Mumbai University Solved Question Papers
Public International Law and Human Rights
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
BLS LLB 5 Years · Sem 9
Dec 2025 - 75/25 Examination
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BLS LLB 5 Years Sem 9 Public International Law and Human Rights Dec 2025 - 75/25 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 28 September 2026.
This edition revised 29 September 2026.
Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.
Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.
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The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.
The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the Dec 2025 - 75/25 examination.
The answers in this volume state the law as it stands today, not as it stood when the paper was set, and in this subject three changes matter. The Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019 allows a Judge of the Supreme Court, and not only a former Chief Justice of India, to chair the National Human Rights Commission, and cut the term from five years to three. The Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure were replaced on 1 July 2024 by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, so sedition is now section 152 with its own saving for criticism of the government, and the provisions on arrest, rape and legal aid carry new numbers. And on 21 March 2024 the Supreme Court recognised a right against the adverse effects of climate change under Articles 14 and 21. Where a question turns on a provision since replaced, the answer gives it as it then stood and the present position, and says which is which.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the Dec 2025 - 75/25 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the Dec 2025 - 75/25 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 2½ hours · Total marks 75 · 21 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1.
Q.1: Answer any 6 questions in one or two sentences
12 Marks
(a)Who are diplomatic envoys?[2]
Answer
Diplomatic envoys are the official representatives whom one State sends to another to conduct relations between them. The governing treaty is the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, which came into force on 24 April 1964 and which India enacted as the Diplomatic Relations (Vienna Convention) Act, 1972. Article 1(e) calls such a person a diplomatic agent, meaning the head of the mission or a member of the diplomatic staff of the mission.
Article 14 puts them in three classes, following the classification settled at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818.
- Ambassadors or nuncios accredited to Heads of State, and other heads of mission of equivalent rank, such as High Commissioners between Commonwealth countries.
- Envoys, ministers and internuncios accredited to Heads of State.
- Chargés d'affaires accredited to Ministers for Foreign Affairs.
Their functions are in Article 3: representing the sending State, protecting its interests and those of its nationals, negotiating with the receiving government, ascertaining conditions and developments and reporting on them, and promoting friendly relations.
Their protection. The receiving State's consent, or agrément, is needed under Article 4, and it may at any time declare an envoy persona non grata under Article 9. Article 29 makes the person of a diplomatic agent inviolable, Article 31 gives immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State, and Article 22 makes the premises of the mission inviolable. The Court enforced these rules in United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States v. Iran), 1980 I.C.J. Rep. 3.
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