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LL.M. Business Law Semester 2: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

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  1. Legal Education and Research Methodology

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Legal Education and Research Methodology

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Foundation Course

    Legal Education and Research Methodology

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What Legal Education Is 1
    2. Why a Country Needs Legal Education: The Lawyer and the Judge 5
    3. The Other Careers a Law Degree Builds 9
    4. Legal Education and the Citizen 13
    5. Legal Education in the Constitution and in the Advocates Act 17
    6. The Rest of the Bar Council and Enrolment Provisions 21
    7. Legal Education in Ancient and Medieval India 26
    8. Legal Education in India Before Independence 30
    9. The Fourteenth Law Commission Report 34
    10. The 184th Report and the Argument About Standards 38
    11. The National Law Universities and the Five Year Course 42
    12. Legal Education and the National Education Policy 2020 46
    13. Two Regulators, One Course 50
    14. What the LL.M. Is For 54
    15. The Rules of Legal Education 2008 57
    16. Who May Teach Law 61
    17. The Two Law Courses, and Who May Join Them 64
    18. What Must Be Taught: Standard of Courses and the Curriculum 68
    19. The Semester System, the Infrastructure and the End Semester Test 71
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Inspection, Approval and Revocation 75
    2. Accreditation, and the Machinery Behind the Rules 79
    3. Continuing Legal Education 82
    4. Foreign Degrees and Foreign Universities 86
    5. The Rest of the Rules of Legal Education 89
    6. How Law Is Taught, and Why the Method Matters 93
    7. The Lecture Method 96
    8. The Case Method 100
    9. The Problem Method 104
    10. Discussion, the Socratic Method, the Seminar and the Tutorial 107
    11. The Project and the Assignment 111
    12. Learning by Doing: The Clinical Method, Simulation and Role Play 114
    13. The Moot Court 118
    14. Out of the Classroom: Court Visits, Trial Observation and Internship 122
    15. Technology, E-Learning and the Online Classroom 126
    16. Teaching Legal Research and Legal Writing 129
    17. Choosing a Method, and Combining Methods 133
    18. What an Examination Is For 136
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. What Is Wrong With the Traditional Examination 139
    2. Continuous Internal Assessment and the Semester Pattern 142
    3. Question Types: Objective, Problem and Open Book 145
    4. Assessment Beyond the Written Paper 149
    5. Examining the Clinical Courses 153
    6. Marks, Grades and Credits 156
    7. Moderation, Revaluation and Transparency 159
    8. The All India Bar Examination 162
    9. Examination Reform in the Law Commission Reports and in NEP 2020 166
    10. Malpractice and Academic Integrity in Examinations 170
    11. What Examination Reform Actually Requires 173

    Module II

    1. What Clinical Legal Education Is 176
    2. Where the Clinic Came From 180
    3. What the Clinic Is For 184
    4. The Kinds of Clinic 187
    5. The Four Compulsory Clinical Papers 191
    6. The Legal Aid Clinic in a Law College 195
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Why Clinical Legal Education Has Not Worked in India 199
    2. What Legal Aid Is, and Why a State Provides It 203
    3. Article 39A and the Constitutional Duty 207
    4. Legal Aid Before the 1987 Act 212
    5. The Legal Services Authorities Act: The Machinery 216
    6. Who Is Entitled to Legal Aid 220
    7. Paying for Legal Aid, and the Rest of the Act 224
    8. How a Person Actually Gets Legal Aid 228
    9. The Legal Services Clinic 232
    10. The Lok Adalat 236
    11. The Permanent Lok Adalat 241
    12. The Judgments That Made Legal Aid a Right 246
    13. Legal Aid: What Still Does Not Work 252
    14. What Legal Literacy Is 256
    15. How Legal Literacy Is Delivered 260
    16. The Law Student and Legal Literacy 264
    17. What a Legal Survey Is 268
    18. How a Legal Survey Is Done 272
    19. Surveys That Changed the Law 276
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. What Law Reform Is, and Who Does It 280
    2. The Law Commission of India 284
    3. From Report to Statute 288
    4. Research as the Engine of Law Reform 292
    5. Law Reform by the Courts, and Its Limits 296

    Module III

    1. What Research Is 300
    2. What Legal Research Is 303
    3. The Objectives of Legal Research 306
    4. What Makes Research Good 309
    5. Pure and Applied Research 312
    6. Descriptive and Analytical Research 315
    7. Quantitative and Qualitative Research 318
    8. Conceptual and Empirical Research 321
    9. Doctrinal Research 324
    10. Doctrinal Research: Merits and Demerits 327
    11. Non Doctrinal Research 331
    12. Non Doctrinal Research: Merits and Demerits 334
    13. Induction and Deduction in Legal Reasoning 337
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Comparative Legal Research 341
    2. Historical Legal Research 345
    3. Analytical and Critical Legal Research 349
    4. Interdisciplinary Legal Research 353
    5. The Primary Sources of Legal Research 357
    6. The Secondary Sources of Legal Research 360
    7. Juristic Writings and Legal Periodicals 363
    8. Legal Databases and How to Search Them 367
    9. Computers, ICT and Legal Research 371
    10. The Digest, the Citator and Tracing a Case 375
    11. Observation and the Interview 378
    12. The Questionnaire and the Schedule 382
    13. The Case Study 386
    14. The Survey 389
    15. Sampling: What It Is and Why It Is Used 393
    16. Probability Sampling 396
    17. Non Probability Sampling 400
    18. Scaling and Measurement 404
    19. Processing and Analysing Data 407
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. What Empirical Work in Law Cannot Do 411
    2. Research and the Judicial Process 415
    3. What a Research Problem Is 419
    4. Where Research Problems Come From 422
    5. Choosing Between Problems 426
    6. Narrowing and Defining the Problem 429
    7. Research Questions, Aims and Objectives 432
    8. What a Hypothesis Is 436
    9. Where a Hypothesis Comes From, and What Makes It Usable 440
    10. The Types of Hypothesis 444
    11. Formulating a Hypothesis 448
    12. Testing a Hypothesis 451
    13. When the Hypothesis Is Disproved 455
    14. Does Doctrinal Research Need a Hypothesis 459

    Module IV

    1. What a Research Design Is 462
    2. What Makes a Research Design Good 466
    3. The Exploratory or Formulative Design 470
    4. Descriptive and Diagnostic Designs 473
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. The Experimental Design 476
    2. Historical and Case Study Designs 479
    3. The Parts of a Research Design, and MU's Own List 482
    4. The Introduction 486
    5. Aims and Objectives of the Study 489
    6. Scope of Study, and Its Limitations 493
    7. The Review of Literature 497
    8. Sources of Information 501
    9. The Research Methodology Section 504
    10. Chapterisation 508
    11. The Sampling Design and the Data Collection Design 511
    12. Time, Cost and the Practical Design 514
    13. The Synopsis or Research Proposal 517
    14. Citation: Footnotes, APA and Legal Citation 521
    15. Bibliography and Webliography 525
    16. Plagiarism and the UGC Regulations 528
    17. Artificial Intelligence Tools in Research 533
    18. Research Ethics Beyond Plagiarism 537
    19. Writing the Report 541
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Conclusion and Suggestions 545
    2. The Viva Voce on the Dissertation 549
    3. What Goes Wrong in a Research Design 553
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    556 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 556 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 150 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 48 chapters

    1. 1 What Legal Education Is pages 1 to 4
    2. 2 Why a Country Needs Legal Education: The Lawyer and the Judge pages 5 to 8
    3. 3 The Other Careers a Law Degree Builds pages 9 to 12
    4. 4 Legal Education and the Citizen pages 13 to 16
    5. 5 Legal Education in the Constitution and in the Advocates Act pages 17 to 20
    6. 6 The Rest of the Bar Council and Enrolment Provisions pages 21 to 25
    7. 7 Legal Education in Ancient and Medieval India pages 26 to 29
    8. 8 Legal Education in India Before Independence pages 30 to 33
    9. 9 The Fourteenth Law Commission Report pages 34 to 37
    10. 10 The 184th Report and the Argument About Standards pages 38 to 41
    11. 11 The National Law Universities and the Five Year Course pages 42 to 45
    12. 12 Legal Education and the National Education Policy 2020 pages 46 to 49
    13. 13 Two Regulators, One Course pages 50 to 53
    14. 14 What the LL.M. Is For pages 54 to 56
    15. 15 The Rules of Legal Education 2008 pages 57 to 60
    16. 16 Who May Teach Law pages 61 to 63
    17. 17 The Two Law Courses, and Who May Join Them pages 64 to 67
    18. 18 What Must Be Taught: Standard of Courses and the Curriculum pages 68 to 70
    19. 19 The Semester System, the Infrastructure and the End Semester Test pages 71 to 74
    20. 20 Inspection, Approval and Revocation pages 75 to 78
    21. 21 Accreditation, and the Machinery Behind the Rules pages 79 to 81
    22. 22 Continuing Legal Education pages 82 to 85
    23. 23 Foreign Degrees and Foreign Universities pages 86 to 88
    24. 24 The Rest of the Rules of Legal Education pages 89 to 92
    25. 25 How Law Is Taught, and Why the Method Matters pages 93 to 95
    26. 26 The Lecture Method pages 96 to 99
    27. 27 The Case Method pages 100 to 103
    28. 28 The Problem Method pages 104 to 106
    29. 29 Discussion, the Socratic Method, the Seminar and the Tutorial pages 107 to 110
    30. 30 The Project and the Assignment pages 111 to 113
    31. 31 Learning by Doing: The Clinical Method, Simulation and Role Play pages 114 to 117
    32. 32 The Moot Court pages 118 to 121
    33. 33 Out of the Classroom: Court Visits, Trial Observation and Internship pages 122 to 125
    34. 34 Technology, E-Learning and the Online Classroom pages 126 to 128
    35. 35 Teaching Legal Research and Legal Writing pages 129 to 132
    36. 36 Choosing a Method, and Combining Methods pages 133 to 135
    37. 37 What an Examination Is For pages 136 to 138
    38. 38 What Is Wrong With the Traditional Examination pages 139 to 141
    39. 39 Continuous Internal Assessment and the Semester Pattern pages 142 to 144
    40. 40 Question Types: Objective, Problem and Open Book pages 145 to 148
    41. 41 Assessment Beyond the Written Paper pages 149 to 152
    42. 42 Examining the Clinical Courses pages 153 to 155
    43. 43 Marks, Grades and Credits pages 156 to 158
    44. 44 Moderation, Revaluation and Transparency pages 159 to 161
    45. 45 The All India Bar Examination pages 162 to 165
    46. 46 Examination Reform in the Law Commission Reports and in NEP 2020 pages 166 to 169
    47. 47 Malpractice and Academic Integrity in Examinations pages 170 to 172
    48. 48 What Examination Reform Actually Requires pages 173 to 175

    Module II 30 chapters

    1. 49 What Clinical Legal Education Is pages 176 to 179
    2. 50 Where the Clinic Came From pages 180 to 183
    3. 51 What the Clinic Is For pages 184 to 186
    4. 52 The Kinds of Clinic pages 187 to 190
    5. 53 The Four Compulsory Clinical Papers pages 191 to 194
    6. 54 The Legal Aid Clinic in a Law College pages 195 to 198
    7. 55 Why Clinical Legal Education Has Not Worked in India pages 199 to 202
    8. 56 What Legal Aid Is, and Why a State Provides It pages 203 to 206
    9. 57 Article 39A and the Constitutional Duty pages 207 to 211
    10. 58 Legal Aid Before the 1987 Act pages 212 to 215
    11. 59 The Legal Services Authorities Act: The Machinery pages 216 to 219
    12. 60 Who Is Entitled to Legal Aid pages 220 to 223
    13. 61 Paying for Legal Aid, and the Rest of the Act pages 224 to 227
    14. 62 How a Person Actually Gets Legal Aid pages 228 to 231
    15. 63 The Legal Services Clinic pages 232 to 235
    16. 64 The Lok Adalat pages 236 to 240
    17. 65 The Permanent Lok Adalat pages 241 to 245
    18. 66 The Judgments That Made Legal Aid a Right pages 246 to 251
    19. 67 Legal Aid: What Still Does Not Work pages 252 to 255
    20. 68 What Legal Literacy Is pages 256 to 259
    21. 69 How Legal Literacy Is Delivered pages 260 to 263
    22. 70 The Law Student and Legal Literacy pages 264 to 267
    23. 71 What a Legal Survey Is pages 268 to 271
    24. 72 How a Legal Survey Is Done pages 272 to 275
    25. 73 Surveys That Changed the Law pages 276 to 279
    26. 74 What Law Reform Is, and Who Does It pages 280 to 283
    27. 75 The Law Commission of India pages 284 to 287
    28. 76 From Report to Statute pages 288 to 291
    29. 77 Research as the Engine of Law Reform pages 292 to 295
    30. 78 Law Reform by the Courts, and Its Limits pages 296 to 299

    Module III 46 chapters

    1. 79 What Research Is pages 300 to 302
    2. 80 What Legal Research Is pages 303 to 305
    3. 81 The Objectives of Legal Research pages 306 to 308
    4. 82 What Makes Research Good pages 309 to 311
    5. 83 Pure and Applied Research pages 312 to 314
    6. 84 Descriptive and Analytical Research pages 315 to 317
    7. 85 Quantitative and Qualitative Research pages 318 to 320
    8. 86 Conceptual and Empirical Research pages 321 to 323
    9. 87 Doctrinal Research pages 324 to 326
    10. 88 Doctrinal Research: Merits and Demerits pages 327 to 330
    11. 89 Non Doctrinal Research pages 331 to 333
    12. 90 Non Doctrinal Research: Merits and Demerits pages 334 to 336
    13. 91 Induction and Deduction in Legal Reasoning pages 337 to 340
    14. 92 Comparative Legal Research pages 341 to 344
    15. 93 Historical Legal Research pages 345 to 348
    16. 94 Analytical and Critical Legal Research pages 349 to 352
    17. 95 Interdisciplinary Legal Research pages 353 to 356
    18. 96 The Primary Sources of Legal Research pages 357 to 359
    19. 97 The Secondary Sources of Legal Research pages 360 to 362
    20. 98 Juristic Writings and Legal Periodicals pages 363 to 366
    21. 99 Legal Databases and How to Search Them pages 367 to 370
    22. 100 Computers, ICT and Legal Research pages 371 to 374
    23. 101 The Digest, the Citator and Tracing a Case pages 375 to 377
    24. 102 Observation and the Interview pages 378 to 381
    25. 103 The Questionnaire and the Schedule pages 382 to 385
    26. 104 The Case Study pages 386 to 388
    27. 105 The Survey pages 389 to 392
    28. 106 Sampling: What It Is and Why It Is Used pages 393 to 395
    29. 107 Probability Sampling pages 396 to 399
    30. 108 Non Probability Sampling pages 400 to 403
    31. 109 Scaling and Measurement pages 404 to 406
    32. 110 Processing and Analysing Data pages 407 to 410
    33. 111 What Empirical Work in Law Cannot Do pages 411 to 414
    34. 112 Research and the Judicial Process pages 415 to 418
    35. 113 What a Research Problem Is pages 419 to 421
    36. 114 Where Research Problems Come From pages 422 to 425
    37. 115 Choosing Between Problems pages 426 to 428
    38. 116 Narrowing and Defining the Problem pages 429 to 431
    39. 117 Research Questions, Aims and Objectives pages 432 to 435
    40. 118 What a Hypothesis Is pages 436 to 439
    41. 119 Where a Hypothesis Comes From, and What Makes It Usable pages 440 to 443
    42. 120 The Types of Hypothesis pages 444 to 447
    43. 121 Formulating a Hypothesis pages 448 to 450
    44. 122 Testing a Hypothesis pages 451 to 454
    45. 123 When the Hypothesis Is Disproved pages 455 to 458
    46. 124 Does Doctrinal Research Need a Hypothesis pages 459 to 461

    Module IV 26 chapters

    1. 125 What a Research Design Is pages 462 to 465
    2. 126 What Makes a Research Design Good pages 466 to 469
    3. 127 The Exploratory or Formulative Design pages 470 to 472
    4. 128 Descriptive and Diagnostic Designs pages 473 to 475
    5. 129 The Experimental Design pages 476 to 478
    6. 130 Historical and Case Study Designs pages 479 to 481
    7. 131 The Parts of a Research Design, and MU's Own List pages 482 to 485
    8. 132 The Introduction pages 486 to 488
    9. 133 Aims and Objectives of the Study pages 489 to 492
    10. 134 Scope of Study, and Its Limitations pages 493 to 496
    11. 135 The Review of Literature pages 497 to 500
    12. 136 Sources of Information pages 501 to 503
    13. 137 The Research Methodology Section pages 504 to 507
    14. 138 Chapterisation pages 508 to 510
    15. 139 The Sampling Design and the Data Collection Design pages 511 to 513
    16. 140 Time, Cost and the Practical Design pages 514 to 516
    17. 141 The Synopsis or Research Proposal pages 517 to 520
    18. 142 Citation: Footnotes, APA and Legal Citation pages 521 to 524
    19. 143 Bibliography and Webliography pages 525 to 527
    20. 144 Plagiarism and the UGC Regulations pages 528 to 532
    21. 145 Artificial Intelligence Tools in Research pages 533 to 536
    22. 146 Research Ethics Beyond Plagiarism pages 537 to 540
    23. 147 Writing the Report pages 541 to 544
    24. 148 Conclusion and Suggestions pages 545 to 548
    25. 149 The Viva Voce on the Dissertation pages 549 to 552
    26. 150 What Goes Wrong in a Research Design pages 553 to 556
    Every paper that is solved: 8 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2024-25
    • 2023-24
    • 2022
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

  2. Corporate Law

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Corporate Law

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Group 2 Business Law

    Corporate Law

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. Corporate Law and the 2013 Act 1
    2. The Company as a Legal Person 6
    3. Theories of Corporate Personality 11
    4. Lifting the Veil: the Statutory Grounds 16
    5. Lifting the Veil: the Judicial Doctrine 21
    6. The Company and the Constitution 27
    7. Corporate Criminal Liability 31
    8. Private, Public and One Person Companies 36
    9. Small, Dormant and Nidhi Companies 41
    10. Holding, Subsidiary and Associate Companies 46
    11. Section 8 Companies 51
    12. Government Companies 56
    13. Foreign Companies 61
    14. Producer Companies 69
    15. Promoters 75
    16. Pre-incorporation Contracts 80
    17. Incorporation and Its Conclusiveness 85
    18. The Memorandum 92
    19. The Objects Clause and Ultra Vires 98
    20. The Articles 103
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Constructive Notice and Indoor Management 108
    2. Alteration of Memorandum and Articles 113
    3. Conversion of Companies 119
    4. Registration of Existing Entities 123
    5. Service, Authentication and Execution 128
    6. Members and the Registers 133
    7. Beneficial and Significant Ownership 140
    8. The Annual Return 146
    9. The Annual General Meeting 151
    10. Calling a General Meeting 156
    11. Proxies and Corporate Representation 163
    12. Voting, Poll and Postal Ballot 168
    13. Resolutions 174
    14. Members' Resolutions, Minutes and Records 180
    15. The Board of Directors 186
    16. Independent Directors 191
    17. Appointment of Directors 197
    18. The Director Identification Number 204
    19. Disqualification and Vacation of Office 208
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Resignation and Removal of Directors 214
    2. Duties of Directors 220
    3. Meetings of the Board 226
    4. Board Committees 232
    5. Powers of the Board 238
    6. Conflicts, Disclosure, Loans and Investments 245
    7. Related Party Transactions 253
    8. Managing and Whole-time Directors 259
    9. Managerial Remuneration 266
    10. Key Managerial Personnel and the Secretary 273
    11. Corporate Governance: the Synthesis 278

    Module II

    1. Corporate Finance: the Map 283
    2. Kinds of Share Capital and Voting 288
    3. Pricing the Issue 294
    4. Preference Capital 299
    5. The Public Offer 304
    6. Prospectus Varieties and Deemed Prospectuses 311
    7. Allotment, Listing and Depository Receipts 319
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Private Placement 326
    2. Further Issues: Rights and Bonus 332
    3. Alteration of Capital 339
    4. Reduction of Capital 344
    5. Buy-back and Financial Assistance 349
    6. Public Deposits 357
    7. Books of Account and Financial Statements 364
    8. The Board's Report and Circulation 371
    9. Accounting Standards and the NFRA 378
    10. Corporate Social Responsibility 384
    11. Internal Audit and Cost Audit 390
    12. Appointment and Independence of Auditors 395
    13. Removal, Resignation and Section 140 402
    14. Powers and Duties of Auditors 411
    15. Dividends 422
    16. Unpaid Dividend and the IEPF 431
    17. Securities as Property 440
    18. Dematerialisation 447
    19. Transfer and Transmission of Securities 454
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Refusal, Rectification and Appeals 462
    2. Nomination 471
    3. Debentures 479
    4. Charges: Creation and Registration 486
    5. Charges: Satisfaction and Rectification 494
    6. Borrowing and the Lender 503

    Module III

    1. Investor Protection: the Design 511
    2. Criminal Liability for the Prospectus 518
    3. Civil Liability for the Prospectus 526
    4. Personation and Allotment Abuses 534
    5. Insider Trading and Market Abuse 541
    6. Schemes of Compromise and Arrangement 550
    7. Mergers and Amalgamations 562
    8. Fast-track Mergers 574
    9. Dissent, Squeeze-outs and Minority Buy-outs 583
    10. Registered Valuers 593
    11. Striking Off and Its Safeguards 600
    12. The Administrative Architecture 611
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Delegation, Exemptions and Rule-making 621
    2. SEBI: the Board and Its Powers 631
    3. SEBI Enforcement and Appeals 642
    4. Inspection and Inquiry 653
    5. Investigation and the SFIO 663
    6. Investigations Beyond the SFIO 673
    7. Freezing, Reports and Consequences 686
    8. Offences, Fraud and Decriminalisation 698
    9. Adjudication and Compounding 710
    10. Special Courts and Criminal Machinery 719
    11. From the Company Law Board to the Tribunal 729
    12. The Tribunal Constituted 738
    13. Benches, Orders and Procedure 750
    14. Appeals from the Tribunal 760
    15. Exclusive Jurisdiction and Transfers 767

    Module IV

    1. Majority Rule and Its Limits 777
    2. Oppression: the Concept 786
    3. Who May Apply, and Waiver 795
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Mismanagement and Interim Relief 804
    2. The Tribunal's Powers under Section 242 812
    3. The Oppression Jurisprudence 822
    4. Class Actions 831
    5. Winding Up: the Modern Map 841
    6. Grounds for Tribunal Winding Up 850
    7. Just and Equitable Winding Up 858
    8. The Petition Heard 865
    9. The Company Liquidator 872
    10. Effects of the Winding-up Order 882
    11. The Liquidator's Powers and Accounts 889
    12. Contributories and Calls 898
    13. Proof and Priority of Debts 908
    14. Avoidance of Antecedent Transactions 918
    15. Delinquency and Public Examination 928
    16. The Conduct of the Liquidation 940
    17. Dissolution 950
    18. Official Liquidators and Summary Procedure 958
    19. Voluntary Liquidation under the IBC 966
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Winding Up Unregistered and Foreign Companies 975
    2. The IBC and Corporate Rescue 984
    3. Resolution and Its Gatekeepers 995
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    1,006 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 1,006 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 134 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 50 chapters

    1. 1 Corporate Law and the 2013 Act pages 1 to 5
    2. 2 The Company as a Legal Person pages 6 to 10
    3. 3 Theories of Corporate Personality pages 11 to 15
    4. 4 Lifting the Veil: the Statutory Grounds pages 16 to 20
    5. 5 Lifting the Veil: the Judicial Doctrine pages 21 to 26
    6. 6 The Company and the Constitution pages 27 to 30
    7. 7 Corporate Criminal Liability pages 31 to 35
    8. 8 Private, Public and One Person Companies pages 36 to 40
    9. 9 Small, Dormant and Nidhi Companies pages 41 to 45
    10. 10 Holding, Subsidiary and Associate Companies pages 46 to 50
    11. 11 Section 8 Companies pages 51 to 55
    12. 12 Government Companies pages 56 to 60
    13. 13 Foreign Companies pages 61 to 68
    14. 14 Producer Companies pages 69 to 74
    15. 15 Promoters pages 75 to 79
    16. 16 Pre-incorporation Contracts pages 80 to 84
    17. 17 Incorporation and Its Conclusiveness pages 85 to 91
    18. 18 The Memorandum pages 92 to 97
    19. 19 The Objects Clause and Ultra Vires pages 98 to 102
    20. 20 The Articles pages 103 to 107
    21. 21 Constructive Notice and Indoor Management pages 108 to 112
    22. 22 Alteration of Memorandum and Articles pages 113 to 118
    23. 23 Conversion of Companies pages 119 to 122
    24. 24 Registration of Existing Entities pages 123 to 127
    25. 25 Service, Authentication and Execution pages 128 to 132
    26. 26 Members and the Registers pages 133 to 139
    27. 27 Beneficial and Significant Ownership pages 140 to 145
    28. 28 The Annual Return pages 146 to 150
    29. 29 The Annual General Meeting pages 151 to 155
    30. 30 Calling a General Meeting pages 156 to 162
    31. 31 Proxies and Corporate Representation pages 163 to 167
    32. 32 Voting, Poll and Postal Ballot pages 168 to 173
    33. 33 Resolutions pages 174 to 179
    34. 34 Members' Resolutions, Minutes and Records pages 180 to 185
    35. 35 The Board of Directors pages 186 to 190
    36. 36 Independent Directors pages 191 to 196
    37. 37 Appointment of Directors pages 197 to 203
    38. 38 The Director Identification Number pages 204 to 207
    39. 39 Disqualification and Vacation of Office pages 208 to 213
    40. 40 Resignation and Removal of Directors pages 214 to 219
    41. 41 Duties of Directors pages 220 to 225
    42. 42 Meetings of the Board pages 226 to 231
    43. 43 Board Committees pages 232 to 237
    44. 44 Powers of the Board pages 238 to 244
    45. 45 Conflicts, Disclosure, Loans and Investments pages 245 to 252
    46. 46 Related Party Transactions pages 253 to 258
    47. 47 Managing and Whole-time Directors pages 259 to 265
    48. 48 Managerial Remuneration pages 266 to 272
    49. 49 Key Managerial Personnel and the Secretary pages 273 to 277
    50. 50 Corporate Governance: the Synthesis pages 278 to 282

    Module II 32 chapters

    1. 51 Corporate Finance: the Map pages 283 to 287
    2. 52 Kinds of Share Capital and Voting pages 288 to 293
    3. 53 Pricing the Issue pages 294 to 298
    4. 54 Preference Capital pages 299 to 303
    5. 55 The Public Offer pages 304 to 310
    6. 56 Prospectus Varieties and Deemed Prospectuses pages 311 to 318
    7. 57 Allotment, Listing and Depository Receipts pages 319 to 325
    8. 58 Private Placement pages 326 to 331
    9. 59 Further Issues: Rights and Bonus pages 332 to 338
    10. 60 Alteration of Capital pages 339 to 343
    11. 61 Reduction of Capital pages 344 to 348
    12. 62 Buy-back and Financial Assistance pages 349 to 356
    13. 63 Public Deposits pages 357 to 363
    14. 64 Books of Account and Financial Statements pages 364 to 370
    15. 65 The Board's Report and Circulation pages 371 to 377
    16. 66 Accounting Standards and the NFRA pages 378 to 383
    17. 67 Corporate Social Responsibility pages 384 to 389
    18. 68 Internal Audit and Cost Audit pages 390 to 394
    19. 69 Appointment and Independence of Auditors pages 395 to 401
    20. 70 Removal, Resignation and Section 140 pages 402 to 410
    21. 71 Powers and Duties of Auditors pages 411 to 421
    22. 72 Dividends pages 422 to 430
    23. 73 Unpaid Dividend and the IEPF pages 431 to 439
    24. 74 Securities as Property pages 440 to 446
    25. 75 Dematerialisation pages 447 to 453
    26. 76 Transfer and Transmission of Securities pages 454 to 461
    27. 77 Refusal, Rectification and Appeals pages 462 to 470
    28. 78 Nomination pages 471 to 478
    29. 79 Debentures pages 479 to 485
    30. 80 Charges: Creation and Registration pages 486 to 493
    31. 81 Charges: Satisfaction and Rectification pages 494 to 502
    32. 82 Borrowing and the Lender pages 503 to 510

    Module III 27 chapters

    1. 83 Investor Protection: the Design pages 511 to 517
    2. 84 Criminal Liability for the Prospectus pages 518 to 525
    3. 85 Civil Liability for the Prospectus pages 526 to 533
    4. 86 Personation and Allotment Abuses pages 534 to 540
    5. 87 Insider Trading and Market Abuse pages 541 to 549
    6. 88 Schemes of Compromise and Arrangement pages 550 to 561
    7. 89 Mergers and Amalgamations pages 562 to 573
    8. 90 Fast-track Mergers pages 574 to 582
    9. 91 Dissent, Squeeze-outs and Minority Buy-outs pages 583 to 592
    10. 92 Registered Valuers pages 593 to 599
    11. 93 Striking Off and Its Safeguards pages 600 to 610
    12. 94 The Administrative Architecture pages 611 to 620
    13. 95 Delegation, Exemptions and Rule-making pages 621 to 630
    14. 96 SEBI: the Board and Its Powers pages 631 to 641
    15. 97 SEBI Enforcement and Appeals pages 642 to 652
    16. 98 Inspection and Inquiry pages 653 to 662
    17. 99 Investigation and the SFIO pages 663 to 672
    18. 100 Investigations Beyond the SFIO pages 673 to 685
    19. 101 Freezing, Reports and Consequences pages 686 to 697
    20. 102 Offences, Fraud and Decriminalisation pages 698 to 709
    21. 103 Adjudication and Compounding pages 710 to 718
    22. 104 Special Courts and Criminal Machinery pages 719 to 728
    23. 105 From the Company Law Board to the Tribunal pages 729 to 737
    24. 106 The Tribunal Constituted pages 738 to 749
    25. 107 Benches, Orders and Procedure pages 750 to 759
    26. 108 Appeals from the Tribunal pages 760 to 766
    27. 109 Exclusive Jurisdiction and Transfers pages 767 to 776

    Module IV 25 chapters

    1. 110 Majority Rule and Its Limits pages 777 to 785
    2. 111 Oppression: the Concept pages 786 to 794
    3. 112 Who May Apply, and Waiver pages 795 to 803
    4. 113 Mismanagement and Interim Relief pages 804 to 811
    5. 114 The Tribunal's Powers under Section 242 pages 812 to 821
    6. 115 The Oppression Jurisprudence pages 822 to 830
    7. 116 Class Actions pages 831 to 840
    8. 117 Winding Up: the Modern Map pages 841 to 849
    9. 118 Grounds for Tribunal Winding Up pages 850 to 857
    10. 119 Just and Equitable Winding Up pages 858 to 864
    11. 120 The Petition Heard pages 865 to 871
    12. 121 The Company Liquidator pages 872 to 881
    13. 122 Effects of the Winding-up Order pages 882 to 888
    14. 123 The Liquidator's Powers and Accounts pages 889 to 897
    15. 124 Contributories and Calls pages 898 to 907
    16. 125 Proof and Priority of Debts pages 908 to 917
    17. 126 Avoidance of Antecedent Transactions pages 918 to 927
    18. 127 Delinquency and Public Examination pages 928 to 939
    19. 128 The Conduct of the Liquidation pages 940 to 949
    20. 129 Dissolution pages 950 to 957
    21. 130 Official Liquidators and Summary Procedure pages 958 to 965
    22. 131 Voluntary Liquidation under the IBC pages 966 to 974
    23. 132 Winding Up Unregistered and Foreign Companies pages 975 to 983
    24. 133 The IBC and Corporate Rescue pages 984 to 994
    25. 134 Resolution and Its Gatekeepers pages 995 to 1,006
    Every paper that is solved: 10 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2025-26 - Set 2
    • 2024-25
    • 2023-24
    • 2023
    • 2022
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

  3. Judicial Process

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Judicial Process

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Foundation Course

    Judicial Process

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What the Judicial Process Is 1
    2. The Judicial Process as an Instrument of Social Ordering 6
    3. Cardozo and the Nature of the Judicial Process 11
    4. The Declaratory Theory and the Living Oracle 15
    5. Judicial Reasoning, not Calculation 19
    6. The Final Cause of Law Is the Welfare of Society 23
    7. The Gap in the Law 27
    8. Creation, not Discovery 31
    9. The Method of Philosophy: The Rule of Logic 36
    10. The Method of History 40
    11. The Method of Tradition and Custom 44
    12. The Method of Sociology 48
    13. Judicial Creativity and the Growth of Law 53
    14. The Tools and Techniques of Judicial Creativity 57
    15. The Limits of Judicial Creativity 62
    16. The Doctrine of Precedent 67
    17. Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Dicta 71
    18. When a Precedent Binds, and When It Does Not 75
    19. The Merits and the Demerits of Precedent 79
    20. Distinguishing and Overruling: Precedent as Creativity 83
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Article 141 and Stare Decisis in India 87
    2. When the Supreme Court Departs from Itself 91
    3. Legal Development through Codification 95

    Module II

    1. The Special Dimensions of the Judicial Process 99
    2. What Judicial Review Is 103
    3. The Constitutional Basis of Judicial Review in India 107
    4. The Grounds of Judicial Review 111
    5. Judicial Review as a Basic Feature of the Constitution 115
    6. The Philosophy of Judicial Review and Limited Government 120
    7. The Role of the Courts in Constitutional Adjudication 124
    8. Judicial Review as a Check on Power 128
    9. What Judicial Activism Is 132
    10. The Varieties of Judicial Activism 136
    11. The Scope and the Necessity of Judicial Activism 140
    12. The Limits of Judicial Activism and the Charge of Overreach 144
    13. Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint 149
    14. Judicial Accountability 153
    15. The Institutional Liability of the Courts: Scope and Limits 157
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The Accountability of the Executive 161
    2. The Judicial Process in India 165
    3. The Independence of the Judiciary 169
    4. The Constitutional Guarantees of Independence 173
    5. The Appointment of Judges 177
    6. The First Judges Case 181
    7. The Second Judges Case 184
    8. The Third Judges Case 187
    9. The National Judicial Appointments Commission 191
    10. The Political Nature of the Judicial Process 195
    11. Structural Vulnerability and the Political Executive 199
    12. The Judicial Creativity of the Supreme Court of India 203
    13. The Judicial Process in Pursuit of Constitutional Goals and Values 207
    14. New Dimensions of Judicial Activism, and the Structural Challenges 211
    15. Constitutional Jurisprudence Built through Judicial Activism 215
    16. What Public Interest Litigation Is 219
    17. Locus Standi and Epistolary Jurisdiction 223
    18. PIL as a Judicial Arm Creating New Dimensions for Achieving Justice 227
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The Misuse of PIL, and the Remedies 231
    2. The Constitution as a Living Document 235
    3. Creative Law-Making and the New Socio-Economic Rights 239
    4. Substance over Technicality: Articles 14 and 21 243
    5. Individual Freedom and Collective Welfare 247
    6. Judicial Activism for the Marginalised 251
    7. The Prison Cases and the Dignity of the Individual 255

    Module III

    1. What Justice Is 259
    2. Dharma: What the Word Means 263
    3. The Sources of Dharma 267
    4. Dharma as the Foundation of Legal Ordering 271
    5. Dharma as the Foundation of Justice in India 275
    6. The Aspects of Dharma 279
    7. Raja Dharma: The Duty of the Ruler 283
    8. Dharma in the Indian Legal System Today 287
    9. The Purpose of Dharma 291
    10. Dharma Is Not Religion 295
    11. Dharma, Natural Justice and the Rule of Law 299
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Justice in Greek Thought: Plato and Aristotle 303
    2. The Liberal Contractual Tradition 307
    3. Rawls and Justice as Fairness 311
    4. The Liberal Moral Tradition: Kant 315
    5. The Liberal Utilitarian Tradition: Bentham and Mill 319
    6. The Critics of Liberal Justice 324

    Module IV

    1. The Relation between Law and Justice 328
    2. Equivalence Theories of Justice 332
    3. Dependency Theories of Justice 336
    4. The Independence of Justice from Law 340
    5. The Interrelationship, Read through the Theories of Justice 344
    6. Law and Justice in the Indian Constitutional Order 348
    7. Supreme Court Cases Read through the Theories of Justice 352
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    356 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 356 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 87 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 23 chapters

    1. 1 What the Judicial Process Is pages 1 to 5
    2. 2 The Judicial Process as an Instrument of Social Ordering pages 6 to 10
    3. 3 Cardozo and the Nature of the Judicial Process pages 11 to 14
    4. 4 The Declaratory Theory and the Living Oracle pages 15 to 18
    5. 5 Judicial Reasoning, not Calculation pages 19 to 22
    6. 6 The Final Cause of Law Is the Welfare of Society pages 23 to 26
    7. 7 The Gap in the Law pages 27 to 30
    8. 8 Creation, not Discovery pages 31 to 35
    9. 9 The Method of Philosophy: The Rule of Logic pages 36 to 39
    10. 10 The Method of History pages 40 to 43
    11. 11 The Method of Tradition and Custom pages 44 to 47
    12. 12 The Method of Sociology pages 48 to 52
    13. 13 Judicial Creativity and the Growth of Law pages 53 to 56
    14. 14 The Tools and Techniques of Judicial Creativity pages 57 to 61
    15. 15 The Limits of Judicial Creativity pages 62 to 66
    16. 16 The Doctrine of Precedent pages 67 to 70
    17. 17 Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Dicta pages 71 to 74
    18. 18 When a Precedent Binds, and When It Does Not pages 75 to 78
    19. 19 The Merits and the Demerits of Precedent pages 79 to 82
    20. 20 Distinguishing and Overruling: Precedent as Creativity pages 83 to 86
    21. 21 Article 141 and Stare Decisis in India pages 87 to 90
    22. 22 When the Supreme Court Departs from Itself pages 91 to 94
    23. 23 Legal Development through Codification pages 95 to 98

    Module II 40 chapters

    1. 24 The Special Dimensions of the Judicial Process pages 99 to 102
    2. 25 What Judicial Review Is pages 103 to 106
    3. 26 The Constitutional Basis of Judicial Review in India pages 107 to 110
    4. 27 The Grounds of Judicial Review pages 111 to 114
    5. 28 Judicial Review as a Basic Feature of the Constitution pages 115 to 119
    6. 29 The Philosophy of Judicial Review and Limited Government pages 120 to 123
    7. 30 The Role of the Courts in Constitutional Adjudication pages 124 to 127
    8. 31 Judicial Review as a Check on Power pages 128 to 131
    9. 32 What Judicial Activism Is pages 132 to 135
    10. 33 The Varieties of Judicial Activism pages 136 to 139
    11. 34 The Scope and the Necessity of Judicial Activism pages 140 to 143
    12. 35 The Limits of Judicial Activism and the Charge of Overreach pages 144 to 148
    13. 36 Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint pages 149 to 152
    14. 37 Judicial Accountability pages 153 to 156
    15. 38 The Institutional Liability of the Courts: Scope and Limits pages 157 to 160
    16. 39 The Accountability of the Executive pages 161 to 164
    17. 40 The Judicial Process in India pages 165 to 168
    18. 41 The Independence of the Judiciary pages 169 to 172
    19. 42 The Constitutional Guarantees of Independence pages 173 to 176
    20. 43 The Appointment of Judges pages 177 to 180
    21. 44 The First Judges Case pages 181 to 183
    22. 45 The Second Judges Case pages 184 to 186
    23. 46 The Third Judges Case pages 187 to 190
    24. 47 The National Judicial Appointments Commission pages 191 to 194
    25. 48 The Political Nature of the Judicial Process pages 195 to 198
    26. 49 Structural Vulnerability and the Political Executive pages 199 to 202
    27. 50 The Judicial Creativity of the Supreme Court of India pages 203 to 206
    28. 51 The Judicial Process in Pursuit of Constitutional Goals and Values pages 207 to 210
    29. 52 New Dimensions of Judicial Activism, and the Structural Challenges pages 211 to 214
    30. 53 Constitutional Jurisprudence Built through Judicial Activism pages 215 to 218
    31. 54 What Public Interest Litigation Is pages 219 to 222
    32. 55 Locus Standi and Epistolary Jurisdiction pages 223 to 226
    33. 56 PIL as a Judicial Arm Creating New Dimensions for Achieving Justice pages 227 to 230
    34. 57 The Misuse of PIL, and the Remedies pages 231 to 234
    35. 58 The Constitution as a Living Document pages 235 to 238
    36. 59 Creative Law-Making and the New Socio-Economic Rights pages 239 to 242
    37. 60 Substance over Technicality: Articles 14 and 21 pages 243 to 246
    38. 61 Individual Freedom and Collective Welfare pages 247 to 250
    39. 62 Judicial Activism for the Marginalised pages 251 to 254
    40. 63 The Prison Cases and the Dignity of the Individual pages 255 to 258

    Module III 17 chapters

    1. 64 What Justice Is pages 259 to 262
    2. 65 Dharma: What the Word Means pages 263 to 266
    3. 66 The Sources of Dharma pages 267 to 270
    4. 67 Dharma as the Foundation of Legal Ordering pages 271 to 274
    5. 68 Dharma as the Foundation of Justice in India pages 275 to 278
    6. 69 The Aspects of Dharma pages 279 to 282
    7. 70 Raja Dharma: The Duty of the Ruler pages 283 to 286
    8. 71 Dharma in the Indian Legal System Today pages 287 to 290
    9. 72 The Purpose of Dharma pages 291 to 294
    10. 73 Dharma Is Not Religion pages 295 to 298
    11. 74 Dharma, Natural Justice and the Rule of Law pages 299 to 302
    12. 75 Justice in Greek Thought: Plato and Aristotle pages 303 to 306
    13. 76 The Liberal Contractual Tradition pages 307 to 310
    14. 77 Rawls and Justice as Fairness pages 311 to 314
    15. 78 The Liberal Moral Tradition: Kant pages 315 to 318
    16. 79 The Liberal Utilitarian Tradition: Bentham and Mill pages 319 to 323
    17. 80 The Critics of Liberal Justice pages 324 to 327

    Module IV 7 chapters

    1. 81 The Relation between Law and Justice pages 328 to 331
    2. 82 Equivalence Theories of Justice pages 332 to 335
    3. 83 Dependency Theories of Justice pages 336 to 339
    4. 84 The Independence of Justice from Law pages 340 to 343
    5. 85 The Interrelationship, Read through the Theories of Justice pages 344 to 347
    6. 86 Law and Justice in the Indian Constitutional Order pages 348 to 351
    7. 87 Supreme Court Cases Read through the Theories of Justice pages 352 to 356
    Every paper that is solved: 8 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2024-25
    • 2023-24
    • 2022
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

  4. Law Relating to Customs and Foreign Exchange

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Law Relating to Customs and Foreign Exchange

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Group 2 Business Law

    Law Relating to Customs and Foreign Exchange

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What the Law of Customs Is 1
    2. The Definitions That Do the Work 12
    3. The Customs Establishment 19
    4. The Customs Map: Ports, Airports, Stations and Areas 26
    5. The Custom of Charging Customs Duties 32
    6. The Duties in the Tariff: Basic, Integrated and Preferential 38
    7. Trade Remedy and Emergency Duties 46
    8. Reading a Taxing Statute: the Rules of Interpretation 56
    9. Classifying Goods: the First Schedule and Its General Rules 63
    10. Prohibiting Imports and Exports: Section 11 70
    11. Notified Goods: Detecting Illegal Imports 78
    12. Specified Goods: Preventing Illegal Exports 85
    13. The Charge Applied: Pilferage, Sets, Re-import and Derelict Goods 92
    14. Abatement and Remission: Damaged, Lost and Abandoned Goods 99
    15. Valuation: Section 14 and the 2007 Rules 105
    16. The Date That Fixes the Rate 113
    17. Assessment: Self-Assessment, Verification and Provisional Duty 120
    18. Recovery of Duties Not Levied or Short-Paid 129
    19. Advance Rulings 139
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II

    1. The Exemption Power: Section 25 148
    2. Withdrawing an Exemption: Promissory Estoppel Against the State 156
    3. Refunds Under Sections 26 and 26A 164
    4. The Refund Claim: Section 27 and Unjust Enrichment 171
    5. Duty Drawback 180
    6. Conveyances Arriving and Leaving India 188
    7. Clearance of Imported Goods 196
    8. Clearance of Export Goods and Payments 204
    9. Transit, Transhipment and Fishing Operations 211
    10. Baggage 218
    11. Goods by Post and Courier 225
    12. Ship's and Aircraft Stores 231
    13. Coastal Goods and Coasting Vessels 238
    14. Audit and Identity Verification 245
    15. Licensing Warehouses 252
    16. The Warehousing Bond and the Warehousing Period 258
    17. Manufacture in a Warehouse 266
    18. Moving and Clearing Warehoused Goods 274
    19. Improper Removal and the End of Warehousing 282
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Searching Persons 290
    2. Arrest Under the Customs Act 299
    3. Searching Premises, Examining Persons and the Section 108 Summons 308
    4. Seizure and Provisional Release 319
    5. Confiscating Improper Imports 328
    6. Confiscating Improper Exports and the Fraud Penalties 337
    7. Confiscating Conveyances, Packages and Proceeds 348
    8. Adjudication: Notice, Hearing and the Order 357
    9. Burden of Proof, Redemption Fine and Vesting 365
    10. Settlement of Cases: a Chapter That Closed 374
    11. The First Appeal: Commissioner (Appeals) 383
    12. The Appellate Tribunal 391
    13. To the High Court and the Supreme Court 403
    14. The Offences 412
    15. Prosecution: Cognizance, Compounding and Evidence 422
    16. The Working Margin: Agents, Recovery and Service 434
    17. The Closing Provisions 448
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III

    1. Why the Law Manages Foreign Exchange 459
    2. From FERA to FEMA: the Historical Background 466
    3. FERA and FEMA Distinguished 474
    4. Repeal, Savings and the Sunset 483
    5. Currency, Foreign Exchange and Foreign Security 490
    6. Dealing in and Holding Foreign Exchange 499
    7. Authorised Persons 507
    8. The Scheme and Noteworthy Features of FEMA 519
    9. The Directorate of Enforcement and Investigation 528

    Module IV

    1. Person, and Resident In and Outside India 538
    2. Capital Account and Current Account Transactions 546
    3. Export, Transfer and Service as Defined Concepts 554
    4. Export of Goods and Services 562
    5. Contraventions and Penalties: Section 13 571
    6. Enforcing the Order: Civil Imprisonment and Section 14A 579
    7. Compounding Contraventions 588
    8. Adjudication 597
    9. Appeals: Special Director to the High Court 607
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Foreign Direct Investment in India 618
    2. FDI Instruments, Reporting and Enforcement 633
    3. The FTDR Act: Scheme, Orders and the Foreign Trade Policy 643
    4. The IEC, Licences and Quantitative Restrictions 653
    5. FTDR Penalties, Adjudication and Appeals 665
    6. Export Controls on Specified Goods: the WMD Chapter 680
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    691 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 691 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 79 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 19 chapters

    1. 1 What the Law of Customs Is pages 1 to 11
    2. 2 The Definitions That Do the Work pages 12 to 18
    3. 3 The Customs Establishment pages 19 to 25
    4. 4 The Customs Map: Ports, Airports, Stations and Areas pages 26 to 31
    5. 5 The Custom of Charging Customs Duties pages 32 to 37
    6. 6 The Duties in the Tariff: Basic, Integrated and Preferential pages 38 to 45
    7. 7 Trade Remedy and Emergency Duties pages 46 to 55
    8. 8 Reading a Taxing Statute: the Rules of Interpretation pages 56 to 62
    9. 9 Classifying Goods: the First Schedule and Its General Rules pages 63 to 69
    10. 10 Prohibiting Imports and Exports: Section 11 pages 70 to 77
    11. 11 Notified Goods: Detecting Illegal Imports pages 78 to 84
    12. 12 Specified Goods: Preventing Illegal Exports pages 85 to 91
    13. 13 The Charge Applied: Pilferage, Sets, Re-import and Derelict Goods pages 92 to 98
    14. 14 Abatement and Remission: Damaged, Lost and Abandoned Goods pages 99 to 104
    15. 15 Valuation: Section 14 and the 2007 Rules pages 105 to 112
    16. 16 The Date That Fixes the Rate pages 113 to 119
    17. 17 Assessment: Self-Assessment, Verification and Provisional Duty pages 120 to 128
    18. 18 Recovery of Duties Not Levied or Short-Paid pages 129 to 138
    19. 19 Advance Rulings pages 139 to 147

    Module II 36 chapters

    1. 20 The Exemption Power: Section 25 pages 148 to 155
    2. 21 Withdrawing an Exemption: Promissory Estoppel Against the State pages 156 to 163
    3. 22 Refunds Under Sections 26 and 26A pages 164 to 170
    4. 23 The Refund Claim: Section 27 and Unjust Enrichment pages 171 to 179
    5. 24 Duty Drawback pages 180 to 187
    6. 25 Conveyances Arriving and Leaving India pages 188 to 195
    7. 26 Clearance of Imported Goods pages 196 to 203
    8. 27 Clearance of Export Goods and Payments pages 204 to 210
    9. 28 Transit, Transhipment and Fishing Operations pages 211 to 217
    10. 29 Baggage pages 218 to 224
    11. 30 Goods by Post and Courier pages 225 to 230
    12. 31 Ship's and Aircraft Stores pages 231 to 237
    13. 32 Coastal Goods and Coasting Vessels pages 238 to 244
    14. 33 Audit and Identity Verification pages 245 to 251
    15. 34 Licensing Warehouses pages 252 to 257
    16. 35 The Warehousing Bond and the Warehousing Period pages 258 to 265
    17. 36 Manufacture in a Warehouse pages 266 to 273
    18. 37 Moving and Clearing Warehoused Goods pages 274 to 281
    19. 38 Improper Removal and the End of Warehousing pages 282 to 289
    20. 39 Searching Persons pages 290 to 298
    21. 40 Arrest Under the Customs Act pages 299 to 307
    22. 41 Searching Premises, Examining Persons and the Section 108 Summons pages 308 to 318
    23. 42 Seizure and Provisional Release pages 319 to 327
    24. 43 Confiscating Improper Imports pages 328 to 336
    25. 44 Confiscating Improper Exports and the Fraud Penalties pages 337 to 347
    26. 45 Confiscating Conveyances, Packages and Proceeds pages 348 to 356
    27. 46 Adjudication: Notice, Hearing and the Order pages 357 to 364
    28. 47 Burden of Proof, Redemption Fine and Vesting pages 365 to 373
    29. 48 Settlement of Cases: a Chapter That Closed pages 374 to 382
    30. 49 The First Appeal: Commissioner (Appeals) pages 383 to 390
    31. 50 The Appellate Tribunal pages 391 to 402
    32. 51 To the High Court and the Supreme Court pages 403 to 411
    33. 52 The Offences pages 412 to 421
    34. 53 Prosecution: Cognizance, Compounding and Evidence pages 422 to 433
    35. 54 The Working Margin: Agents, Recovery and Service pages 434 to 447
    36. 55 The Closing Provisions pages 448 to 458

    Module III 9 chapters

    1. 56 Why the Law Manages Foreign Exchange pages 459 to 465
    2. 57 From FERA to FEMA: the Historical Background pages 466 to 473
    3. 58 FERA and FEMA Distinguished pages 474 to 482
    4. 59 Repeal, Savings and the Sunset pages 483 to 489
    5. 60 Currency, Foreign Exchange and Foreign Security pages 490 to 498
    6. 61 Dealing in and Holding Foreign Exchange pages 499 to 506
    7. 62 Authorised Persons pages 507 to 518
    8. 63 The Scheme and Noteworthy Features of FEMA pages 519 to 527
    9. 64 The Directorate of Enforcement and Investigation pages 528 to 537

    Module IV 15 chapters

    1. 65 Person, and Resident In and Outside India pages 538 to 545
    2. 66 Capital Account and Current Account Transactions pages 546 to 553
    3. 67 Export, Transfer and Service as Defined Concepts pages 554 to 561
    4. 68 Export of Goods and Services pages 562 to 570
    5. 69 Contraventions and Penalties: Section 13 pages 571 to 578
    6. 70 Enforcing the Order: Civil Imprisonment and Section 14A pages 579 to 587
    7. 71 Compounding Contraventions pages 588 to 596
    8. 72 Adjudication pages 597 to 606
    9. 73 Appeals: Special Director to the High Court pages 607 to 617
    10. 74 Foreign Direct Investment in India pages 618 to 632
    11. 75 FDI Instruments, Reporting and Enforcement pages 633 to 642
    12. 76 The FTDR Act: Scheme, Orders and the Foreign Trade Policy pages 643 to 652
    13. 77 The IEC, Licences and Quantitative Restrictions pages 653 to 664
    14. 78 FTDR Penalties, Adjudication and Appeals pages 665 to 679
    15. 79 Export Controls on Specified Goods: the WMD Chapter pages 680 to 691
    Every paper that is solved: 8 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2025-26 - Set 2
    • 2024-25
    • 2022
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

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