Mumbai University Solved Question Papers
Global Trade Under World Trade Organisation
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
LLM · Group 2 Business Law
2022 Examination
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LLM Group 2 Business Law Global Trade Under World Trade Organisation 2022 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 12 August 2026.
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Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.
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The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.
The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the 2022 examination.
The answers in this volume state the law as it stands today, not as it stood when each paper was set, and four changes bear on answers throughout this folder. The Appellate Body has had no members since 30 November 2020, having lost its quorum on 11 December 2019, so a losing party can appeal into a void and prevent adoption; India did exactly that on 11 January 2022 in the sugar and sugarcane disputes and on 8 December 2023 in the information technology tariff dispute. The Fourteenth Ministerial Conference at Yaounde, 26 to 30 March 2026, closed without a declaration, and the moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions expired on 31 March 2026, for the first time since 1998. The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies entered into force on 15 September 2025. And TRIPS Article 31bis, in force 23 January 2017, remains the only amendment ever made to a WTO agreement. Where an answer turns on any of these it gives the date.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the 2022 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2022 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Total marks 100 · 27 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B: Attempt Section - I and Section - II on the same Answer Sheet but clearly specify the Section and the Question.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
SECTION I
Short notes, each carrying three marks
any ten of fifteen · 30 Marks
1.Briefly list out the need of a body like the World Trade Organisation in modern day context.[3]
Answer
For full marks, cover: four or five needs, listed, with a reason attached to each. Three marks is a paragraph and the examiner is looking for range rather than depth.
The need is for a body that supplies four things no state can supply for itself. Predictability: bound tariffs under Article II of GATT 1994 turn protection from a discretion into a legal commitment, so an exporter can price a contract months ahead. Non-discrimination: Articles I and III prevent a member favouring one trading partner over another or its own producers over foreigners, which is what stops the system fragmenting into blocs. Adjudication instead of retaliation: Annex 2 with its negative consensus rule makes a ruling automatic, and Article 23 requires members to use the system rather than act unilaterally, which is the direct answer to the tariff wars of the 1930s. And a negotiating forum under Article III:2, since liberalisation is only politically deliverable when it is reciprocal.
Three modern needs should be added because the stem says modern day context. Global value chains mean a single product crosses several frontiers, so predictable customs procedures matter more than tariff levels, which is what the Trade Facilitation Agreement of 22 February 2017 addresses. Services and digital trade are now the fastest growing part of world trade, and GATS is the only multilateral discipline over them. And new subjects, environment, subsidies and industrial policy, need a forum: the Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, in force 15 September 2025, is the WTO's first agreement with sustainability at its core.
Conclusion. The need is for one institution to bind market access, forbid discrimination, adjudicate disputes and host negotiation, and the modern case for it is stronger than in 1995 because value chains, services and digital trade depend even more on predictability, which is why the paralysis of the Appellate Body since 2020 and the lapse of the e-commerce moratorium on 31 March 2026 matter as much as they do.
The rest of the answers
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