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LL.M. Business Law Semester 2: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

For students of Mumbai University and all its affiliated colleges.

As per latest University of Mumbai syllabus

1,494 law students from 165 colleges affiliated to the University of Mumbai read munotes, 133 of them on the LL.M. Counted from accounts, so it leaves out everyone who reads without signing in.

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  • All the notes of all the subjects in Semester 2, as per the latest syllabus 2026.
  • Previous year question papers, with full solutions.
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  • Valid for one year, 365 days from the day you pay.
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  1. Legal Education and Research Methodology

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Legal Education and Research Methodology

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Foundation Course

    Legal Education and Research Methodology

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What Legal Education Is 1
    2. Why a Country Needs Legal Education: The Lawyer and the Judge 5
    3. The Other Careers a Law Degree Builds 9
    4. Legal Education and the Citizen 13
    5. Legal Education in the Constitution and in the Advocates Act 17
    6. The Rest of the Bar Council and Enrolment Provisions 21
    7. Legal Education in Ancient and Medieval India 26
    8. Legal Education in India Before Independence 30
    9. The Fourteenth Law Commission Report 34
    10. The 184th Report and the Argument About Standards 37
    11. The National Law Universities and the Five Year Course 41
    12. Legal Education and the National Education Policy 2020 45
    13. Two Regulators, One Course 49
    14. What the LL.M. Is For 53
    15. The Rules of Legal Education 2008 56
    16. Who May Teach Law 60
    17. The Two Law Courses, and Who May Join Them 63
    18. What Must Be Taught: Standard of Courses and the Curriculum 67
    19. The Semester System, the Infrastructure and the End Semester Test 70
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Inspection, Approval and Revocation 74
    2. Accreditation, and the Machinery Behind the Rules 78
    3. Continuing Legal Education 81
    4. Foreign Degrees and Foreign Universities 85
    5. The Rest of the Rules of Legal Education 88
    6. How Law Is Taught, and Why the Method Matters 92
    7. The Lecture Method 95
    8. The Case Method 99
    9. The Problem Method 103
    10. Discussion, the Socratic Method, the Seminar and the Tutorial 106
    11. The Project and the Assignment 110
    12. Learning by Doing: The Clinical Method, Simulation and Role Play 113
    13. The Moot Court 117
    14. Out of the Classroom: Court Visits, Trial Observation and Internship 121
    15. Technology, E-Learning and the Online Classroom 125
    16. Teaching Legal Research and Legal Writing 128
    17. Choosing a Method, and Combining Methods 131
    18. What an Examination Is For 134
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. What Is Wrong With the Traditional Examination 137
    2. Continuous Internal Assessment and the Semester Pattern 140
    3. Question Types: Objective, Problem and Open Book 143
    4. Assessment Beyond the Written Paper 147
    5. Examining the Clinical Courses 151
    6. Marks, Grades and Credits 154
    7. Moderation, Revaluation and Transparency 157
    8. The All India Bar Examination 160
    9. Examination Reform in the Law Commission Reports and in NEP 2020 164
    10. Malpractice and Academic Integrity in Examinations 168
    11. What Examination Reform Actually Requires 171

    Module II

    1. What Clinical Legal Education Is 174
    2. Where the Clinic Came From 177
    3. What the Clinic Is For 181
    4. The Kinds of Clinic 184
    5. The Four Compulsory Clinical Papers 188
    6. The Legal Aid Clinic in a Law College 192
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Why Clinical Legal Education Has Not Worked in India 196
    2. What Legal Aid Is, and Why a State Provides It 200
    3. Article 39A and the Constitutional Duty 204
    4. Legal Aid Before the 1987 Act 209
    5. The Legal Services Authorities Act: The Machinery 213
    6. Who Is Entitled to Legal Aid 217
    7. Paying for Legal Aid, and the Rest of the Act 221
    8. How a Person Actually Gets Legal Aid 225
    9. The Legal Services Clinic 228
    10. The Lok Adalat 232
    11. The Permanent Lok Adalat 237
    12. The Judgments That Made Legal Aid a Right 242
    13. Legal Aid: What Still Does Not Work 248
    14. What Legal Literacy Is 252
    15. How Legal Literacy Is Delivered 256
    16. The Law Student and Legal Literacy 260
    17. What a Legal Survey Is 264
    18. How a Legal Survey Is Done 268
    19. Surveys That Changed the Law 272
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. What Law Reform Is, and Who Does It 276
    2. The Law Commission of India 280
    3. From Report to Statute 284
    4. Research as the Engine of Law Reform 288
    5. Law Reform by the Courts, and Its Limits 292

    Module III

    1. What Research Is 296
    2. What Legal Research Is 299
    3. The Objectives of Legal Research 302
    4. What Makes Research Good 305
    5. Pure and Applied Research 308
    6. Descriptive and Analytical Research 311
    7. Quantitative and Qualitative Research 314
    8. Conceptual and Empirical Research 317
    9. Doctrinal Research 320
    10. Doctrinal Research: Merits and Demerits 323
    11. Non Doctrinal Research 326
    12. Non Doctrinal Research: Merits and Demerits 329
    13. Induction and Deduction in Legal Reasoning 332
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Comparative Legal Research 336
    2. Historical Legal Research 340
    3. Analytical and Critical Legal Research 343
    4. Interdisciplinary Legal Research 346
    5. The Primary Sources of Legal Research 350
    6. The Secondary Sources of Legal Research 353
    7. Juristic Writings and Legal Periodicals 356
    8. Legal Databases and How to Search Them 360
    9. Computers, ICT and Legal Research 364
    10. The Digest, the Citator and Tracing a Case 368
    11. Observation and the Interview 371
    12. The Questionnaire and the Schedule 375
    13. The Case Study 379
    14. The Survey 382
    15. Sampling: What It Is and Why It Is Used 385
    16. Probability Sampling 388
    17. Non Probability Sampling 392
    18. Scaling and Measurement 396
    19. Processing and Analysing Data 399
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. What Empirical Work in Law Cannot Do 403
    2. Research and the Judicial Process 407
    3. What a Research Problem Is 411
    4. Where Research Problems Come From 414
    5. Choosing Between Problems 418
    6. Narrowing and Defining the Problem 421
    7. Research Questions, Aims and Objectives 424
    8. What a Hypothesis Is 428
    9. Where a Hypothesis Comes From, and What Makes It Usable 432
    10. The Types of Hypothesis 435
    11. Formulating a Hypothesis 439
    12. Testing a Hypothesis 442
    13. When the Hypothesis Is Disproved 446
    14. Does Doctrinal Research Need a Hypothesis 450

    Module IV

    1. What a Research Design Is 453
    2. What Makes a Research Design Good 456
    3. The Exploratory or Formulative Design 459
    4. Descriptive and Diagnostic Designs 462
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. The Experimental Design 465
    2. Historical and Case Study Designs 468
    3. The Parts of a Research Design, and MU's Own List 471
    4. The Introduction 475
    5. Aims and Objectives of the Study 478
    6. Scope of Study, and Its Limitations 481
    7. The Review of Literature 485
    8. Sources of Information 489
    9. The Research Methodology Section 492
    10. Chapterisation 496
    11. The Sampling Design and the Data Collection Design 499
    12. Time, Cost and the Practical Design 502
    13. The Synopsis or Research Proposal 505
    14. Citation: Footnotes, APA and Legal Citation 509
    15. Bibliography and Webliography 513
    16. Plagiarism and the UGC Regulations 516
    17. Artificial Intelligence Tools in Research 521
    18. Research Ethics Beyond Plagiarism 525
    19. Writing the Report 528
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Conclusion and Suggestions 532
    2. The Viva Voce on the Dissertation 536
    3. What Goes Wrong in a Research Design 540
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    543 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 543 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 150 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 48 chapters

    1. 1 What Legal Education Is pages 1–4
    2. 2 Why a Country Needs Legal Education: The Lawyer and the Judge pages 5–8
    3. 3 The Other Careers a Law Degree Builds pages 9–12
    4. 4 Legal Education and the Citizen pages 13–16
    5. 5 Legal Education in the Constitution and in the Advocates Act pages 17–20
    6. 6 The Rest of the Bar Council and Enrolment Provisions pages 21–25
    7. 7 Legal Education in Ancient and Medieval India pages 26–29
    8. 8 Legal Education in India Before Independence pages 30–33
    9. 9 The Fourteenth Law Commission Report pages 34–36
    10. 10 The 184th Report and the Argument About Standards pages 37–40
    11. 11 The National Law Universities and the Five Year Course pages 41–44
    12. 12 Legal Education and the National Education Policy 2020 pages 45–48
    13. 13 Two Regulators, One Course pages 49–52
    14. 14 What the LL.M. Is For pages 53–55
    15. 15 The Rules of Legal Education 2008 pages 56–59
    16. 16 Who May Teach Law pages 60–62
    17. 17 The Two Law Courses, and Who May Join Them pages 63–66
    18. 18 What Must Be Taught: Standard of Courses and the Curriculum pages 67–69
    19. 19 The Semester System, the Infrastructure and the End Semester Test pages 70–73
    20. 20 Inspection, Approval and Revocation pages 74–77
    21. 21 Accreditation, and the Machinery Behind the Rules pages 78–80
    22. 22 Continuing Legal Education pages 81–84
    23. 23 Foreign Degrees and Foreign Universities pages 85–87
    24. 24 The Rest of the Rules of Legal Education pages 88–91
    25. 25 How Law Is Taught, and Why the Method Matters pages 92–94
    26. 26 The Lecture Method pages 95–98
    27. 27 The Case Method pages 99–102
    28. 28 The Problem Method pages 103–105
    29. 29 Discussion, the Socratic Method, the Seminar and the Tutorial pages 106–109
    30. 30 The Project and the Assignment pages 110–112
    31. 31 Learning by Doing: The Clinical Method, Simulation and Role Play pages 113–116
    32. 32 The Moot Court pages 117–120
    33. 33 Out of the Classroom: Court Visits, Trial Observation and Internship pages 121–124
    34. 34 Technology, E-Learning and the Online Classroom pages 125–127
    35. 35 Teaching Legal Research and Legal Writing pages 128–130
    36. 36 Choosing a Method, and Combining Methods pages 131–133
    37. 37 What an Examination Is For pages 134–136
    38. 38 What Is Wrong With the Traditional Examination pages 137–139
    39. 39 Continuous Internal Assessment and the Semester Pattern pages 140–142
    40. 40 Question Types: Objective, Problem and Open Book pages 143–146
    41. 41 Assessment Beyond the Written Paper pages 147–150
    42. 42 Examining the Clinical Courses pages 151–153
    43. 43 Marks, Grades and Credits pages 154–156
    44. 44 Moderation, Revaluation and Transparency pages 157–159
    45. 45 The All India Bar Examination pages 160–163
    46. 46 Examination Reform in the Law Commission Reports and in NEP 2020 pages 164–167
    47. 47 Malpractice and Academic Integrity in Examinations pages 168–170
    48. 48 What Examination Reform Actually Requires pages 171–173

    Module II 30 chapters

    1. 49 What Clinical Legal Education Is pages 174–176
    2. 50 Where the Clinic Came From pages 177–180
    3. 51 What the Clinic Is For pages 181–183
    4. 52 The Kinds of Clinic pages 184–187
    5. 53 The Four Compulsory Clinical Papers pages 188–191
    6. 54 The Legal Aid Clinic in a Law College pages 192–195
    7. 55 Why Clinical Legal Education Has Not Worked in India pages 196–199
    8. 56 What Legal Aid Is, and Why a State Provides It pages 200–203
    9. 57 Article 39A and the Constitutional Duty pages 204–208
    10. 58 Legal Aid Before the 1987 Act pages 209–212
    11. 59 The Legal Services Authorities Act: The Machinery pages 213–216
    12. 60 Who Is Entitled to Legal Aid pages 217–220
    13. 61 Paying for Legal Aid, and the Rest of the Act pages 221–224
    14. 62 How a Person Actually Gets Legal Aid pages 225–227
    15. 63 The Legal Services Clinic pages 228–231
    16. 64 The Lok Adalat pages 232–236
    17. 65 The Permanent Lok Adalat pages 237–241
    18. 66 The Judgments That Made Legal Aid a Right pages 242–247
    19. 67 Legal Aid: What Still Does Not Work pages 248–251
    20. 68 What Legal Literacy Is pages 252–255
    21. 69 How Legal Literacy Is Delivered pages 256–259
    22. 70 The Law Student and Legal Literacy pages 260–263
    23. 71 What a Legal Survey Is pages 264–267
    24. 72 How a Legal Survey Is Done pages 268–271
    25. 73 Surveys That Changed the Law pages 272–275
    26. 74 What Law Reform Is, and Who Does It pages 276–279
    27. 75 The Law Commission of India pages 280–283
    28. 76 From Report to Statute pages 284–287
    29. 77 Research as the Engine of Law Reform pages 288–291
    30. 78 Law Reform by the Courts, and Its Limits pages 292–295

    Module III 46 chapters

    1. 79 What Research Is pages 296–298
    2. 80 What Legal Research Is pages 299–301
    3. 81 The Objectives of Legal Research pages 302–304
    4. 82 What Makes Research Good pages 305–307
    5. 83 Pure and Applied Research pages 308–310
    6. 84 Descriptive and Analytical Research pages 311–313
    7. 85 Quantitative and Qualitative Research pages 314–316
    8. 86 Conceptual and Empirical Research pages 317–319
    9. 87 Doctrinal Research pages 320–322
    10. 88 Doctrinal Research: Merits and Demerits pages 323–325
    11. 89 Non Doctrinal Research pages 326–328
    12. 90 Non Doctrinal Research: Merits and Demerits pages 329–331
    13. 91 Induction and Deduction in Legal Reasoning pages 332–335
    14. 92 Comparative Legal Research pages 336–339
    15. 93 Historical Legal Research pages 340–342
    16. 94 Analytical and Critical Legal Research pages 343–345
    17. 95 Interdisciplinary Legal Research pages 346–349
    18. 96 The Primary Sources of Legal Research pages 350–352
    19. 97 The Secondary Sources of Legal Research pages 353–355
    20. 98 Juristic Writings and Legal Periodicals pages 356–359
    21. 99 Legal Databases and How to Search Them pages 360–363
    22. 100 Computers, ICT and Legal Research pages 364–367
    23. 101 The Digest, the Citator and Tracing a Case pages 368–370
    24. 102 Observation and the Interview pages 371–374
    25. 103 The Questionnaire and the Schedule pages 375–378
    26. 104 The Case Study pages 379–381
    27. 105 The Survey pages 382–384
    28. 106 Sampling: What It Is and Why It Is Used pages 385–387
    29. 107 Probability Sampling pages 388–391
    30. 108 Non Probability Sampling pages 392–395
    31. 109 Scaling and Measurement pages 396–398
    32. 110 Processing and Analysing Data pages 399–402
    33. 111 What Empirical Work in Law Cannot Do pages 403–406
    34. 112 Research and the Judicial Process pages 407–410
    35. 113 What a Research Problem Is pages 411–413
    36. 114 Where Research Problems Come From pages 414–417
    37. 115 Choosing Between Problems pages 418–420
    38. 116 Narrowing and Defining the Problem pages 421–423
    39. 117 Research Questions, Aims and Objectives pages 424–427
    40. 118 What a Hypothesis Is pages 428–431
    41. 119 Where a Hypothesis Comes From, and What Makes It Usable pages 432–434
    42. 120 The Types of Hypothesis pages 435–438
    43. 121 Formulating a Hypothesis pages 439–441
    44. 122 Testing a Hypothesis pages 442–445
    45. 123 When the Hypothesis Is Disproved pages 446–449
    46. 124 Does Doctrinal Research Need a Hypothesis pages 450–452

    Module IV 26 chapters

    1. 125 What a Research Design Is pages 453–455
    2. 126 What Makes a Research Design Good pages 456–458
    3. 127 The Exploratory or Formulative Design pages 459–461
    4. 128 Descriptive and Diagnostic Designs pages 462–464
    5. 129 The Experimental Design pages 465–467
    6. 130 Historical and Case Study Designs pages 468–470
    7. 131 The Parts of a Research Design, and MU's Own List pages 471–474
    8. 132 The Introduction pages 475–477
    9. 133 Aims and Objectives of the Study pages 478–480
    10. 134 Scope of Study, and Its Limitations pages 481–484
    11. 135 The Review of Literature pages 485–488
    12. 136 Sources of Information pages 489–491
    13. 137 The Research Methodology Section pages 492–495
    14. 138 Chapterisation pages 496–498
    15. 139 The Sampling Design and the Data Collection Design pages 499–501
    16. 140 Time, Cost and the Practical Design pages 502–504
    17. 141 The Synopsis or Research Proposal pages 505–508
    18. 142 Citation: Footnotes, APA and Legal Citation pages 509–512
    19. 143 Bibliography and Webliography pages 513–515
    20. 144 Plagiarism and the UGC Regulations pages 516–520
    21. 145 Artificial Intelligence Tools in Research pages 521–524
    22. 146 Research Ethics Beyond Plagiarism pages 525–527
    23. 147 Writing the Report pages 528–531
    24. 148 Conclusion and Suggestions pages 532–535
    25. 149 The Viva Voce on the Dissertation pages 536–539
    26. 150 What Goes Wrong in a Research Design pages 540–543
    Every paper that is solved: 8 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2024-25
    • 2023-24
    • 2022
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

  2. Corporate Law

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Corporate Law

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Group 2 Business Law

    Corporate Law

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. Corporate Law and the 2013 Act 1
    2. The Company as a Legal Person 6
    3. Theories of Corporate Personality 11
    4. Lifting the Veil: the Statutory Grounds 16
    5. Lifting the Veil: the Judicial Doctrine 21
    6. The Company and the Constitution 27
    7. Corporate Criminal Liability 31
    8. Private, Public and One Person Companies 36
    9. Small, Dormant and Nidhi Companies 41
    10. Holding, Subsidiary and Associate Companies 46
    11. Section 8 Companies 51
    12. Government Companies 56
    13. Foreign Companies 61
    14. Producer Companies 69
    15. Promoters 75
    16. Pre-incorporation Contracts 80
    17. Incorporation and Its Conclusiveness 85
    18. The Memorandum 92
    19. The Objects Clause and Ultra Vires 98
    20. The Articles 103
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Constructive Notice and Indoor Management 108
    2. Alteration of Memorandum and Articles 113
    3. Conversion of Companies 119
    4. Registration of Existing Entities 123
    5. Service, Authentication and Execution 128
    6. Members and the Registers 133
    7. Beneficial and Significant Ownership 140
    8. The Annual Return 146
    9. The Annual General Meeting 151
    10. Calling a General Meeting 156
    11. Proxies and Corporate Representation 163
    12. Voting, Poll and Postal Ballot 168
    13. Resolutions 174
    14. Members' Resolutions, Minutes and Records 180
    15. The Board of Directors 186
    16. Independent Directors 191
    17. Appointment of Directors 196
    18. The Director Identification Number 203
    19. Disqualification and Vacation of Office 207
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Resignation and Removal of Directors 213
    2. Duties of Directors 219
    3. Meetings of the Board 225
    4. Board Committees 231
    5. Powers of the Board 237
    6. Conflicts, Disclosure, Loans and Investments 243
    7. Related Party Transactions 250
    8. Managing and Whole-time Directors 256
    9. Managerial Remuneration 263
    10. Key Managerial Personnel and the Secretary 270
    11. Corporate Governance: the Synthesis 275

    Module II

    1. Corporate Finance: the Map 280
    2. Kinds of Share Capital and Voting 285
    3. Pricing the Issue 291
    4. Preference Capital 296
    5. The Public Offer 301
    6. Prospectus Varieties and Deemed Prospectuses 308
    7. Allotment, Listing and Depository Receipts 316
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Private Placement 322
    2. Further Issues: Rights and Bonus 328
    3. Alteration of Capital 335
    4. Reduction of Capital 340
    5. Buy-back and Financial Assistance 345
    6. Public Deposits 353
    7. Books of Account and Financial Statements 360
    8. The Board's Report and Circulation 367
    9. Accounting Standards and the NFRA 374
    10. Corporate Social Responsibility 380
    11. Internal Audit and Cost Audit 386
    12. Appointment and Independence of Auditors 391
    13. Removal, Resignation and Section 140 398
    14. Powers and Duties of Auditors 407
    15. Dividends 418
    16. Unpaid Dividend and the IEPF 427
    17. Securities as Property 436
    18. Dematerialisation 443
    19. Transfer and Transmission of Securities 450
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Refusal, Rectification and Appeals 458
    2. Nomination 467
    3. Debentures 475
    4. Charges: Creation and Registration 482
    5. Charges: Satisfaction and Rectification 490
    6. Borrowing and the Lender 499

    Module III

    1. Investor Protection: the Design 507
    2. Criminal Liability for the Prospectus 513
    3. Civil Liability for the Prospectus 521
    4. Personation and Allotment Abuses 529
    5. Insider Trading and Market Abuse 536
    6. Schemes of Compromise and Arrangement 545
    7. Mergers and Amalgamations 557
    8. Fast-track Mergers 569
    9. Dissent, Squeeze-outs and Minority Buy-outs 578
    10. Registered Valuers 588
    11. Striking Off and Its Safeguards 595
    12. The Administrative Architecture 605
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Delegation, Exemptions and Rule-making 615
    2. SEBI: the Board and Its Powers 625
    3. SEBI Enforcement and Appeals 636
    4. Inspection and Inquiry 646
    5. Investigation and the SFIO 656
    6. Investigations Beyond the SFIO 666
    7. Freezing, Reports and Consequences 679
    8. Offences, Fraud and Decriminalisation 691
    9. Adjudication and Compounding 702
    10. Special Courts and Criminal Machinery 711
    11. From the Company Law Board to the Tribunal 721
    12. The Tribunal Constituted 730
    13. Benches, Orders and Procedure 742
    14. Appeals from the Tribunal 752
    15. Exclusive Jurisdiction and Transfers 759

    Module IV

    1. Majority Rule and Its Limits 769
    2. Oppression: the Concept 778
    3. Who May Apply, and Waiver 787
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Mismanagement and Interim Relief 796
    2. The Tribunal's Powers under Section 242 804
    3. The Oppression Jurisprudence 814
    4. Class Actions 823
    5. Winding Up: the Modern Map 833
    6. Grounds for Tribunal Winding Up 842
    7. Just and Equitable Winding Up 850
    8. The Petition Heard 857
    9. The Company Liquidator 864
    10. Effects of the Winding-up Order 874
    11. The Liquidator's Powers and Accounts 881
    12. Contributories and Calls 890
    13. Proof and Priority of Debts 900
    14. Avoidance of Antecedent Transactions 910
    15. Delinquency and Public Examination 920
    16. The Conduct of the Liquidation 932
    17. Dissolution 942
    18. Official Liquidators and Summary Procedure 950
    19. Voluntary Liquidation under the IBC 958
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Winding Up Unregistered and Foreign Companies 967
    2. The IBC and Corporate Rescue 976
    3. Resolution and Its Gatekeepers 987
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    998 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 998 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 134 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 50 chapters

    1. 1 Corporate Law and the 2013 Act pages 1–5
    2. 2 The Company as a Legal Person pages 6–10
    3. 3 Theories of Corporate Personality pages 11–15
    4. 4 Lifting the Veil: the Statutory Grounds pages 16–20
    5. 5 Lifting the Veil: the Judicial Doctrine pages 21–26
    6. 6 The Company and the Constitution pages 27–30
    7. 7 Corporate Criminal Liability pages 31–35
    8. 8 Private, Public and One Person Companies pages 36–40
    9. 9 Small, Dormant and Nidhi Companies pages 41–45
    10. 10 Holding, Subsidiary and Associate Companies pages 46–50
    11. 11 Section 8 Companies pages 51–55
    12. 12 Government Companies pages 56–60
    13. 13 Foreign Companies pages 61–68
    14. 14 Producer Companies pages 69–74
    15. 15 Promoters pages 75–79
    16. 16 Pre-incorporation Contracts pages 80–84
    17. 17 Incorporation and Its Conclusiveness pages 85–91
    18. 18 The Memorandum pages 92–97
    19. 19 The Objects Clause and Ultra Vires pages 98–102
    20. 20 The Articles pages 103–107
    21. 21 Constructive Notice and Indoor Management pages 108–112
    22. 22 Alteration of Memorandum and Articles pages 113–118
    23. 23 Conversion of Companies pages 119–122
    24. 24 Registration of Existing Entities pages 123–127
    25. 25 Service, Authentication and Execution pages 128–132
    26. 26 Members and the Registers pages 133–139
    27. 27 Beneficial and Significant Ownership pages 140–145
    28. 28 The Annual Return pages 146–150
    29. 29 The Annual General Meeting pages 151–155
    30. 30 Calling a General Meeting pages 156–162
    31. 31 Proxies and Corporate Representation pages 163–167
    32. 32 Voting, Poll and Postal Ballot pages 168–173
    33. 33 Resolutions pages 174–179
    34. 34 Members' Resolutions, Minutes and Records pages 180–185
    35. 35 The Board of Directors pages 186–190
    36. 36 Independent Directors pages 191–195
    37. 37 Appointment of Directors pages 196–202
    38. 38 The Director Identification Number pages 203–206
    39. 39 Disqualification and Vacation of Office pages 207–212
    40. 40 Resignation and Removal of Directors pages 213–218
    41. 41 Duties of Directors pages 219–224
    42. 42 Meetings of the Board pages 225–230
    43. 43 Board Committees pages 231–236
    44. 44 Powers of the Board pages 237–242
    45. 45 Conflicts, Disclosure, Loans and Investments pages 243–249
    46. 46 Related Party Transactions pages 250–255
    47. 47 Managing and Whole-time Directors pages 256–262
    48. 48 Managerial Remuneration pages 263–269
    49. 49 Key Managerial Personnel and the Secretary pages 270–274
    50. 50 Corporate Governance: the Synthesis pages 275–279

    Module II 32 chapters

    1. 51 Corporate Finance: the Map pages 280–284
    2. 52 Kinds of Share Capital and Voting pages 285–290
    3. 53 Pricing the Issue pages 291–295
    4. 54 Preference Capital pages 296–300
    5. 55 The Public Offer pages 301–307
    6. 56 Prospectus Varieties and Deemed Prospectuses pages 308–315
    7. 57 Allotment, Listing and Depository Receipts pages 316–321
    8. 58 Private Placement pages 322–327
    9. 59 Further Issues: Rights and Bonus pages 328–334
    10. 60 Alteration of Capital pages 335–339
    11. 61 Reduction of Capital pages 340–344
    12. 62 Buy-back and Financial Assistance pages 345–352
    13. 63 Public Deposits pages 353–359
    14. 64 Books of Account and Financial Statements pages 360–366
    15. 65 The Board's Report and Circulation pages 367–373
    16. 66 Accounting Standards and the NFRA pages 374–379
    17. 67 Corporate Social Responsibility pages 380–385
    18. 68 Internal Audit and Cost Audit pages 386–390
    19. 69 Appointment and Independence of Auditors pages 391–397
    20. 70 Removal, Resignation and Section 140 pages 398–406
    21. 71 Powers and Duties of Auditors pages 407–417
    22. 72 Dividends pages 418–426
    23. 73 Unpaid Dividend and the IEPF pages 427–435
    24. 74 Securities as Property pages 436–442
    25. 75 Dematerialisation pages 443–449
    26. 76 Transfer and Transmission of Securities pages 450–457
    27. 77 Refusal, Rectification and Appeals pages 458–466
    28. 78 Nomination pages 467–474
    29. 79 Debentures pages 475–481
    30. 80 Charges: Creation and Registration pages 482–489
    31. 81 Charges: Satisfaction and Rectification pages 490–498
    32. 82 Borrowing and the Lender pages 499–506

    Module III 27 chapters

    1. 83 Investor Protection: the Design pages 507–512
    2. 84 Criminal Liability for the Prospectus pages 513–520
    3. 85 Civil Liability for the Prospectus pages 521–528
    4. 86 Personation and Allotment Abuses pages 529–535
    5. 87 Insider Trading and Market Abuse pages 536–544
    6. 88 Schemes of Compromise and Arrangement pages 545–556
    7. 89 Mergers and Amalgamations pages 557–568
    8. 90 Fast-track Mergers pages 569–577
    9. 91 Dissent, Squeeze-outs and Minority Buy-outs pages 578–587
    10. 92 Registered Valuers pages 588–594
    11. 93 Striking Off and Its Safeguards pages 595–604
    12. 94 The Administrative Architecture pages 605–614
    13. 95 Delegation, Exemptions and Rule-making pages 615–624
    14. 96 SEBI: the Board and Its Powers pages 625–635
    15. 97 SEBI Enforcement and Appeals pages 636–645
    16. 98 Inspection and Inquiry pages 646–655
    17. 99 Investigation and the SFIO pages 656–665
    18. 100 Investigations Beyond the SFIO pages 666–678
    19. 101 Freezing, Reports and Consequences pages 679–690
    20. 102 Offences, Fraud and Decriminalisation pages 691–701
    21. 103 Adjudication and Compounding pages 702–710
    22. 104 Special Courts and Criminal Machinery pages 711–720
    23. 105 From the Company Law Board to the Tribunal pages 721–729
    24. 106 The Tribunal Constituted pages 730–741
    25. 107 Benches, Orders and Procedure pages 742–751
    26. 108 Appeals from the Tribunal pages 752–758
    27. 109 Exclusive Jurisdiction and Transfers pages 759–768

    Module IV 25 chapters

    1. 110 Majority Rule and Its Limits pages 769–777
    2. 111 Oppression: the Concept pages 778–786
    3. 112 Who May Apply, and Waiver pages 787–795
    4. 113 Mismanagement and Interim Relief pages 796–803
    5. 114 The Tribunal's Powers under Section 242 pages 804–813
    6. 115 The Oppression Jurisprudence pages 814–822
    7. 116 Class Actions pages 823–832
    8. 117 Winding Up: the Modern Map pages 833–841
    9. 118 Grounds for Tribunal Winding Up pages 842–849
    10. 119 Just and Equitable Winding Up pages 850–856
    11. 120 The Petition Heard pages 857–863
    12. 121 The Company Liquidator pages 864–873
    13. 122 Effects of the Winding-up Order pages 874–880
    14. 123 The Liquidator's Powers and Accounts pages 881–889
    15. 124 Contributories and Calls pages 890–899
    16. 125 Proof and Priority of Debts pages 900–909
    17. 126 Avoidance of Antecedent Transactions pages 910–919
    18. 127 Delinquency and Public Examination pages 920–931
    19. 128 The Conduct of the Liquidation pages 932–941
    20. 129 Dissolution pages 942–949
    21. 130 Official Liquidators and Summary Procedure pages 950–957
    22. 131 Voluntary Liquidation under the IBC pages 958–966
    23. 132 Winding Up Unregistered and Foreign Companies pages 967–975
    24. 133 The IBC and Corporate Rescue pages 976–986
    25. 134 Resolution and Its Gatekeepers pages 987–998
    Every paper that is solved: 10 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2025-26 - Set 2
    • 2024-25
    • 2023-24
    • 2023
    • 2022
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

  3. Judicial Process

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Judicial Process

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Foundation Course

    Judicial Process

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What the Judicial Process Is 1
    2. The Judicial Process as an Instrument of Social Ordering 6
    3. Cardozo and the Nature of the Judicial Process 11
    4. The Declaratory Theory and the Living Oracle 15
    5. Judicial Reasoning, not Calculation 19
    6. The Final Cause of Law Is the Welfare of Society 23
    7. The Gap in the Law 27
    8. Creation, not Discovery 31
    9. The Method of Philosophy: The Rule of Logic 36
    10. The Method of History 40
    11. The Method of Tradition and Custom 44
    12. The Method of Sociology 48
    13. Judicial Creativity and the Growth of Law 53
    14. The Tools and Techniques of Judicial Creativity 57
    15. The Limits of Judicial Creativity 62
    16. The Doctrine of Precedent 67
    17. Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Dicta 71
    18. When a Precedent Binds, and When It Does Not 75
    19. The Merits and the Demerits of Precedent 79
    20. Distinguishing and Overruling: Precedent as Creativity 83
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Article 141 and Stare Decisis in India 87
    2. When the Supreme Court Departs from Itself 91
    3. Legal Development through Codification 95

    Module II

    1. The Special Dimensions of the Judicial Process 99
    2. What Judicial Review Is 103
    3. The Constitutional Basis of Judicial Review in India 107
    4. The Grounds of Judicial Review 111
    5. Judicial Review as a Basic Feature of the Constitution 115
    6. The Philosophy of Judicial Review and Limited Government 120
    7. The Role of the Courts in Constitutional Adjudication 124
    8. Judicial Review as a Check on Power 128
    9. What Judicial Activism Is 132
    10. The Varieties of Judicial Activism 136
    11. The Scope and the Necessity of Judicial Activism 140
    12. The Limits of Judicial Activism and the Charge of Overreach 144
    13. Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint 149
    14. Judicial Accountability 153
    15. The Institutional Liability of the Courts: Scope and Limits 157
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The Accountability of the Executive 161
    2. The Judicial Process in India 165
    3. The Independence of the Judiciary 169
    4. The Constitutional Guarantees of Independence 173
    5. The Appointment of Judges 177
    6. The First Judges Case 181
    7. The Second Judges Case 184
    8. The Third Judges Case 187
    9. The National Judicial Appointments Commission 191
    10. The Political Nature of the Judicial Process 195
    11. Structural Vulnerability and the Political Executive 199
    12. The Judicial Creativity of the Supreme Court of India 203
    13. The Judicial Process in Pursuit of Constitutional Goals and Values 207
    14. New Dimensions of Judicial Activism, and the Structural Challenges 211
    15. Constitutional Jurisprudence Built through Judicial Activism 215
    16. What Public Interest Litigation Is 219
    17. Locus Standi and Epistolary Jurisdiction 223
    18. PIL as a Judicial Arm Creating New Dimensions for Achieving Justice 227
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The Misuse of PIL, and the Remedies 231
    2. The Constitution as a Living Document 235
    3. Creative Law-Making and the New Socio-Economic Rights 239
    4. Substance over Technicality: Articles 14 and 21 243
    5. Individual Freedom and Collective Welfare 247
    6. Judicial Activism for the Marginalised 251
    7. The Prison Cases and the Dignity of the Individual 255

    Module III

    1. What Justice Is 259
    2. Dharma: What the Word Means 263
    3. The Sources of Dharma 267
    4. Dharma as the Foundation of Legal Ordering 271
    5. Dharma as the Foundation of Justice in India 275
    6. The Aspects of Dharma 279
    7. Raja Dharma: The Duty of the Ruler 283
    8. Dharma in the Indian Legal System Today 287
    9. The Purpose of Dharma 291
    10. Dharma Is Not Religion 295
    11. Dharma, Natural Justice and the Rule of Law 299
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Justice in Greek Thought: Plato and Aristotle 303
    2. The Liberal Contractual Tradition 307
    3. Rawls and Justice as Fairness 311
    4. The Liberal Moral Tradition: Kant 315
    5. The Liberal Utilitarian Tradition: Bentham and Mill 319
    6. The Critics of Liberal Justice 324

    Module IV

    1. The Relation between Law and Justice 328
    2. Equivalence Theories of Justice 332
    3. Dependency Theories of Justice 336
    4. The Independence of Justice from Law 340
    5. The Interrelationship, Read through the Theories of Justice 344
    6. Law and Justice in the Indian Constitutional Order 348
    7. Supreme Court Cases Read through the Theories of Justice 352
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    356 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 356 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 87 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 23 chapters

    1. 1 What the Judicial Process Is pages 1–5
    2. 2 The Judicial Process as an Instrument of Social Ordering pages 6–10
    3. 3 Cardozo and the Nature of the Judicial Process pages 11–14
    4. 4 The Declaratory Theory and the Living Oracle pages 15–18
    5. 5 Judicial Reasoning, not Calculation pages 19–22
    6. 6 The Final Cause of Law Is the Welfare of Society pages 23–26
    7. 7 The Gap in the Law pages 27–30
    8. 8 Creation, not Discovery pages 31–35
    9. 9 The Method of Philosophy: The Rule of Logic pages 36–39
    10. 10 The Method of History pages 40–43
    11. 11 The Method of Tradition and Custom pages 44–47
    12. 12 The Method of Sociology pages 48–52
    13. 13 Judicial Creativity and the Growth of Law pages 53–56
    14. 14 The Tools and Techniques of Judicial Creativity pages 57–61
    15. 15 The Limits of Judicial Creativity pages 62–66
    16. 16 The Doctrine of Precedent pages 67–70
    17. 17 Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Dicta pages 71–74
    18. 18 When a Precedent Binds, and When It Does Not pages 75–78
    19. 19 The Merits and the Demerits of Precedent pages 79–82
    20. 20 Distinguishing and Overruling: Precedent as Creativity pages 83–86
    21. 21 Article 141 and Stare Decisis in India pages 87–90
    22. 22 When the Supreme Court Departs from Itself pages 91–94
    23. 23 Legal Development through Codification pages 95–98

    Module II 40 chapters

    1. 24 The Special Dimensions of the Judicial Process pages 99–102
    2. 25 What Judicial Review Is pages 103–106
    3. 26 The Constitutional Basis of Judicial Review in India pages 107–110
    4. 27 The Grounds of Judicial Review pages 111–114
    5. 28 Judicial Review as a Basic Feature of the Constitution pages 115–119
    6. 29 The Philosophy of Judicial Review and Limited Government pages 120–123
    7. 30 The Role of the Courts in Constitutional Adjudication pages 124–127
    8. 31 Judicial Review as a Check on Power pages 128–131
    9. 32 What Judicial Activism Is pages 132–135
    10. 33 The Varieties of Judicial Activism pages 136–139
    11. 34 The Scope and the Necessity of Judicial Activism pages 140–143
    12. 35 The Limits of Judicial Activism and the Charge of Overreach pages 144–148
    13. 36 Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint pages 149–152
    14. 37 Judicial Accountability pages 153–156
    15. 38 The Institutional Liability of the Courts: Scope and Limits pages 157–160
    16. 39 The Accountability of the Executive pages 161–164
    17. 40 The Judicial Process in India pages 165–168
    18. 41 The Independence of the Judiciary pages 169–172
    19. 42 The Constitutional Guarantees of Independence pages 173–176
    20. 43 The Appointment of Judges pages 177–180
    21. 44 The First Judges Case pages 181–183
    22. 45 The Second Judges Case pages 184–186
    23. 46 The Third Judges Case pages 187–190
    24. 47 The National Judicial Appointments Commission pages 191–194
    25. 48 The Political Nature of the Judicial Process pages 195–198
    26. 49 Structural Vulnerability and the Political Executive pages 199–202
    27. 50 The Judicial Creativity of the Supreme Court of India pages 203–206
    28. 51 The Judicial Process in Pursuit of Constitutional Goals and Values pages 207–210
    29. 52 New Dimensions of Judicial Activism, and the Structural Challenges pages 211–214
    30. 53 Constitutional Jurisprudence Built through Judicial Activism pages 215–218
    31. 54 What Public Interest Litigation Is pages 219–222
    32. 55 Locus Standi and Epistolary Jurisdiction pages 223–226
    33. 56 PIL as a Judicial Arm Creating New Dimensions for Achieving Justice pages 227–230
    34. 57 The Misuse of PIL, and the Remedies pages 231–234
    35. 58 The Constitution as a Living Document pages 235–238
    36. 59 Creative Law-Making and the New Socio-Economic Rights pages 239–242
    37. 60 Substance over Technicality: Articles 14 and 21 pages 243–246
    38. 61 Individual Freedom and Collective Welfare pages 247–250
    39. 62 Judicial Activism for the Marginalised pages 251–254
    40. 63 The Prison Cases and the Dignity of the Individual pages 255–258

    Module III 17 chapters

    1. 64 What Justice Is pages 259–262
    2. 65 Dharma: What the Word Means pages 263–266
    3. 66 The Sources of Dharma pages 267–270
    4. 67 Dharma as the Foundation of Legal Ordering pages 271–274
    5. 68 Dharma as the Foundation of Justice in India pages 275–278
    6. 69 The Aspects of Dharma pages 279–282
    7. 70 Raja Dharma: The Duty of the Ruler pages 283–286
    8. 71 Dharma in the Indian Legal System Today pages 287–290
    9. 72 The Purpose of Dharma pages 291–294
    10. 73 Dharma Is Not Religion pages 295–298
    11. 74 Dharma, Natural Justice and the Rule of Law pages 299–302
    12. 75 Justice in Greek Thought: Plato and Aristotle pages 303–306
    13. 76 The Liberal Contractual Tradition pages 307–310
    14. 77 Rawls and Justice as Fairness pages 311–314
    15. 78 The Liberal Moral Tradition: Kant pages 315–318
    16. 79 The Liberal Utilitarian Tradition: Bentham and Mill pages 319–323
    17. 80 The Critics of Liberal Justice pages 324–327

    Module IV 7 chapters

    1. 81 The Relation between Law and Justice pages 328–331
    2. 82 Equivalence Theories of Justice pages 332–335
    3. 83 Dependency Theories of Justice pages 336–339
    4. 84 The Independence of Justice from Law pages 340–343
    5. 85 The Interrelationship, Read through the Theories of Justice pages 344–347
    6. 86 Law and Justice in the Indian Constitutional Order pages 348–351
    7. 87 Supreme Court Cases Read through the Theories of Justice pages 352–356
    Every paper that is solved: 8 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2024-25
    • 2023-24
    • 2022
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

  4. Law Relating to Customs and Foreign Exchange

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Law Relating to Customs and Foreign Exchange

    LL.M. · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai LL.M. syllabus in force

    For LL.M. students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Group 2 Business Law

    Law Relating to Customs and Foreign Exchange

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What the Law of Customs Is 1
    2. The Definitions That Do the Work 12
    3. The Customs Establishment 19
    4. The Customs Map: Ports, Airports, Stations and Areas 26
    5. The Custom of Charging Customs Duties 32
    6. The Duties in the Tariff: Basic, Integrated and Preferential 38
    7. Trade Remedy and Emergency Duties 46
    8. Reading a Taxing Statute: the Rules of Interpretation 55
    9. Classifying Goods: the First Schedule and Its General Rules 62
    10. Prohibiting Imports and Exports: Section 11 68
    11. Notified Goods: Detecting Illegal Imports 75
    12. Specified Goods: Preventing Illegal Exports 82
    13. The Charge Applied: Pilferage, Sets, Re-import and Derelict Goods 88
    14. Abatement and Remission: Damaged, Lost and Abandoned Goods 95
    15. Valuation: Section 14 and the 2007 Rules 101
    16. The Date That Fixes the Rate 109
    17. Assessment: Self-Assessment, Verification and Provisional Duty 116
    18. Recovery of Duties Not Levied or Short-Paid 124
    19. Advance Rulings 133
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II

    1. The Exemption Power: Section 25 141
    2. Withdrawing an Exemption: Promissory Estoppel Against the State 149
    3. Refunds Under Sections 26 and 26A 157
    4. The Refund Claim: Section 27 and Unjust Enrichment 164
    5. Duty Drawback 172
    6. Conveyances Arriving and Leaving India 179
    7. Clearance of Imported Goods 187
    8. Clearance of Export Goods and Payments 195
    9. Transit, Transhipment and Fishing Operations 202
    10. Baggage 209
    11. Goods by Post and Courier 216
    12. Ship's and Aircraft Stores 222
    13. Coastal Goods and Coasting Vessels 229
    14. Audit and Identity Verification 236
    15. Licensing Warehouses 242
    16. The Warehousing Bond and the Warehousing Period 248
    17. Manufacture in a Warehouse 256
    18. Moving and Clearing Warehoused Goods 263
    19. Improper Removal and the End of Warehousing 270
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Searching Persons 278
    2. Arrest Under the Customs Act 286
    3. Searching Premises, Examining Persons and the Section 108 Summons 294
    4. Seizure and Provisional Release 304
    5. Confiscating Improper Imports 311
    6. Confiscating Improper Exports and the Fraud Penalties 320
    7. Confiscating Conveyances, Packages and Proceeds 330
    8. Adjudication: Notice, Hearing and the Order 339
    9. Burden of Proof, Redemption Fine and Vesting 347
    10. Settlement of Cases: a Chapter That Closed 355
    11. The First Appeal: Commissioner (Appeals) 363
    12. The Appellate Tribunal 370
    13. To the High Court and the Supreme Court 381
    14. The Offences 389
    15. Prosecution: Cognizance, Compounding and Evidence 398
    16. The Working Margin: Agents, Recovery and Service 410
    17. The Closing Provisions 422
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III

    1. Why the Law Manages Foreign Exchange 432
    2. From FERA to FEMA: the Historical Background 439
    3. FERA and FEMA Distinguished 447
    4. Repeal, Savings and the Sunset 456
    5. Currency, Foreign Exchange and Foreign Security 463
    6. Dealing in and Holding Foreign Exchange 472
    7. Authorised Persons 480
    8. The Scheme and Noteworthy Features of FEMA 492
    9. The Directorate of Enforcement and Investigation 501

    Module IV

    1. Person, and Resident In and Outside India 510
    2. Capital Account and Current Account Transactions 518
    3. Export, Transfer and Service as Defined Concepts 526
    4. Export of Goods and Services 534
    5. Contraventions and Penalties: Section 13 543
    6. Enforcing the Order: Civil Imprisonment and the Unborn Section 14A 551
    7. Compounding Contraventions 560
    8. Adjudication 569
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Appeals: Special Director to the High Court 579
    2. Foreign Direct Investment in India 590
    3. FDI Instruments, Reporting and Enforcement 605
    4. The FTDR Act: Scheme, Orders and the Foreign Trade Policy 615
    5. The IEC, Licences and Quantitative Restrictions 625
    6. FTDR Penalties, Adjudication and Appeals 637
    7. Export Controls on Specified Goods: the WMD Chapter 652
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    663 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 663 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 79 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 19 chapters

    1. 1 What the Law of Customs Is pages 1–11
    2. 2 The Definitions That Do the Work pages 12–18
    3. 3 The Customs Establishment pages 19–25
    4. 4 The Customs Map: Ports, Airports, Stations and Areas pages 26–31
    5. 5 The Custom of Charging Customs Duties pages 32–37
    6. 6 The Duties in the Tariff: Basic, Integrated and Preferential pages 38–45
    7. 7 Trade Remedy and Emergency Duties pages 46–54
    8. 8 Reading a Taxing Statute: the Rules of Interpretation pages 55–61
    9. 9 Classifying Goods: the First Schedule and Its General Rules pages 62–67
    10. 10 Prohibiting Imports and Exports: Section 11 pages 68–74
    11. 11 Notified Goods: Detecting Illegal Imports pages 75–81
    12. 12 Specified Goods: Preventing Illegal Exports pages 82–87
    13. 13 The Charge Applied: Pilferage, Sets, Re-import and Derelict Goods pages 88–94
    14. 14 Abatement and Remission: Damaged, Lost and Abandoned Goods pages 95–100
    15. 15 Valuation: Section 14 and the 2007 Rules pages 101–108
    16. 16 The Date That Fixes the Rate pages 109–115
    17. 17 Assessment: Self-Assessment, Verification and Provisional Duty pages 116–123
    18. 18 Recovery of Duties Not Levied or Short-Paid pages 124–132
    19. 19 Advance Rulings pages 133–140

    Module II 36 chapters

    1. 20 The Exemption Power: Section 25 pages 141–148
    2. 21 Withdrawing an Exemption: Promissory Estoppel Against the State pages 149–156
    3. 22 Refunds Under Sections 26 and 26A pages 157–163
    4. 23 The Refund Claim: Section 27 and Unjust Enrichment pages 164–171
    5. 24 Duty Drawback pages 172–178
    6. 25 Conveyances Arriving and Leaving India pages 179–186
    7. 26 Clearance of Imported Goods pages 187–194
    8. 27 Clearance of Export Goods and Payments pages 195–201
    9. 28 Transit, Transhipment and Fishing Operations pages 202–208
    10. 29 Baggage pages 209–215
    11. 30 Goods by Post and Courier pages 216–221
    12. 31 Ship's and Aircraft Stores pages 222–228
    13. 32 Coastal Goods and Coasting Vessels pages 229–235
    14. 33 Audit and Identity Verification pages 236–241
    15. 34 Licensing Warehouses pages 242–247
    16. 35 The Warehousing Bond and the Warehousing Period pages 248–255
    17. 36 Manufacture in a Warehouse pages 256–262
    18. 37 Moving and Clearing Warehoused Goods pages 263–269
    19. 38 Improper Removal and the End of Warehousing pages 270–277
    20. 39 Searching Persons pages 278–285
    21. 40 Arrest Under the Customs Act pages 286–293
    22. 41 Searching Premises, Examining Persons and the Section 108 Summons pages 294–303
    23. 42 Seizure and Provisional Release pages 304–310
    24. 43 Confiscating Improper Imports pages 311–319
    25. 44 Confiscating Improper Exports and the Fraud Penalties pages 320–329
    26. 45 Confiscating Conveyances, Packages and Proceeds pages 330–338
    27. 46 Adjudication: Notice, Hearing and the Order pages 339–346
    28. 47 Burden of Proof, Redemption Fine and Vesting pages 347–354
    29. 48 Settlement of Cases: a Chapter That Closed pages 355–362
    30. 49 The First Appeal: Commissioner (Appeals) pages 363–369
    31. 50 The Appellate Tribunal pages 370–380
    32. 51 To the High Court and the Supreme Court pages 381–388
    33. 52 The Offences pages 389–397
    34. 53 Prosecution: Cognizance, Compounding and Evidence pages 398–409
    35. 54 The Working Margin: Agents, Recovery and Service pages 410–421
    36. 55 The Closing Provisions pages 422–431

    Module III 9 chapters

    1. 56 Why the Law Manages Foreign Exchange pages 432–438
    2. 57 From FERA to FEMA: the Historical Background pages 439–446
    3. 58 FERA and FEMA Distinguished pages 447–455
    4. 59 Repeal, Savings and the Sunset pages 456–462
    5. 60 Currency, Foreign Exchange and Foreign Security pages 463–471
    6. 61 Dealing in and Holding Foreign Exchange pages 472–479
    7. 62 Authorised Persons pages 480–491
    8. 63 The Scheme and Noteworthy Features of FEMA pages 492–500
    9. 64 The Directorate of Enforcement and Investigation pages 501–509

    Module IV 15 chapters

    1. 65 Person, and Resident In and Outside India pages 510–517
    2. 66 Capital Account and Current Account Transactions pages 518–525
    3. 67 Export, Transfer and Service as Defined Concepts pages 526–533
    4. 68 Export of Goods and Services pages 534–542
    5. 69 Contraventions and Penalties: Section 13 pages 543–550
    6. 70 Enforcing the Order: Civil Imprisonment and the Unborn Section 14A pages 551–559
    7. 71 Compounding Contraventions pages 560–568
    8. 72 Adjudication pages 569–578
    9. 73 Appeals: Special Director to the High Court pages 579–589
    10. 74 Foreign Direct Investment in India pages 590–604
    11. 75 FDI Instruments, Reporting and Enforcement pages 605–614
    12. 76 The FTDR Act: Scheme, Orders and the Foreign Trade Policy pages 615–624
    13. 77 The IEC, Licences and Quantitative Restrictions pages 625–636
    14. 78 FTDR Penalties, Adjudication and Appeals pages 637–651
    15. 79 Export Controls on Specified Goods: the WMD Chapter pages 652–663
    Every paper that is solved: 8 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2025-26 - Set 2
    • 2024-25
    • 2022
    • 2019
    • 2018
    • 2016
    • 2015

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