 and 21: Money 76
    7. Articles 22 to 42: The Machinery and the Final Clauses 79
    8. The Rights and Responsibilities of a State Under the Convention 82
    9. The Salient Features of the Convention, in Exam Shape 85
    10. The Nagoya Protocol 2010 88
    11. Nagoya: Compliance, Traditional Knowledge and Machinery 92
    12. The Cartagena Protocol 2000, in Outline 96
    13. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources, in Outline 99
    14. CITES 1973, in Outline 102
    15. The Ramsar Convention and India’s Wetlands 105
    16. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 2022 109
    17. Articles 48A and 51A(g) of the Constitution 112
    18. Article 21 and the Environment 115
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Article 253, and Why Parliament Could Enact the 2002 Act 119
    2. The Indian and International Instruments Together 122
    3. The Whole Legal Framework, in One Chapter 125

    Module II

    1. Why India Needed an Act of Its Own 128
    2. The Scheme of the Biological Diversity Act 2002 132
    3. Section 2: The Definitions That Decide Everything 136
    4. Section 3: Who May Not Take a Biological Resource 139
    5. Sections 4 and 6: Research Results and Intellectual Property 143
    6. Section 7, and the Proviso That Changed It in 2023 151
    7. Sections 8 to 17: The National Biodiversity Authority 155
    8. Section 18: The Functions and Powers of the Authority 159
    9. Section 19: How an Approval Is Applied For and Given 162
    10. Section 21: Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing 166
    11. Sections 22 to 25: The State Biodiversity Board 170
    12. The Functions of the Boards, in Exam Shape 173
    13. Sections 26 to 35: The Funds, the Accounts and the Reports 176
    14. Sections 36, 36A and 36B: Strategies, Plans and Duties 179
    15. Section 37: Biodiversity Heritage Sites 182
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Sections 38 and 39: Threatened Species and Repositories 185
    2. Section 40: Normally Traded Commodities 188
    3. Sections 41 to 47: The Biodiversity Management Committee 191
    4. Sections 48 to 54: Directions, Disputes, Appeals and Execution 194
    5. Sections 55 to 57: The Penalty Regime the 2023 Amendment Created 198
    6. Sections 59 to 65: Savings, Exemptions and the Rule Making Powers 202
    7. The Implementing Structures, in Exam Shape 206
    8. The Biological Diversity Rules 2024 209
    9. The 2024 Rules: Committees, Registers and Procedure 213
    10. The Access and Benefit Sharing Regulations 2025 217
    11. Divya Pharmacy: Benefit Sharing from an Indian Company 222
    12. Access to Biological Resources Under Indian Law 226
    13. The Act Against the Convention It Implements 230
    14. The Legislation Governing Research in Biological Resources 233
    15. Biopiracy: What It Is and How the Act Answers It 237
    16. Turmeric, Neem and Basmati 241
    17. The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library 244
    18. Why the Law Regulates What Is Done to an Animal 247
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Sections 3 and 11: The Duty, and What Counts as Cruelty 251
    2. Section 14: When an Experiment on an Animal Is Lawful 254
    3. Sections 15 to 17: The Committee That Controls Experiments 257
    4. Sections 18 to 20: Inspection, Prohibition and Penalty 260
    5. The 1998 Rules and the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee 264
    6. The Three Rs: Replacement, Reduction and Refinement 268
    7. The Ethical Argument, and Where the Law Stops 271
    8. The Legal Mechanism of Control, in Exam Shape 275
    9. A. Nagaraja: The Rights of Animals 279
    10. The Constitution Bench of 2023, and What Survives of Nagaraja 283
    11. Sections 21 to 41: Performing Animals, Offences and the Rest of the Act 287
    12. The End of Cosmetics Testing on Animals in India 291
    13. What Genetic Engineering Is 294
    14. The Relation Between Genetic Engineering and Biodiversity 298
    15. The 1989 Rules: The Six Bodies of Indian Biosafety Law 302
    16. The 1989 Rules: The Approvals, and Who Gives Them 306
    17. The 1989 Rules: Inspection, Restriction and Prohibition 310
    18. The Cartagena Protocol: The Advance Informed Agreement 314
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Living Modified Organisms for Food, Feed or Processing 318
    2. Risk Assessment, Risk Management and the Precautionary Provision 322
    3. The Biosafety Clearing-House and the Rest of the Protocol 327
    4. Bt Cotton, Bt Brinjal and GM Mustard 332
    5. The Legal Provisions on the Genetic Mutation of Seeds and Micro-organisms 336
    6. Genetic Engineering in the Preservation of Endangered Species 341
    7. Monsanto v. Nuziveedu and Section 3(j) of the Patents Act 345
    8. Multinational Corporations and Biological Resources 349
    9. The Liabilities of a Multinational, and the Problems of Control 353
    10. Corporate Social Responsibility, and What Schedule VII Actually Says 357
    11. Flora and Fauna for Biomedical Purposes 361
    12. Wildlife Trade, Biopiracy and Research Practice, Nationally and Internationally 365
    13. How a Development Project Destroys Biodiversity 370
    14. Unplanned Development, and What Makes It Unplanned 373
    15. The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 2006 377
    16. The Four Stages: Screening, Scoping, Public Consultation and Appraisal 381
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Forest Clearance Under the Van Adhiniyam 385
    2. Wildlife Clearance and the National Board for Wild Life 389
    3. Eco-sensitive Zones and the Coast 393
    4. Compensatory Afforestation and Net Present Value 397
    5. The Concept of Sustainable Development 402
    6. How the Concept Evolved 406
    7. How Sustainable Development Is Related to Biodiversity 410
    8. Vellore: The Precautionary Principle and Polluter Pays 414
    9. Nayudu and the Burden of Proof 418
    10. Narmada Bachao Andolan, and the Limits of the Precautionary Principle 421
    11. Hanuman Laxman Aroskar and the Incomplete Assessment 424
    12. Lafarge, and the Guidelines for Every Future Clearance 427
    13. K.M. Chinnappa: Mining Inside a National Park 431
    14. M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath and the Public Trust Doctrine 435
    15. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action and the Cost of Remediation 439
    16. Niyamgiri: The Gram Sabha as a Step in Clearance 444
    17. Samatha, PESA and Land in a Scheduled Area 448
    18. The Forest Rights Act 2006 and the Critical Wildlife Habitat 452
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The National Green Tribunal as the Forum 457
    2. The Silent Valley Episode 462

    Module III

    1. What a Medicinal Plant Is, and Why the Law Finds It Hard 466
    2. The Difficulties in the Legal Regulation of Medicinal Plants 471
    3. Medicinal Plants, in Short-Note Shape 477
    4. The Need, Impact and Importance of Medicinal Plants and Micro-organisms 481
    5. Medicinal Plants as Biological Resources Under the 2002 Act 485
    6. The 2023 Proviso: Cultivated Plants, AYUSH and What Came Out of the Act 491
    7. Codified Traditional Knowledge and the First Schedule 495
    8. Specified Plants: The Only Plants the Wildlife Act Protects 499
    9. Sections 17A to 17H: Picking, Cultivating, Dealing and Stock 503
    10. Chapter IVA of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act: Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani Drugs 508
    11. Adulterated and Spurious Drugs, and the Licence to Manufacture 512
    12. Chapter IVA: Offences, Confiscation and the Rest 517
    13. The National Medicinal Plants Board and the Schemes 522
    14. Cosmetic Plants, and What the University Means 526
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Section 3 of the Patents Act: What Is Not an Invention 530
    2. Section 3(d) and Novartis 534
    3. Section 3(p): Traditional Knowledge Is Not an Invention 537
    4. Section 10(4): Disclosure of Source and Geographical Origin 541
    5. Sections 25 and 64: Opposition and Revocation 546
    6. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act 2001 550
    7. Registering a Variety, and the Four Kinds the Act Knows 555
    8. Section 39: Farmers’ Rights 561
    9. Section 41: The Rights of Communities 566
    10. Section 26 and the Gene Fund 570
    11. Section 30 and Sections 47 to 48: Research and the Compulsory Licence 575
    12. The International Treaty and Its Multilateral System 579
    13. Genetic Resources for Agriculture, and Their Protection 584
    14. Where Three Statutes Meet Over One Plant 589

    Module IV

    1. What a Protected Area Is 594
    2. The Scheme of the Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 598
    3. Section 2: The Definitions the Act Turns On 603
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Sections 3 to 8: The Authorities 608
    2. Section 9: The Prohibition of Hunting 612
    3. Sections 11 and 12: When Hunting Is Permitted 616
    4. Section 18: Declaring a Sanctuary 620
    5. Sections 19 to 25A: The Settlement of Rights 624
    6. Section 26A: The Final Declaration, and the Power to Cut a Sanctuary Down 629
    7. Sections 27 to 34: What May and May Not Be Done Inside 633
    8. Section 29, and Essar Oil 638
    9. Section 35: The National Park 643
    10. Sanctuaries and National Parks Compared 648
    11. Sections 36A to 36D: Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves 652
    12. Section 38: The Central Government’s Own Power to Declare 657
    13. Sections 38A to 38K: The Central Zoo Authority and the Recognition of a Zoo 661
    14. The Recognition of Zoo Rules 2009 666
    15. National Parks and Zoos, and Sanctuaries and Zoos 672
    16. Sections 38L to 38XA: Tiger Reserves and the Tiger Authority 676
    17. Sections 38Y and 38Z: The Wild Life Crime Control Bureau 682
    18. Section 39: Wild Animals as Government Property 687
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Sections 40 to 42A: Declarations, Inventories, Certificates and Surrender 692
    2. Chapter V, Sections 43 to 49: The Licence to Deal 698
    3. Chapter VA, Sections 49A to 49C: The Total Prohibition, and Ivory 704
    4. Chapter VB, Sections 49D to 49R: International Trade in Scheduled Specimens 710
    5. Sections 49M to 49R: Breeders, Licences and Government Property 716
    6. CITES Worked: The Three Appendices and the Permit 721
    7. The Regulation of Trade in Wildlife Products 727
    8. Sections 50 to 58: Powers, Penalties and Presumptions 733
    9. Chapter VIA, Sections 58A to 58Y: Forfeiture 740
    10. Sections 59 to 60B: Officers, Good Faith and Rewards 747
    11. Sections 61 to 62B: The Schedules, Vermin and Invasive Alien Species 752
    12. Sections 63 to 66: Rules, the Rights of Scheduled Tribes, and the Repeal 757
    13. The Indian Forest Act 1927 and the Three Classes of Forest 762
    14. Sections 26 to 42: Prohibitions, Village Forests and Protected Forests 768
    15. Sections 52 to 69: Seizure, Confiscation and the Presumption 775
    16. The Van Adhiniyam 1980 and the Diversion of Forest Land 781
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Wetlands: Ramsar Sites and the Rules 788
    2. The Legal Provisions of the Laws That Protect National Parks and Sanctuaries 794
    3. The Species Cases: The Lion, the Bustard and the Tiger 801
    4. The Efficacy of the Act, and the Significance of Wildlife Conservation 806
    5. The Whole Paper in One Place 813
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    818 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 818 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2024, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 197 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 40 chapters

    1. 1 What This Paper Is About pages 1–3
    2. 2 The Three Levels of Diversity pages 4–6
    3. 3 What the Statute Means by Biological Diversity pages 7–9
    4. 4 Biological Resources, and What the Definition Leaves Out pages 10–12
    5. 5 The Meaning of Biodiversity, as the University Asks It pages 13–15
    6. 6 Biodiversity and Human Life pages 16–18
    7. 7 The Values of Biodiversity pages 19–21
    8. 8 Ecosystem Services, and Putting a Price on Them pages 22–24
    9. 9 India as a Megadiverse Country pages 25–27
    10. 10 Why Biodiversity Must Be Protected pages 28–30
    11. 11 Flora and Fauna, and Why the Law Treats Them Differently pages 31–34
    12. 12 The Five Drivers of Biodiversity Loss pages 35–37
    13. 13 Extinction, Endangerment and the Red List pages 38–40
    14. 14 In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation pages 41–43
    15. 15 Biodiversity and International Law pages 44–46
    16. 16 From Stockholm 1972 to Rio 1992 pages 47–49
    17. 17 The Convention on Biological Diversity and Its Three Objectives pages 50–52
    18. 18 Article 3: Sovereignty, and Recognition at Country Level pages 53–55
    19. 19 Articles 6 and 7: National Strategies, Identification and Monitoring pages 56–58
    20. 20 Article 8, and the Clause That Changed Indian Law pages 59–62
    21. 21 Articles 9 and 10: Ex-situ Conservation and Sustainable Use pages 63–65
    22. 22 Articles 11 to 14: Incentives, Research, Education and Impact Assessment pages 66–68
    23. 23 Article 15: Access to Genetic Resources pages 69–71
    24. 24 Articles 16 to 19: Technology, Information and Biotechnology pages 72–75
    25. 25 Articles 20 and 21: Money pages 76–78
    26. 26 Articles 22 to 42: The Machinery and the Final Clauses pages 79–81
    27. 27 The Rights and Responsibilities of a State Under the Convention pages 82–84
    28. 28 The Salient Features of the Convention, in Exam Shape pages 85–87
    29. 29 The Nagoya Protocol 2010 pages 88–91
    30. 30 Nagoya: Compliance, Traditional Knowledge and Machinery pages 92–95
    31. 31 The Cartagena Protocol 2000, in Outline pages 96–98
    32. 32 The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources, in Outline pages 99–101
    33. 33 CITES 1973, in Outline pages 102–104
    34. 34 The Ramsar Convention and India’s Wetlands pages 105–108
    35. 35 The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 2022 pages 109–111
    36. 36 Articles 48A and 51A(g) of the Constitution pages 112–114
    37. 37 Article 21 and the Environment pages 115–118
    38. 38 Article 253, and Why Parliament Could Enact the 2002 Act pages 119–121
    39. 39 The Indian and International Instruments Together pages 122–124
    40. 40 The Whole Legal Framework, in One Chapter pages 125–127

    Module II 87 chapters

    1. 41 Why India Needed an Act of Its Own pages 128–131
    2. 42 The Scheme of the Biological Diversity Act 2002 pages 132–135
    3. 43 Section 2: The Definitions That Decide Everything pages 136–138
    4. 44 Section 3: Who May Not Take a Biological Resource pages 139–142
    5. 45 Sections 4 and 6: Research Results and Intellectual Property pages 143–150
    6. 46 Section 7, and the Proviso That Changed It in 2023 pages 151–154
    7. 47 Sections 8 to 17: The National Biodiversity Authority pages 155–158
    8. 48 Section 18: The Functions and Powers of the Authority pages 159–161
    9. 49 Section 19: How an Approval Is Applied For and Given pages 162–165
    10. 50 Section 21: Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing pages 166–169
    11. 51 Sections 22 to 25: The State Biodiversity Board pages 170–172
    12. 52 The Functions of the Boards, in Exam Shape pages 173–175
    13. 53 Sections 26 to 35: The Funds, the Accounts and the Reports pages 176–178
    14. 54 Sections 36, 36A and 36B: Strategies, Plans and Duties pages 179–181
    15. 55 Section 37: Biodiversity Heritage Sites pages 182–184
    16. 56 Sections 38 and 39: Threatened Species and Repositories pages 185–187
    17. 57 Section 40: Normally Traded Commodities pages 188–190
    18. 58 Sections 41 to 47: The Biodiversity Management Committee pages 191–193
    19. 59 Sections 48 to 54: Directions, Disputes, Appeals and Execution pages 194–197
    20. 60 Sections 55 to 57: The Penalty Regime the 2023 Amendment Created pages 198–201
    21. 61 Sections 59 to 65: Savings, Exemptions and the Rule Making Powers pages 202–205
    22. 62 The Implementing Structures, in Exam Shape pages 206–208
    23. 63 The Biological Diversity Rules 2024 pages 209–212
    24. 64 The 2024 Rules: Committees, Registers and Procedure pages 213–216
    25. 65 The Access and Benefit Sharing Regulations 2025 pages 217–221
    26. 66 Divya Pharmacy: Benefit Sharing from an Indian Company pages 222–225
    27. 67 Access to Biological Resources Under Indian Law pages 226–229
    28. 68 The Act Against the Convention It Implements pages 230–232
    29. 69 The Legislation Governing Research in Biological Resources pages 233–236
    30. 70 Biopiracy: What It Is and How the Act Answers It pages 237–240
    31. 71 Turmeric, Neem and Basmati pages 241–243
    32. 72 The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library pages 244–246
    33. 73 Why the Law Regulates What Is Done to an Animal pages 247–250
    34. 74 Sections 3 and 11: The Duty, and What Counts as Cruelty pages 251–253
    35. 75 Section 14: When an Experiment on an Animal Is Lawful pages 254–256
    36. 76 Sections 15 to 17: The Committee That Controls Experiments pages 257–259
    37. 77 Sections 18 to 20: Inspection, Prohibition and Penalty pages 260–263
    38. 78 The 1998 Rules and the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee pages 264–267
    39. 79 The Three Rs: Replacement, Reduction and Refinement pages 268–270
    40. 80 The Ethical Argument, and Where the Law Stops pages 271–274
    41. 81 The Legal Mechanism of Control, in Exam Shape pages 275–278
    42. 82 A. Nagaraja: The Rights of Animals pages 279–282
    43. 83 The Constitution Bench of 2023, and What Survives of Nagaraja pages 283–286
    44. 84 Sections 21 to 41: Performing Animals, Offences and the Rest of the Act pages 287–290
    45. 85 The End of Cosmetics Testing on Animals in India pages 291–293
    46. 86 What Genetic Engineering Is pages 294–297
    47. 87 The Relation Between Genetic Engineering and Biodiversity pages 298–301
    48. 88 The 1989 Rules: The Six Bodies of Indian Biosafety Law pages 302–305
    49. 89 The 1989 Rules: The Approvals, and Who Gives Them pages 306–309
    50. 90 The 1989 Rules: Inspection, Restriction and Prohibition pages 310–313
    51. 91 The Cartagena Protocol: The Advance Informed Agreement pages 314–317
    52. 92 Living Modified Organisms for Food, Feed or Processing pages 318–321
    53. 93 Risk Assessment, Risk Management and the Precautionary Provision pages 322–326
    54. 94 The Biosafety Clearing-House and the Rest of the Protocol pages 327–331
    55. 95 Bt Cotton, Bt Brinjal and GM Mustard pages 332–335
    56. 96 The Legal Provisions on the Genetic Mutation of Seeds and Micro-organisms pages 336–340
    57. 97 Genetic Engineering in the Preservation of Endangered Species pages 341–344
    58. 98 Monsanto v. Nuziveedu and Section 3(j) of the Patents Act pages 345–348
    59. 99 Multinational Corporations and Biological Resources pages 349–352
    60. 100 The Liabilities of a Multinational, and the Problems of Control pages 353–356
    61. 101 Corporate Social Responsibility, and What Schedule VII Actually Says pages 357–360
    62. 102 Flora and Fauna for Biomedical Purposes pages 361–364
    63. 103 Wildlife Trade, Biopiracy and Research Practice, Nationally and Internationally pages 365–369
    64. 104 How a Development Project Destroys Biodiversity pages 370–372
    65. 105 Unplanned Development, and What Makes It Unplanned pages 373–376
    66. 106 The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 2006 pages 377–380
    67. 107 The Four Stages: Screening, Scoping, Public Consultation and Appraisal pages 381–384
    68. 108 Forest Clearance Under the Van Adhiniyam pages 385–388
    69. 109 Wildlife Clearance and the National Board for Wild Life pages 389–392
    70. 110 Eco-sensitive Zones and the Coast pages 393–396
    71. 111 Compensatory Afforestation and Net Present Value pages 397–401
    72. 112 The Concept of Sustainable Development pages 402–405
    73. 113 How the Concept Evolved pages 406–409
    74. 114 How Sustainable Development Is Related to Biodiversity pages 410–413
    75. 115 Vellore: The Precautionary Principle and Polluter Pays pages 414–417
    76. 116 Nayudu and the Burden of Proof pages 418–420
    77. 117 Narmada Bachao Andolan, and the Limits of the Precautionary Principle pages 421–423
    78. 118 Hanuman Laxman Aroskar and the Incomplete Assessment pages 424–426
    79. 119 Lafarge, and the Guidelines for Every Future Clearance pages 427–430
    80. 120 K.M. Chinnappa: Mining Inside a National Park pages 431–434
    81. 121 M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath and the Public Trust Doctrine pages 435–438
    82. 122 Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action and the Cost of Remediation pages 439–443
    83. 123 Niyamgiri: The Gram Sabha as a Step in Clearance pages 444–447
    84. 124 Samatha, PESA and Land in a Scheduled Area pages 448–451
    85. 125 The Forest Rights Act 2006 and the Critical Wildlife Habitat pages 452–456
    86. 126 The National Green Tribunal as the Forum pages 457–461
    87. 127 The Silent Valley Episode pages 462–465

    Module III 28 chapters

    1. 128 What a Medicinal Plant Is, and Why the Law Finds It Hard pages 466–470
    2. 129 The Difficulties in the Legal Regulation of Medicinal Plants pages 471–476
    3. 130 Medicinal Plants, in Short-Note Shape pages 477–480
    4. 131 The Need, Impact and Importance of Medicinal Plants and Micro-organisms pages 481–484
    5. 132 Medicinal Plants as Biological Resources Under the 2002 Act pages 485–490
    6. 133 The 2023 Proviso: Cultivated Plants, AYUSH and What Came Out of the Act pages 491–494
    7. 134 Codified Traditional Knowledge and the First Schedule pages 495–498
    8. 135 Specified Plants: The Only Plants the Wildlife Act Protects pages 499–502
    9. 136 Sections 17A to 17H: Picking, Cultivating, Dealing and Stock pages 503–507
    10. 137 Chapter IVA of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act: Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani Drugs pages 508–511
    11. 138 Adulterated and Spurious Drugs, and the Licence to Manufacture pages 512–516
    12. 139 Chapter IVA: Offences, Confiscation and the Rest pages 517–521
    13. 140 The National Medicinal Plants Board and the Schemes pages 522–525
    14. 141 Cosmetic Plants, and What the University Means pages 526–529
    15. 142 Section 3 of the Patents Act: What Is Not an Invention pages 530–533
    16. 143 Section 3(d) and Novartis pages 534–536
    17. 144 Section 3(p): Traditional Knowledge Is Not an Invention pages 537–540
    18. 145 Section 10(4): Disclosure of Source and Geographical Origin pages 541–545
    19. 146 Sections 25 and 64: Opposition and Revocation pages 546–549
    20. 147 The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act 2001 pages 550–554
    21. 148 Registering a Variety, and the Four Kinds the Act Knows pages 555–560
    22. 149 Section 39: Farmers’ Rights pages 561–565
    23. 150 Section 41: The Rights of Communities pages 566–569
    24. 151 Section 26 and the Gene Fund pages 570–574
    25. 152 Section 30 and Sections 47 to 48: Research and the Compulsory Licence pages 575–578
    26. 153 The International Treaty and Its Multilateral System pages 579–583
    27. 154 Genetic Resources for Agriculture, and Their Protection pages 584–588
    28. 155 Where Three Statutes Meet Over One Plant pages 589–593

    Module IV 42 chapters

    1. 156 What a Protected Area Is pages 594–597
    2. 157 The Scheme of the Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 pages 598–602
    3. 158 Section 2: The Definitions the Act Turns On pages 603–607
    4. 159 Sections 3 to 8: The Authorities pages 608–611
    5. 160 Section 9: The Prohibition of Hunting pages 612–615
    6. 161 Sections 11 and 12: When Hunting Is Permitted pages 616–619
    7. 162 Section 18: Declaring a Sanctuary pages 620–623
    8. 163 Sections 19 to 25A: The Settlement of Rights pages 624–628
    9. 164 Section 26A: The Final Declaration, and the Power to Cut a Sanctuary Down pages 629–632
    10. 165 Sections 27 to 34: What May and May Not Be Done Inside pages 633–637
    11. 166 Section 29, and Essar Oil pages 638–642
    12. 167 Section 35: The National Park pages 643–647
    13. 168 Sanctuaries and National Parks Compared pages 648–651
    14. 169 Sections 36A to 36D: Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves pages 652–656
    15. 170 Section 38: The Central Government’s Own Power to Declare pages 657–660
    16. 171 Sections 38A to 38K: The Central Zoo Authority and the Recognition of a Zoo pages 661–665
    17. 172 The Recognition of Zoo Rules 2009 pages 666–671
    18. 173 National Parks and Zoos, and Sanctuaries and Zoos pages 672–675
    19. 174 Sections 38L to 38XA: Tiger Reserves and the Tiger Authority pages 676–681
    20. 175 Sections 38Y and 38Z: The Wild Life Crime Control Bureau pages 682–686
    21. 176 Section 39: Wild Animals as Government Property pages 687–691
    22. 177 Sections 40 to 42A: Declarations, Inventories, Certificates and Surrender pages 692–697
    23. 178 Chapter V, Sections 43 to 49: The Licence to Deal pages 698–703
    24. 179 Chapter VA, Sections 49A to 49C: The Total Prohibition, and Ivory pages 704–709
    25. 180 Chapter VB, Sections 49D to 49R: International Trade in Scheduled Specimens pages 710–715
    26. 181 Sections 49M to 49R: Breeders, Licences and Government Property pages 716–720
    27. 182 CITES Worked: The Three Appendices and the Permit pages 721–726
    28. 183 The Regulation of Trade in Wildlife Products pages 727–732
    29. 184 Sections 50 to 58: Powers, Penalties and Presumptions pages 733–739
    30. 185 Chapter VIA, Sections 58A to 58Y: Forfeiture pages 740–746
    31. 186 Sections 59 to 60B: Officers, Good Faith and Rewards pages 747–751
    32. 187 Sections 61 to 62B: The Schedules, Vermin and Invasive Alien Species pages 752–756
    33. 188 Sections 63 to 66: Rules, the Rights of Scheduled Tribes, and the Repeal pages 757–761
    34. 189 The Indian Forest Act 1927 and the Three Classes of Forest pages 762–767
    35. 190 Sections 26 to 42: Prohibitions, Village Forests and Protected Forests pages 768–774
    36. 191 Sections 52 to 69: Seizure, Confiscation and the Presumption pages 775–780
    37. 192 The Van Adhiniyam 1980 and the Diversion of Forest Land pages 781–787
    38. 193 Wetlands: Ramsar Sites and the Rules pages 788–793
    39. 194 The Legal Provisions of the Laws That Protect National Parks and Sanctuaries pages 794–800
    40. 195 The Species Cases: The Lion, the Bustard and the Tiger pages 801–805
    41. 196 The Efficacy of the Act, and the Significance of Wildlife Conservation pages 806–812
    42. 197 The Whole Paper in One Place pages 813–818
    Every paper that is solved: 6 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2024
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

  2. Environmental Legislations

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Environmental Legislations

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Group 6 Environment and Legal Order

    Environmental Legislations

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What This Paper Is, and How to Read It 1
    2. The General Law, Before There Was Any Environmental Law 5
    3. The Colonial Statutes and the First Indian Laws 9
    4. Stockholm 1972 and What It Made India Do 13
    5. Article 48A and Article 51A(g): the Forty-Second Amendment 16
    6. Article 21 and the Right to a Wholesome Environment 20
    7. Article 14 and Article 19(1)(g): the Industry Answers Back 25
    8. Which Legislature May Act: the Seventh Schedule 29
    9. Article 252 and Article 253: the Two Doors Parliament Used 33
    10. The Writ Jurisdiction: Article 32 and Article 226 37
    11. Public Interest Litigation and the Relaxation of Standing 41
    12. The Judiciary and the State's Own Obligation 45
    13. Judicial Activism in Interpreting the Act of 1986 49
    14. Judicial Trends, and the Case Against Them 53
    15. The Judiciary in Curbing Pollution, and in Implementing the Law 57
    16. Judges, Advocates, Non-Governmental Organisations and Public Interest Litigation 61
    17. Continuing Mandamus, Committees and the Amicus Curiae 65
    18. The Tort of Private Nuisance 69
    19. Public Nuisance in Tort, and the Suit Under Section 91 73
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Negligence, Trespass, and the Prescriptive Right to Pollute 77
    2. Strict Liability: Rylands v Fletcher and Its Exceptions 81
    3. Absolute Liability, and Why India Abandoned the English Rule 85
    4. The Polluter Pays Principle 89
    5. The Precautionary Principle and the Burden of Proof 93
    6. Sustainable Development as a Rule of Indian Law 97
    7. The Public Trust Doctrine 101
    8. Intergenerational Equity, and the Duty to People Who Do Not Exist Yet 106
    9. The Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, and What Replaced Them 110
    10. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 and the Environment 114
    11. Public Nuisance as an Offence, and Its Limits 118
    12. Fouling Water, and Making the Atmosphere Noxious 122
    13. Negligent Conduct with Poison, Fire, Explosives and Machinery 126
    14. The Conditional Order: How a Magistrate Abates a Nuisance 130
    15. The Rest of the Procedure, and Whether It Works 135
    16. Urgent Cases of Nuisance or Apprehended Danger 139
    17. Local Bodies: the Constitutional Source of Their Powers 143
    18. What a Municipal Corporation Can Actually Do 147
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Panchayats, Rural Sanitation and the Village Common 151
    2. Town Planning and Development Control as Environmental Law 155
    3. The Water Act 1974 and the Air Act 1981 in Outline 159
    4. The National Green Tribunal: an Introduction 163
    5. The Significance of Environment Protection in India 167

    Module II

    1. Why the Act of 1986 Was Passed, and the Lacunae It Filled 171
    2. The Objects and Scope of the Act 175
    3. The Salient Features of the Act 179
    4. The Definitions: Environment, Pollutant, Pollution 183
    5. Handling, Hazardous Substance, Occupier and the Fund 187
    6. Section 3: the Power of the Central Government 191
    7. Authorities Constituted Under Section 3(3) 196
    8. Section 4: Appointment of Officers 200
    9. Section 5: the Power to Give Directions 203
    10. Section 5A: Appeal to the National Green Tribunal 207
    11. Section 6: Rules, and the Standards They Set 210
    12. Section 7: No Emission or Discharge in Excess of Standards 214
    13. Section 8: Handling Hazardous Substances 218
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Section 9: the Duty to Report an Accident 222
    2. Sections 10 and 11: Entry, Inspection and Samples 226
    3. Sections 12 to 14: Laboratories, Analysts and Reports 230
    4. The Decriminalisation of 2023, and the New Penalties 234
    5. Sections 15C and 15D: the Adjudicating Officer and the Appeal 238
    6. Sections 15E to 16B: the Environmental Protection Fund 242
    7. Sections 15A and 15B: Companies and Government Departments 246
    8. Section 15F: the Offence of Failing to Pay 250
    9. Section 19: Cognizance, and the Citizen's Complaint 254
    10. Sections 18, 20, 21 and 22: Good Faith, Returns, Public Servants and the Bar 258
    11. Section 23: the Power to Delegate 262
    12. The Concentration of Power, and Delegation at a Lower Level 266
    13. Section 24: the Effect of Other Laws 270
    14. Sections 25 and 26: the Rule-Making Power and Its Control 275
    15. The Environment (Protection) Rules 1986 279
    16. Rule 5, and the Notifications It Carries 283
    17. The Act of 1986 in Court 288
    18. The Efficacy of the Act, and Measures for Better Implementation 292
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III

    1. What Coastal Zone Management Is, and Why the Coast Needs Its Own Law 296
    2. The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification of 1991 300
    3. The 2011 Notification and the Shailesh Nayak Committee 304
    4. The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019 308
    5. The High Tide Line, the Low Tide Line and the Hazard Line 313
    6. The Classification of the Coastal Regulation Zone 317
    7. CRZ-I A and CRZ-I B: the Ecologically Sensitive Areas and the Intertidal Zone 321
    8. CRZ-II, CRZ-III A and CRZ-III B, and the No Development Zone 326
    9. CRZ-IV A and CRZ-IV B: the Water Area 330
    10. Prohibited Activities Within the Coastal Regulation Zone 334
    11. Exemptions and Permissible Activities 338
    12. The Coastal Zone Management Plan 343
    13. CRZ Clearance, Its Delegation and Its Procedure 348
    14. Enforcement, and the Coastal Zone Management Authorities 352
    15. Areas Requiring Special Consideration 357
    16. The Special Provisions for Greater Mumbai 361
    17. The Islands: the Island Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019 366
    18. The Regulation of Sea Resorts and Beach Resorts 370
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Eco-Tourism in the Coastal Zone 375
    2. Aquaculture, and the Shrimp Farm Litigation 379
    3. The Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act, 2005 385
    4. Registration, Antibiotics and the Prohibited Area 392
    5. Removal, Penalties and the Rest of the Act 398
    6. Blue Flag Beaches, and a Relaxation Made for a Certificate 405
    7. The Effectiveness of the 2019 Notification, and the Criticism of It 408
    8. What a Hazardous Substance Is, and Why Every Statute Defines It Differently 412
    9. The Legal Framework for Hazardous Substances: the Map 416
    10. Section 8 and What Procedural Safeguards Means 420
    11. The Hazardous Chemical Rules 1989: Scope and the Threshold Quantity 424
    12. The Occupier's Responsibility, and Notification of a Major Accident 429
    13. Approval of a Site, the Safety Report and the Safety Audit 433
    14. The On-Site and Off-Site Emergency Plans 438
    15. Telling the People Who May Be Affected 443
    16. Import of Hazardous Chemicals, and Improvement Notices 448
    17. The Chemical Accidents Rules 1996: the Crisis Groups 453
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. The District and Local Crisis Groups, and Information to the Public 459
    2. Hazardous Waste: What It Is and How the Rules Classify It 464
    3. Authorisation, and the Responsibilities Under the Waste Rules 470
    4. Packaging, Labelling, Transport and the Manifest 475
    5. Transboundary Movement, and the Basel Convention 480
    6. Illegal Traffic, Accident Reporting and Liability 485
    7. Used Oil: Chapter VII of the Waste Rules 490
    8. Scrap of Non-Ferrous Metals: Chapter VIII 496
    9. Hazardous Waste Disposal and Handling: the Framework Reviewed 502
    10. The Other Waste Streams: Plastic, Electronic, Battery, Bio-Medical and Solid Waste 507
    11. Extended Producer Responsibility as a Technique 512
    12. The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991: Relief Without Fault 517
    13. The Environmental Relief Fund, and the Relief Now Prescribed 524
    14. The Rest of the Liability Act, and What It Leaves Out 532
    15. Hazardous Processes: Chapter IVA of the Factories Act and the OSH Code 538
    16. Pesticides: the Insecticides Act 1968 546
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Bhopal: What Happened, and the Litigation That Followed 553
    2. The Bhopal Act 1985, and the Doctrine of Parens Patriae 560
    3. Is India's Hazardous Substances Law Comprehensive? 567

    Module IV

    1. What a Disaster Is in Law, and What Preparedness Means 572
    2. The Disaster Management Act 2005: the Scheme and the Salient Features 578
    3. The National Disaster Management Authority 584
    4. The National Executive Committee and the Crisis Machinery 589
    5. The National Plan, and the Guidelines for Minimum Standards of Relief 594
    6. The State Disaster Management Authority and the State Plan 599
    7. The District Disaster Management Authority and the District Plan 606
    8. Measures by the Government, the Ministries and Local Authorities 613
    9. The Urban Disaster Management Authority, New in 2025 620
    10. The National Institute, and the Response Forces 625
    11. The Funds: Response and Mitigation, National and State 629
    12. Offences, Penalties and the Prohibition Against Discrimination 635
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. The Rest of the Act: Requisition, Immunity and Rules 643
    2. Pre-Disaster and Post-Disaster Plans, and Their Efficacy 651
    3. The Need and Expediency of a Disaster Management Plan 656
    4. Environmental Disaster Management in India: the Issues 661
    5. Chemical and Industrial Disaster Preparedness 667
    6. The Sendai Framework, and the International Standard 673
    7. Early Warning, Mitigation and Capacity Building 679
    8. Response, Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction 685
    9. Strategies to Minimise Harm to the Environment in a Disaster 691
    10. What an Emerging Legal Control Is 697
    11. Environmental Impact Assessment: What It Is and Where It Came From 702
    12. The 1994 Notification, and the Move to 2006 707
    13. The Requirement of Prior Environmental Clearance 713
    14. Category A and Category B, and the Schedule 720
    15. The Expert Appraisal Committees 727
    16. Stage One: Screening 733
    17. Stage Two: Scoping, and the Terms of Reference 738
    18. Stage Three: Public Consultation and the Public Hearing 745
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Stage Four: Appraisal, and the Grant or Rejection of Clearance 754
    2. Validity, Post-Clearance Monitoring and Transferability 760
    3. Ex Post Facto Clearance: Where That Law Now Stands 769
    4. The Importance of Impact Assessment in Protecting the Environment 776
    5. The Criticism of the Assessment Regime, and the 2020 Draft 781
    6. The Environmental Statement in Form V 787
    7. Environmental Audit: the Process and Its Importance 793
    8. Eco-Mark: the Scheme of 1991 798
    9. The Ecomark Rules, 2024 803
    10. Ecomark: the Technical Committee, the Portal and the Verifiers 809
    11. Eco-Labelling Elsewhere, and What a Label Can and Cannot Do 815
    12. Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making 820
    13. The Procedure for Obtaining Public Participation 826
    14. Public Opinion, and Its Significance in Environment Protection 833
    15. Environmental Information: the Right, the Route and the Exemptions 839
    16. Emerging Issues and Challenges in Environmental Information 845
    17. The National Green Tribunal as an Emerging Control 850
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. How the Tribunal Works, and What It Can Order 857
    2. Enforcing a Tribunal Order, and the Rest of the Act 864
    3. Environmental Compensation, and the Economics of Enforcement 871
    4. Green Credit, Carbon Credit and the Market Instruments 877
    5. Eco-Sensitive Zones as a Control Technique 883
    6. Corporate Environmental Responsibility and Disclosure 889
    7. Decriminalisation as a Control Technique 895
    8. Climate Change Litigation, and the Newest Control of All 902
    9. Where the Law Is Going, and What a Student Should Watch 908
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    913 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 913 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2024, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 183 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 42 chapters

    1. 1 What This Paper Is, and How to Read It pages 1–4
    2. 2 The General Law, Before There Was Any Environmental Law pages 5–8
    3. 3 The Colonial Statutes and the First Indian Laws pages 9–12
    4. 4 Stockholm 1972 and What It Made India Do pages 13–15
    5. 5 Article 48A and Article 51A(g): the Forty-Second Amendment pages 16–19
    6. 6 Article 21 and the Right to a Wholesome Environment pages 20–24
    7. 7 Article 14 and Article 19(1)(g): the Industry Answers Back pages 25–28
    8. 8 Which Legislature May Act: the Seventh Schedule pages 29–32
    9. 9 Article 252 and Article 253: the Two Doors Parliament Used pages 33–36
    10. 10 The Writ Jurisdiction: Article 32 and Article 226 pages 37–40
    11. 11 Public Interest Litigation and the Relaxation of Standing pages 41–44
    12. 12 The Judiciary and the State's Own Obligation pages 45–48
    13. 13 Judicial Activism in Interpreting the Act of 1986 pages 49–52
    14. 14 Judicial Trends, and the Case Against Them pages 53–56
    15. 15 The Judiciary in Curbing Pollution, and in Implementing the Law pages 57–60
    16. 16 Judges, Advocates, Non-Governmental Organisations and Public Interest Litigation pages 61–64
    17. 17 Continuing Mandamus, Committees and the Amicus Curiae pages 65–68
    18. 18 The Tort of Private Nuisance pages 69–72
    19. 19 Public Nuisance in Tort, and the Suit Under Section 91 pages 73–76
    20. 20 Negligence, Trespass, and the Prescriptive Right to Pollute pages 77–80
    21. 21 Strict Liability: Rylands v Fletcher and Its Exceptions pages 81–84
    22. 22 Absolute Liability, and Why India Abandoned the English Rule pages 85–88
    23. 23 The Polluter Pays Principle pages 89–92
    24. 24 The Precautionary Principle and the Burden of Proof pages 93–96
    25. 25 Sustainable Development as a Rule of Indian Law pages 97–100
    26. 26 The Public Trust Doctrine pages 101–105
    27. 27 Intergenerational Equity, and the Duty to People Who Do Not Exist Yet pages 106–109
    28. 28 The Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, and What Replaced Them pages 110–113
    29. 29 The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 and the Environment pages 114–117
    30. 30 Public Nuisance as an Offence, and Its Limits pages 118–121
    31. 31 Fouling Water, and Making the Atmosphere Noxious pages 122–125
    32. 32 Negligent Conduct with Poison, Fire, Explosives and Machinery pages 126–129
    33. 33 The Conditional Order: How a Magistrate Abates a Nuisance pages 130–134
    34. 34 The Rest of the Procedure, and Whether It Works pages 135–138
    35. 35 Urgent Cases of Nuisance or Apprehended Danger pages 139–142
    36. 36 Local Bodies: the Constitutional Source of Their Powers pages 143–146
    37. 37 What a Municipal Corporation Can Actually Do pages 147–150
    38. 38 Panchayats, Rural Sanitation and the Village Common pages 151–154
    39. 39 Town Planning and Development Control as Environmental Law pages 155–158
    40. 40 The Water Act 1974 and the Air Act 1981 in Outline pages 159–162
    41. 41 The National Green Tribunal: an Introduction pages 163–166
    42. 42 The Significance of Environment Protection in India pages 167–170

    Module II 31 chapters

    1. 43 Why the Act of 1986 Was Passed, and the Lacunae It Filled pages 171–174
    2. 44 The Objects and Scope of the Act pages 175–178
    3. 45 The Salient Features of the Act pages 179–182
    4. 46 The Definitions: Environment, Pollutant, Pollution pages 183–186
    5. 47 Handling, Hazardous Substance, Occupier and the Fund pages 187–190
    6. 48 Section 3: the Power of the Central Government pages 191–195
    7. 49 Authorities Constituted Under Section 3(3) pages 196–199
    8. 50 Section 4: Appointment of Officers pages 200–202
    9. 51 Section 5: the Power to Give Directions pages 203–206
    10. 52 Section 5A: Appeal to the National Green Tribunal pages 207–209
    11. 53 Section 6: Rules, and the Standards They Set pages 210–213
    12. 54 Section 7: No Emission or Discharge in Excess of Standards pages 214–217
    13. 55 Section 8: Handling Hazardous Substances pages 218–221
    14. 56 Section 9: the Duty to Report an Accident pages 222–225
    15. 57 Sections 10 and 11: Entry, Inspection and Samples pages 226–229
    16. 58 Sections 12 to 14: Laboratories, Analysts and Reports pages 230–233
    17. 59 The Decriminalisation of 2023, and the New Penalties pages 234–237
    18. 60 Sections 15C and 15D: the Adjudicating Officer and the Appeal pages 238–241
    19. 61 Sections 15E to 16B: the Environmental Protection Fund pages 242–245
    20. 62 Sections 15A and 15B: Companies and Government Departments pages 246–249
    21. 63 Section 15F: the Offence of Failing to Pay pages 250–253
    22. 64 Section 19: Cognizance, and the Citizen's Complaint pages 254–257
    23. 65 Sections 18, 20, 21 and 22: Good Faith, Returns, Public Servants and the Bar pages 258–261
    24. 66 Section 23: the Power to Delegate pages 262–265
    25. 67 The Concentration of Power, and Delegation at a Lower Level pages 266–269
    26. 68 Section 24: the Effect of Other Laws pages 270–274
    27. 69 Sections 25 and 26: the Rule-Making Power and Its Control pages 275–278
    28. 70 The Environment (Protection) Rules 1986 pages 279–282
    29. 71 Rule 5, and the Notifications It Carries pages 283–287
    30. 72 The Act of 1986 in Court pages 288–291
    31. 73 The Efficacy of the Act, and Measures for Better Implementation pages 292–295

    Module III 54 chapters

    1. 74 What Coastal Zone Management Is, and Why the Coast Needs Its Own Law pages 296–299
    2. 75 The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification of 1991 pages 300–303
    3. 76 The 2011 Notification and the Shailesh Nayak Committee pages 304–307
    4. 77 The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019 pages 308–312
    5. 78 The High Tide Line, the Low Tide Line and the Hazard Line pages 313–316
    6. 79 The Classification of the Coastal Regulation Zone pages 317–320
    7. 80 CRZ-I A and CRZ-I B: the Ecologically Sensitive Areas and the Intertidal Zone pages 321–325
    8. 81 CRZ-II, CRZ-III A and CRZ-III B, and the No Development Zone pages 326–329
    9. 82 CRZ-IV A and CRZ-IV B: the Water Area pages 330–333
    10. 83 Prohibited Activities Within the Coastal Regulation Zone pages 334–337
    11. 84 Exemptions and Permissible Activities pages 338–342
    12. 85 The Coastal Zone Management Plan pages 343–347
    13. 86 CRZ Clearance, Its Delegation and Its Procedure pages 348–351
    14. 87 Enforcement, and the Coastal Zone Management Authorities pages 352–356
    15. 88 Areas Requiring Special Consideration pages 357–360
    16. 89 The Special Provisions for Greater Mumbai pages 361–365
    17. 90 The Islands: the Island Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019 pages 366–369
    18. 91 The Regulation of Sea Resorts and Beach Resorts pages 370–374
    19. 92 Eco-Tourism in the Coastal Zone pages 375–378
    20. 93 Aquaculture, and the Shrimp Farm Litigation pages 379–384
    21. 94 The Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act, 2005 pages 385–391
    22. 95 Registration, Antibiotics and the Prohibited Area pages 392–397
    23. 96 Removal, Penalties and the Rest of the Act pages 398–404
    24. 97 Blue Flag Beaches, and a Relaxation Made for a Certificate pages 405–407
    25. 98 The Effectiveness of the 2019 Notification, and the Criticism of It pages 408–411
    26. 99 What a Hazardous Substance Is, and Why Every Statute Defines It Differently pages 412–415
    27. 100 The Legal Framework for Hazardous Substances: the Map pages 416–419
    28. 101 Section 8 and What Procedural Safeguards Means pages 420–423
    29. 102 The Hazardous Chemical Rules 1989: Scope and the Threshold Quantity pages 424–428
    30. 103 The Occupier's Responsibility, and Notification of a Major Accident pages 429–432
    31. 104 Approval of a Site, the Safety Report and the Safety Audit pages 433–437
    32. 105 The On-Site and Off-Site Emergency Plans pages 438–442
    33. 106 Telling the People Who May Be Affected pages 443–447
    34. 107 Import of Hazardous Chemicals, and Improvement Notices pages 448–452
    35. 108 The Chemical Accidents Rules 1996: the Crisis Groups pages 453–458
    36. 109 The District and Local Crisis Groups, and Information to the Public pages 459–463
    37. 110 Hazardous Waste: What It Is and How the Rules Classify It pages 464–469
    38. 111 Authorisation, and the Responsibilities Under the Waste Rules pages 470–474
    39. 112 Packaging, Labelling, Transport and the Manifest pages 475–479
    40. 113 Transboundary Movement, and the Basel Convention pages 480–484
    41. 114 Illegal Traffic, Accident Reporting and Liability pages 485–489
    42. 115 Used Oil: Chapter VII of the Waste Rules pages 490–495
    43. 116 Scrap of Non-Ferrous Metals: Chapter VIII pages 496–501
    44. 117 Hazardous Waste Disposal and Handling: the Framework Reviewed pages 502–506
    45. 118 The Other Waste Streams: Plastic, Electronic, Battery, Bio-Medical and Solid Waste pages 507–511
    46. 119 Extended Producer Responsibility as a Technique pages 512–516
    47. 120 The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991: Relief Without Fault pages 517–523
    48. 121 The Environmental Relief Fund, and the Relief Now Prescribed pages 524–531
    49. 122 The Rest of the Liability Act, and What It Leaves Out pages 532–537
    50. 123 Hazardous Processes: Chapter IVA of the Factories Act and the OSH Code pages 538–545
    51. 124 Pesticides: the Insecticides Act 1968 pages 546–552
    52. 125 Bhopal: What Happened, and the Litigation That Followed pages 553–559
    53. 126 The Bhopal Act 1985, and the Doctrine of Parens Patriae pages 560–566
    54. 127 Is India's Hazardous Substances Law Comprehensive? pages 567–571

    Module IV 56 chapters

    1. 128 What a Disaster Is in Law, and What Preparedness Means pages 572–577
    2. 129 The Disaster Management Act 2005: the Scheme and the Salient Features pages 578–583
    3. 130 The National Disaster Management Authority pages 584–588
    4. 131 The National Executive Committee and the Crisis Machinery pages 589–593
    5. 132 The National Plan, and the Guidelines for Minimum Standards of Relief pages 594–598
    6. 133 The State Disaster Management Authority and the State Plan pages 599–605
    7. 134 The District Disaster Management Authority and the District Plan pages 606–612
    8. 135 Measures by the Government, the Ministries and Local Authorities pages 613–619
    9. 136 The Urban Disaster Management Authority, New in 2025 pages 620–624
    10. 137 The National Institute, and the Response Forces pages 625–628
    11. 138 The Funds: Response and Mitigation, National and State pages 629–634
    12. 139 Offences, Penalties and the Prohibition Against Discrimination pages 635–642
    13. 140 The Rest of the Act: Requisition, Immunity and Rules pages 643–650
    14. 141 Pre-Disaster and Post-Disaster Plans, and Their Efficacy pages 651–655
    15. 142 The Need and Expediency of a Disaster Management Plan pages 656–660
    16. 143 Environmental Disaster Management in India: the Issues pages 661–666
    17. 144 Chemical and Industrial Disaster Preparedness pages 667–672
    18. 145 The Sendai Framework, and the International Standard pages 673–678
    19. 146 Early Warning, Mitigation and Capacity Building pages 679–684
    20. 147 Response, Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction pages 685–690
    21. 148 Strategies to Minimise Harm to the Environment in a Disaster pages 691–696
    22. 149 What an Emerging Legal Control Is pages 697–701
    23. 150 Environmental Impact Assessment: What It Is and Where It Came From pages 702–706
    24. 151 The 1994 Notification, and the Move to 2006 pages 707–712
    25. 152 The Requirement of Prior Environmental Clearance pages 713–719
    26. 153 Category A and Category B, and the Schedule pages 720–726
    27. 154 The Expert Appraisal Committees pages 727–732
    28. 155 Stage One: Screening pages 733–737
    29. 156 Stage Two: Scoping, and the Terms of Reference pages 738–744
    30. 157 Stage Three: Public Consultation and the Public Hearing pages 745–753
    31. 158 Stage Four: Appraisal, and the Grant or Rejection of Clearance pages 754–759
    32. 159 Validity, Post-Clearance Monitoring and Transferability pages 760–768
    33. 160 Ex Post Facto Clearance: Where That Law Now Stands pages 769–775
    34. 161 The Importance of Impact Assessment in Protecting the Environment pages 776–780
    35. 162 The Criticism of the Assessment Regime, and the 2020 Draft pages 781–786
    36. 163 The Environmental Statement in Form V pages 787–792
    37. 164 Environmental Audit: the Process and Its Importance pages 793–797
    38. 165 Eco-Mark: the Scheme of 1991 pages 798–802
    39. 166 The Ecomark Rules, 2024 pages 803–808
    40. 167 Ecomark: the Technical Committee, the Portal and the Verifiers pages 809–814
    41. 168 Eco-Labelling Elsewhere, and What a Label Can and Cannot Do pages 815–819
    42. 169 Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making pages 820–825
    43. 170 The Procedure for Obtaining Public Participation pages 826–832
    44. 171 Public Opinion, and Its Significance in Environment Protection pages 833–838
    45. 172 Environmental Information: the Right, the Route and the Exemptions pages 839–844
    46. 173 Emerging Issues and Challenges in Environmental Information pages 845–849
    47. 174 The National Green Tribunal as an Emerging Control pages 850–856
    48. 175 How the Tribunal Works, and What It Can Order pages 857–863
    49. 176 Enforcing a Tribunal Order, and the Rest of the Act pages 864–870
    50. 177 Environmental Compensation, and the Economics of Enforcement pages 871–876
    51. 178 Green Credit, Carbon Credit and the Market Instruments pages 877–882
    52. 179 Eco-Sensitive Zones as a Control Technique pages 883–888
    53. 180 Corporate Environmental Responsibility and Disclosure pages 889–894
    54. 181 Decriminalisation as a Control Technique pages 895–901
    55. 182 Climate Change Litigation, and the Newest Control of All pages 902–907
    56. 183 Where the Law Is Going, and What a Student Should Watch pages 908–913
    Every paper that is solved: 7 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2024
    • 2022
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

Questions

Can I download it?

No, and that is deliberate. Everything is read on the site, on any device you sign in on. There is nothing to lose, and nothing to forward.

How long do I keep it?

365 days from the day you pay.

What if the syllabus changes?

Revisions are written into the same subject, and you keep reading the current version for as long as your access runs.

Can I buy one subject instead of the whole semester?

Not yet. It is priced per semester because the solved answers cross-reference modules across both subjects, and splitting them breaks the links that make the answers useful.

Is this enough to pass?

It covers the prescribed syllabus and every question the papers listed on this page asked. It is not a substitute for your lectures or for reading the bare Acts, and we would not claim otherwise.

Can I get a refund?

Once a semester is unlocked it stays unlocked, and there is no way to hand back reading you have already done. That is why this page shows you so much before you pay: the cover of every subject, every chapter in it by name, and the page each one starts on. Read that first and buy only if it is the book you want. If something genuinely went wrong, being charged twice or paying and having nothing unlock, write to us and we refund it: the cancellation and refund policy sets out which cases those are.

Does it renew automatically?

No. It is one payment for one semester. Nothing is charged again unless you choose to buy another semester yourself.

Where our readers study

Students from 165 colleges affiliated to the University of Mumbai read munotes. Here are some of them.

Government Law College, Churchgate Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Law RIZVI COLLEGE OF LAW, BANDRA ADV. BALASAHEB APTE COLLEGE OF LAW Lords Universal College THAKUR RAMNARAYAN COLLEGE OF LAW Nalanda Law College Children Welfare Centre's College of Law ST. ROCKS DEGREE COLLEGE OF LAW Balasaheb Thackeray Law College and 155 more
₹798 ₹998
Notes and solved papers, 365 days
Or either one alone: ₹499
Unlock Semester 3
Report or request