Indian Constitutional Law New Challenges Notes | LL.M. Semester 1 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I

1. How to Read the Constitution 1
2. What Federalism Is 5
3. Is India a Federation? 9
4. The Union and Its Territory 15
5. Making and Remaking States 19
6. The Legislative Lists 24
7. Pith and Substance 29
8. Colourable Legislation and Incidental Encroachment 34
9. Repugnancy and the Occupied Field 39
10. Residuary Power 44
11. When Parliament May Legislate on a State Subject 48
12. The Reach of a Legislature 52
13. Administrative Relations and Federal Comity 56
14. Inter-State Water Disputes 61
15. The Inter-State Council and the Commissions 66
16. Fiscal Federalism 70
17. The Goods and Services Tax and Its Council 76
18. Freedom of Trade, Commerce and Intercourse 81
19. The Governor 86
20. Emergency and the Federal Balance 92
21. President's Rule 98
22. Article 370 103
23. Asymmetric Federalism: Articles 371 to 371-J 108
24. Union and State Disputes in Court 113
25. Cooperative and Competitive Federalism 117
26. Why the Definition of "State" Decides Everything 122
27. The Named Authorities 126
28. "Other Authorities": The Early Cases 130
29. The Instrumentality Test 134
30. The Retreat, and What Survived It 139
31. Is the Judiciary "State"? 144
32. Private Bodies and Public Functions 148
33. Liberalisation, Privatisation and the Case for Widening Article 12 152
34. Article 13: Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights 157
35. Eclipse, Severability and Waiver 162

Module II

1. The Equality Code 167
2. Equality Before the Law and Equal Protection 171
3. Reasonable Classification 175
4. Arbitrariness 179
5. Articles 15 and 16: The Prohibited Grounds 184
6. Reservation in Education 188
7. Reservation in Public Employment 192
8. The Ceiling on Reservation 196
9. The Creamy Layer 200
10. Reservation in Promotion 205
11. Economically Weaker Sections 209
12. The Lists, and the Commissions That Watch Them 213
13. Protective Discrimination 218
14. Privatisation and Affirmative Action 222
15. Saving of Laws: Articles 31A, 31B and 31C 227
16. Untouchability and Titles 232
17. The Empowerment of Women: The Constitutional Scheme 236
18. Special Provision for Women 240
19. Women at Work 244
20. Sexual Harassment at the Workplace 249
21. Women, Religion and Personal Law 254
22. Women in Local Government 259
23. The 106th Amendment, and Why It Has Not Started 263
24. Freedom of Speech, and the Freedom of the Press Inside It 267
25. The Grounds of Reasonable Restriction 271
26. Prior Restraint and Pre-Censorship 275
27. The Press and the Legislature 279
28. The Right to Information 283
29. Speech Online 287
30. Privacy, Surveillance and Data 292
31. Hate Speech, Fake News and Broadcasting 296
32. New Scientific Development and the Freedom of Speech 301

Module III

1. Article 21: From Gopalan to Maneka 305
2. Procedure Established by Law 311
3. The Expansion of "Life" 316
4. Livelihood and Shelter 321
5. Health and the Environment 327
6. Education Before Article 21A 333
7. Article 21A and the Right to Education Act 339
8. Privacy 345
9. Dignity, Autonomy and the End of Life 350
10. Article 20: The Protections of an Accused 356
11. Preventive Detention 362
12. The Right Against Exploitation 368
13. Article 32 and the Writs 374
14. Article 226 380
15. Limits: Articles 33, 34 and 35 386
16. Public Interest Litigation 392
17. Compensatory Jurisprudence 398
18. Continuing Mandamus and Judicial Guidelines 404
19. Hartal and Bandh 410
20. The Right to Property 416
21. The Directive Principles 422
22. The Fundamental Duties 428
23. Who Is a Minority? 434
24. Article 29: The Right to Conserve 440
25. Article 30: To Establish and to Administer 446
26. State Control and Regulation 452
27. The Eleven-Judge Answer 458
28. After the Eleven-Judge Answer 463
29. Minority Institutions and the Right to Education Act 469
30. Linguistic Minorities 475
31. What Secularism Means Here 481
32. Articles 25 and 26 487
33. Essential Religious Practices 493
34. Religious Taxation and Religious Instruction 499
35. Secularism as a Basic Feature 505
36. Religious Fanaticism 511
37. A Uniform Civil Code 517

Module IV

1. Separation of Powers: The Doctrine 523
2. The Indian Scheme 529
3. Delegated Legislation 535
4. Judicial Review 541
5. Ultra Vires 547
6. The Amending Power 553
7. The Basic Structure 559
8. The Appointment of Judges 565
9. The National Judicial Appointments Commission 571
10. Transfer and Removal of Judges 577
11. Judicial Independence 583
12. Judicial Accountability 589
13. Judicial Activism, Restraint and Overreach 595
14. Legislative Privilege 601
15. Advisory Jurisdiction 607
16. Complete Justice: Article 142 613
17. The Supreme Court 619
18. The High Courts 625
19. The Subordinate Judiciary 631
20. Tribunals 636
21. The Rule of Law 642
22. Democracy and Free and Fair Elections 648
23. The Election Commission 654
24. Articles 325 to 329 660
25. The Voter's Right to Know 666
26. Electoral Reform and the Criminalisation of Politics 671
27. The Funding of Elections 677
28. Defection and the Tenth Schedule 683
29. Grass Root Democracy: The Panchayats 689
30. Urban Local Government: The Municipalities 695
31. The Nexus of Politics, Crime and Business 701
32. The New Challenges 707