Environment and International Legal Order Notes | LL.M. Semester 2 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I

1. What This Paper Is About 1
2. The International Legal Order 5
3. Where International Law Comes From 8
4. Custom, and How a Rule Becomes One 11
5. Soft Law, and Why a Declaration Matters 14
6. How a Treaty Is Made and Joined 17
7. Reservations, and Joining a Treaty in Part 20
8. Pacta Sunt Servanda, and No Excuse in Domestic Law 23
9. Interpreting an Environmental Treaty 26
10. Third States, Breach and Changed Circumstances 29
11. The Historical Development of International Law 34
12. The Historical Development of International Environmental Law 37
13. The Four Periods, and What Each Produced 40
14. The Principles and Scope of International Environmental Law 42
15. Trail Smelter, and the Rule It Made 45
16. Corfu Channel, and the Principle of Prevention 48
17. Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources 51
18. The Global Market and Sovereignty over Resources 54
19. The Global Market on Resources and Environmental Issues 57
20. What Federalism Does to an International Obligation 59
21. Articles 51 and 253 of the Constitution 62
22. The Seventh Schedule and the Environment 65
23. Maganbhai, and the Treaty-Making Power 68
24. The Unincorporated Treaty in an Indian Court 71
25. The Role of National Courts 74
26. The Indian Right to a Healthy Environment 77
27. Inter-State Rivers, and the Council Nobody Uses 80
28. Environmental Federalism Elsewhere 83
29. What Sustainable Development Means 86
30. Brundtland, and the Sentence Everyone Quotes 89
31. Sustainable Development in the Courts 92
32. Economic Development and the Environment 95
33. Global Economic Development 98
34. The Environmental Issues Global Growth Raises 100
35. Growth That Keeps the Environment in Mind 103
36. Trade and Development 106
37. Globalization and the Environment 109
38. Trade Rules and the Environmental Exception 111
39. The Regulatory Mechanisms 114
40. Developing Nations and the Problem of the Environment 117
41. The Standards Set for Developing Nations 120
42. The Approach of the Developed Nations 123
43. Degradation and Human Development 126
44. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities 129
45. The Precautionary Principle 132
46. The Polluter Pays Principle 135
47. Intergenerational and Intragenerational Equity 138
48. Impact Assessment as General International Law 141
49. What International Concern for the Environment Means 144
50. Stockholm 1972 147
51. The Stockholm Declaration, Principle by Principle 151
52. The United Nations Environment Programme 154
53. The World Charter for Nature 1982 157
54. Rio 1992 160
55. The Rio Declaration, Principle by Principle 163
56. Agenda 21, Johannesburg and Rio+20 166
57. The United Nations and Its Agencies 169
58. The Institutions That Police Compliance 172
59. Compliance and Enforcement 175
60. Dispute Settlement in Environmental Treaties 178
61. The Types of Environmental Dispute 181
62. The Principles at Work in Dispute Settlement 184
63. Bilateral Environmental Disputes 187
64. Transboundary Watercourses 190
65. Human Rights and Environmental Degradation 193
66. A Clean Environment as a Human Right 197
67. State Responsibility: The General Law 200
68. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness 203
69. Reparation: Restitution, Compensation and Satisfaction 206
70. Who May Invoke Responsibility, and Countermeasures 209
71. The Environment in War 212
72. The Effect of War on the Environment 215

Module II

1. What an International Obligation Towards Sustainable Development Is 218
2. Conduct, Result and Due Diligence 221
3. The Climate Problem, and the Framework Convention 224
4. The Machinery of the Framework Convention 228
5. Reporting, Implementation and Disputes 231
6. Climate Change as a Legal Problem 234
7. The Kyoto Protocol 238
8. The Flexibility Mechanisms 242
9. The Paris Agreement 246
10. Nationally Determined Contributions 250
11. Sinks, Adaptation, and Loss and Damage 253
12. The Conferences of the Parties 257
13. The 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals 260
14. International Financing and the Duty to Support 263
15. The Global Environment Facility 266
16. The Convention on Biological Diversity 269
17. Conservation and Sustainable Use 273
18. Impact Assessment, Access and Benefit Sharing 277
19. Biotechnology, Finance and Disputes 281
20. What Biodiversity Is 285
21. Biodiversity at the International Level 288
22. The Rules That Govern Biodiversity 291
23. Degradation and the Loss of Species 294
24. Biodiversity and the Wider Environmental Issues 297
25. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 299
26. The World Heritage Convention 303
27. The List, the Committee and the Fund 306
28. CITES and the Trade in Endangered Species 310
29. Desertification and Land Degradation 315
30. The Two Climate Advisory Opinions 320

Module III

1. What the Marine Environment Is 324
2. The Zones of the Sea 327
3. Innocent Passage, and What a Coastal State May Forbid 330
4. The Exclusive Economic Zone 334
5. Living Resources in the Zone 338
6. The Continental Shelf 342
7. The High Seas, and the Duties of a Flag State 346
8. Conserving the Living Resources of the High Seas 350
9. Part XII: The General Obligation 353
10. Global and Regional Cooperation, and Emergencies 357
11. Monitoring and Environmental Assessment 361
12. The Six Sources of Marine Pollution 364
13. Enforcement: Flag, Coastal and Port State 368
14. The Safeguards 373
15. Ice-Covered Areas, Immunity and Liability 378
16. MARPOL 382
17. Oil Pollution and Civil Liability 387
18. The London Convention on Dumping 392
19. The 1996 Protocol, and the Reverse List 397
20. Dumping Oil and Hazardous Waste at Sea 403
21. The Area, and the Common Heritage of Mankind 406
22. The International Seabed Authority 411
23. The 1994 Agreement, and Why Part XI Was Rewritten 417
24. The Seabed Disputes Chamber, and the 2011 Opinion 422
25. Marine Resources: Conservation and Exploitation 427
26. Straddling and Highly Migratory Stocks 431
27. Flag State Duties, Boarding and Disputes 437
28. Marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction 443
29. The Tribunal, and How a Marine Dispute Is Decided 446
30. India and the Marine Environment 451

Module IV

1. What a Transboundary Pollution Hazard Is 455
2. Transboundary Harm, and the Word 'Significant' 458
3. Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 463
4. The Ozone Layer, and What Destroys It 469
5. The Vienna Convention 1985 473
6. The Montreal Protocol: The Control Measures 479
7. Montreal, the Grace Period and the Fund 483
8. Ozone Depletion as a Public Health Hazard 489
9. Nuclear Fallout and Accidents 492
10. The Early Notification Convention 1986 497
11. The Assistance Convention 1986 502
12. The Convention on Nuclear Safety 508
13. Liability for Nuclear Damage 516
14. Disaster Management at the International Level 521
15. Transboundary Impact Assessment, and Espoo 525
16. Information, Participation and Access to Justice 533
17. What a Multinational Corporation Is 541
18. Bhopal 545
19. What Bhopal Settled, and What It Did Not 550
20. Absolute Liability 554
21. The Forum Problem 558
22. Codes of Conduct 562
23. Business and Human Rights 566
24. Hazardous Materials 570
25. Liability and Compensation for Environmental Damage 573
26. What Hazardous Waste Is 577
27. The Waste Trade, and the Incidents That Made the Law 581
28. The Basel Convention: Scope and General Obligations 585
29. Basel: Movements, Duties and Cooperation 590
30. Basel: Illegal Traffic and the Institutions 595
31. Basel: Disputes, Amendments and Final Clauses 601
32. The Ban Amendment 605
33. The Basel Liability Protocol 1999 609
34. The Bamako Convention 616
35. The Disposal of Hazardous Waste 622
36. The Rotterdam Convention 627
37. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 635
38. The Minamata Convention on Mercury 644
39. Ship-Breaking, E-Waste and India 652
40. MU's Unfinished Sentence, and What This Book Did About It 658