B.L.S. LL.B. 5 Years Semester 9: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

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1. Criminal Procedure Code Juvenile Justice and POCSO (Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023)

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Criminal Procedure Code Juvenile Justice and POCSO (Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023)

   B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 9

   Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai, as amended in 2024 for the new criminal laws

   For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Criminal Procedure Code Juvenile Justice and POCSO (Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023)

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I

   1. The Code That Replaced the Code 1
   2. Definitions under the Sanhita 8
   3. Classes of Criminal Courts 14
   4. Executive Magistrates 21
   5. Public Prosecutors and the Directorate of Prosecution 27
   6. Which Court May Try What, and What It May Impose 33
   7. Conferring and Withdrawing the Powers of a Court 39
   8. Powers of Superior Police Officers, and Aid to the Magistrates 43
   9. When the Police May Arrest Without a Warrant 49
   10. Arrest by a Private Person, by a Magistrate, and on Refusal to Give a Name 57
   11. How an Arrest Is Actually Made 63
   12. The Rights of an Arrested Person 71
   13. Search, Seizure and Medical Examination After an Arrest 78
   14. Summons 85
   15. Warrants of Arrest 91
   16. Proclamation and Attachment of Property 98
   17. Rules Common to Summons and Warrants 105
   18. Summons to Produce, and the Search Warrant 109
   19. How a Search Is Conducted, and What May Be Seized 116

   Contents continued

   Module I continued

   1. Reciprocal Arrangements for Assistance 124
   2. Security for Keeping the Peace and for Good Behaviour 132
   3. The Security Inquiry and What Follows It 138
   4. Maintenance of Wives, Children and Parents 147
   5. Dispersal of an Unlawful Assembly 155
   6. Public Nuisance and the Conditional Order 161
   7. Urgent Orders in Cases of Nuisance or Apprehended Danger 168
   8. Disputes About Land and Water 175
   9. Preventive Action of the Police 182
   10. The First Information Report 186
   11. The Powers of the Investigating Officer 195
   12. Remand, Default Bail and the Police Report 205
   13. Inquests and Inquiry into the Cause of Death 213
   14. Where a Case May Be Inquired Into and Tried 219
   15. Cognizance of Offences 226
   16. When Cognizance Is Barred, and Sanction Is Needed 231
   17. Complaints to Magistrates 239
   18. Issue of Process and Supply of Documents 245

   Contents continued

   Module II

   1. The Charge, and What It Must Contain 252
   2. Joinder of Charges 258
   3. Trial Before a Court of Session 265
   4. Trial of Warrant Cases on a Police Report 272
   5. Trial of Warrant Cases Otherwise Than on a Police Report 277
   6. Trial of Summons Cases 283
   7. Summary Trials 289

   Module III

   1. Plea Bargaining 294
   2. Attendance of Persons Confined in Prison 301
   3. How Evidence Is Recorded 306
   4. Commissions for the Examination of Witnesses 313
   5. Evidence That Needs No Formal Proof 319
   6. Double Jeopardy, and Who May Conduct the Prosecution 327
   7. Tender of Pardon to an Accomplice 334
   8. The Court's General Powers During a Trial 341
   9. Trial in the Absence of the Accused 349
   10. Compounding of Offences, and Withdrawal from Prosecution 356
   11. When a Magistrate Cannot Dispose of the Case 363

   Contents continued

   Module III continued

   1. An Accused of Unsound Mind 370
   2. Offences Affecting the Administration of Justice 379
   3. The Judgment 388
   4. Compensation to Victims, and to the Wrongly Accused 396
   5. Confirmation of a Death Sentence 405
   6. Who May Appeal, and Against What 410
   7. How an Appeal Is Heard and Decided 418
   8. Reference to the High Court 427
   9. Revision 431
   10. Transfer of Criminal Cases 438
   11. Execution of Sentences 445
   12. Mercy, Remission and Commutation 453
   13. Bail in Bailable and in Non-Bailable Offences 460
   14. Anticipatory Bail, and the Special Powers of the Higher Courts 469
   15. Bonds, Sureties and Forfeiture 475
   16. Disposal of Property 483
   17. Irregular Proceedings 491
   18. Limitation for Taking Cognizance 497

   Contents continued

   Module III continued

   1. The Miscellaneous Chapter, and the Inherent Power of the High Court 503

   Module IV

   1. The Juvenile Justice Act: Object, Scheme and Application 509
   2. Who Is a Child: the Definitions 515
   3. The General Principles 523
   4. The Juvenile Justice Board 529
   5. Apprehension, Bail and the First Steps 537
   6. Inquiry by the Board and the Preliminary Assessment 545
   7. Orders the Board May Pass 551
   8. The Children's Court, and the Child Who Turns Twenty-One 558
   9. The Child Welfare Committee 565
   10. The Child in Need of Care and Protection 572
   11. Rehabilitation and Social Re-integration 580
   12. The Institutions 588
   13. Adoption 596
   14. The Adoption Agencies and the Authority 604
   15. Offences Against Children 611
   16. How Those Offences Are Tried 619

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued

   1. Age, Appeals and Revision 624
   2. The Machinery: Fund, Police and Monitoring 633
   3. The POCSO Act: Object, Scheme and Definitions 639
   4. Penetrative Sexual Assault and Its Aggravated Form 645
   5. Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment 652
   6. Using a Child for Pornographic Purposes 658
   7. Abetment and Attempt 664
   8. Reporting a POCSO Offence 669
   9. Recording the Child's Statement and Medical Examination 676
   10. The Special Court and the Presumptions 681
   11. How a Special Court Conducts the Trial 687
   12. The Miscellaneous Chapter of POCSO 694

   Page 1 onwards

   699 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 699 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2025, 2026

   Every chapter in the notes: 102 chapters across 4 modules

   Module I 37 chapters

   1. 1 The Code That Replaced the Code pages 1–7
   2. 2 Definitions under the Sanhita pages 8–13
   3. 3 Classes of Criminal Courts pages 14–20
   4. 4 Executive Magistrates pages 21–26
   5. 5 Public Prosecutors and the Directorate of Prosecution pages 27–32
   6. 6 Which Court May Try What, and What It May Impose pages 33–38
   7. 7 Conferring and Withdrawing the Powers of a Court pages 39–42
   8. 8 Powers of Superior Police Officers, and Aid to the Magistrates pages 43–48
   9. 9 When the Police May Arrest Without a Warrant pages 49–56
   10. 10 Arrest by a Private Person, by a Magistrate, and on Refusal to Give a Name pages 57–62
   11. 11 How an Arrest Is Actually Made pages 63–70
   12. 12 The Rights of an Arrested Person pages 71–77
   13. 13 Search, Seizure and Medical Examination After an Arrest pages 78–84
   14. 14 Summons pages 85–90
   15. 15 Warrants of Arrest pages 91–97
   16. 16 Proclamation and Attachment of Property pages 98–104
   17. 17 Rules Common to Summons and Warrants pages 105–108
   18. 18 Summons to Produce, and the Search Warrant pages 109–115
   19. 19 How a Search Is Conducted, and What May Be Seized pages 116–123
   20. 20 Reciprocal Arrangements for Assistance pages 124–131
   21. 21 Security for Keeping the Peace and for Good Behaviour pages 132–137
   22. 22 The Security Inquiry and What Follows It pages 138–146
   23. 23 Maintenance of Wives, Children and Parents pages 147–154
   24. 24 Dispersal of an Unlawful Assembly pages 155–160
   25. 25 Public Nuisance and the Conditional Order pages 161–167
   26. 26 Urgent Orders in Cases of Nuisance or Apprehended Danger pages 168–174
   27. 27 Disputes About Land and Water pages 175–181
   28. 28 Preventive Action of the Police pages 182–185
   29. 29 The First Information Report pages 186–194
   30. 30 The Powers of the Investigating Officer pages 195–204
   31. 31 Remand, Default Bail and the Police Report pages 205–212
   32. 32 Inquests and Inquiry into the Cause of Death pages 213–218
   33. 33 Where a Case May Be Inquired Into and Tried pages 219–225
   34. 34 Cognizance of Offences pages 226–230
   35. 35 When Cognizance Is Barred, and Sanction Is Needed pages 231–238
   36. 36 Complaints to Magistrates pages 239–244
   37. 37 Issue of Process and Supply of Documents pages 245–251

   Module II 7 chapters

   1. 38 The Charge, and What It Must Contain pages 252–257
   2. 39 Joinder of Charges pages 258–264
   3. 40 Trial Before a Court of Session pages 265–271
   4. 41 Trial of Warrant Cases on a Police Report pages 272–276
   5. 42 Trial of Warrant Cases Otherwise Than on a Police Report pages 277–282
   6. 43 Trial of Summons Cases pages 283–288
   7. 44 Summary Trials pages 289–293

   Module III 30 chapters

   1. 45 Plea Bargaining pages 294–300
   2. 46 Attendance of Persons Confined in Prison pages 301–305
   3. 47 How Evidence Is Recorded pages 306–312
   4. 48 Commissions for the Examination of Witnesses pages 313–318
   5. 49 Evidence That Needs No Formal Proof pages 319–326
   6. 50 Double Jeopardy, and Who May Conduct the Prosecution pages 327–333
   7. 51 Tender of Pardon to an Accomplice pages 334–340
   8. 52 The Court's General Powers During a Trial pages 341–348
   9. 53 Trial in the Absence of the Accused pages 349–355
   10. 54 Compounding of Offences, and Withdrawal from Prosecution pages 356–362
   11. 55 When a Magistrate Cannot Dispose of the Case pages 363–369
   12. 56 An Accused of Unsound Mind pages 370–378
   13. 57 Offences Affecting the Administration of Justice pages 379–387
   14. 58 The Judgment pages 388–395
   15. 59 Compensation to Victims, and to the Wrongly Accused pages 396–404
   16. 60 Confirmation of a Death Sentence pages 405–409
   17. 61 Who May Appeal, and Against What pages 410–417
   18. 62 How an Appeal Is Heard and Decided pages 418–426
   19. 63 Reference to the High Court pages 427–430
   20. 64 Revision pages 431–437
   21. 65 Transfer of Criminal Cases pages 438–444
   22. 66 Execution of Sentences pages 445–452
   23. 67 Mercy, Remission and Commutation pages 453–459
   24. 68 Bail in Bailable and in Non-Bailable Offences pages 460–468
   25. 69 Anticipatory Bail, and the Special Powers of the Higher Courts pages 469–474
   26. 70 Bonds, Sureties and Forfeiture pages 475–482
   27. 71 Disposal of Property pages 483–490
   28. 72 Irregular Proceedings pages 491–496
   29. 73 Limitation for Taking Cognizance pages 497–502
   30. 74 The Miscellaneous Chapter, and the Inherent Power of the High Court pages 503–508

   Module IV 28 chapters

   1. 75 The Juvenile Justice Act: Object, Scheme and Application pages 509–514
   2. 76 Who Is a Child: the Definitions pages 515–522
   3. 77 The General Principles pages 523–528
   4. 78 The Juvenile Justice Board pages 529–536
   5. 79 Apprehension, Bail and the First Steps pages 537–544
   6. 80 Inquiry by the Board and the Preliminary Assessment pages 545–550
   7. 81 Orders the Board May Pass pages 551–557
   8. 82 The Children's Court, and the Child Who Turns Twenty-One pages 558–564
   9. 83 The Child Welfare Committee pages 565–571
   10. 84 The Child in Need of Care and Protection pages 572–579
   11. 85 Rehabilitation and Social Re-integration pages 580–587
   12. 86 The Institutions pages 588–595
   13. 87 Adoption pages 596–603
   14. 88 The Adoption Agencies and the Authority pages 604–610
   15. 89 Offences Against Children pages 611–618
   16. 90 How Those Offences Are Tried pages 619–623
   17. 91 Age, Appeals and Revision pages 624–632
   18. 92 The Machinery: Fund, Police and Monitoring pages 633–638
   19. 93 The POCSO Act: Object, Scheme and Definitions pages 639–644
   20. 94 Penetrative Sexual Assault and Its Aggravated Form pages 645–651
   21. 95 Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment pages 652–657
   22. 96 Using a Child for Pornographic Purposes pages 658–663
   23. 97 Abetment and Attempt pages 664–668
   24. 98 Reporting a POCSO Offence pages 669–675
   25. 99 Recording the Child's Statement and Medical Examination pages 676–680
   26. 100 The Special Court and the Presumptions pages 681–686
   27. 101 How a Special Court Conducts the Trial pages 687–693
   28. 102 The Miscellaneous Chapter of POCSO pages 694–699
   Every paper that is solved: 10 papers

   • 2025-26
   • 2025-26 - ATKT 60/40
   • 2024-25
   • 2024-25 - ATKT 60/40
   • 2022-23
   • 2022-23 - ATKT
   • 2021-22
   • 2019-20
   • 2018-19
   • 2017-18

2. Labour Law and Industrial Relations II

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Labour Law and Industrial Relations II

   B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 9

   Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

   For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Labour Law and Industrial Relations II

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I SOCIAL SECURITY – Code on Social Security, 2020

   1. Object and Salient Features of the Code 1
   2. Definitions under the Social Security Code 10
   3. Registration and Cancellation of an Establishment 20
   4. The Social Security Organisations 24
   5. Working of the Social Security Organisations 31
   6. Employees Provident Fund: The Three Schemes 38
   7. Provident Fund Contributions and Accounts 44
   8. The Employees State Insurance Corporation 52
   9. ESI Coverage and Contributions 58
   10. The Six ESI Benefits 64
   11. Employment Injury and Occupational Disease 73
   12. ESI Enforcement and Schemes for Others 82
   13. The Employees Insurance Court 88
   14. Gratuity: Entitlement and Continuous Service 95
   15. Gratuity: Nomination, Determination and Recovery 103
   16. The Right to Maternity Benefit 110
   17. Medical Bonus, Miscarriage, Nursing Breaks and Creche 118
   18. Protection of Employment During Maternity 123

   Contents continued

   Module II EMPLOYEE’S COMPENSATION – Code on Social Security, 2020

   1. Employees Compensation: The Key Concepts 130
   2. Employer's Liability for Compensation 138
   3. The Amount of Compensation 148
   4. Review, Commutation and Distribution of Compensation 156
   5. Notice, Claim and Medical Examination 164
   6. Contracting, Strangers and Insolvency of the Employer 172
   7. The Competent Authority and Appeals 180
   8. The Building and Construction Workers Cess 190
   9. Building Workers as Beneficiaries and the Welfare Fund 196
   10. Social Security for Unorganised Workers 202
   11. Gig Workers and Platform Workers 208
   12. Inspector-cum-Facilitators, Records and Wages 216
   13. Assessment, Determination and Appeal 223
   14. Damages and Recovery of Amounts Due 230
   15. Offences and Penalties under the Social Security Code 237
   16. Employment Information and Monitoring 245
   17. Finance and Accounts of the Organisations 250
   18. The Social Security Fund, Aadhaar and Exemptions 256
   19. Transfer, Good Faith, Misuse and Transitional Provisions 263

   Contents continued

   Module II continued EMPLOYEE’S COMPENSATION – Code on Social Security, 2020

   1. Rules, Overriding Effect and the Repeals 271

   Module III THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH AND WORKING CONDITIONS CODE, 2020

   1. Object and Salient Features of the OSH Code 280
   2. Definitions under the OSH Code 287
   3. Registration of Establishments 295
   4. Duties of the Employer 302
   5. Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and Architects 308
   6. Notices of Accidents, Dangerous Occurrences and Diseases 314
   7. Duties and Rights of the Employee 319
   8. The National and State OSH Advisory Boards 325
   9. Safety and Health Standards, Research and Committees 330
   10. The Employer's Responsibility for Health, Safety and Working Conditions 337
   11. Welfare Facilities in the Establishment 342
   12. Hours of Work, Holidays and Overtime 348
   13. Night Shifts, Overlapping Shifts and Double Employment 355
   14. Notice of Periods of Work and Annual Leave with Wages 360
   15. Registers, Records and Returns 366
   16. Inspector-cum-Facilitators: Appointment and Powers 371

   Contents continued

   Module III continued THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH AND WORKING CONDITIONS CODE, 2020

   1. Third Party Audit, Special Powers and Secrecy 377
   2. Special Officers for Mines and Medical Officers 385
   3. Employment of Women under the OSH Code 390

   Module IV SPECIAL PROVISION FOR CONTRACT LABOUR AND INTER – STATE MIGRANT WORKER, ETC ( OSH Code)

   1. Contract Labour: Application and the Designated Authority 396
   2. Licensing of Contractors 403
   3. The Principal Employer's Liability 412
   4. Prohibition of Contract Labour in Core Activities 419
   5. Inter-State Migrant Workers 428
   6. Helpline, Study and Past Liabilities 438
   7. Audio-Visual Workers 444
   8. Mines: Managers, Exclusions, Young Persons and Rescue Services 452
   9. Beedi and Cigar Workers 462
   10. Building and Other Construction Workers under the OSH Code 471
   11. Factories: Approval, Licensing and the Occupier 479
   12. Hazardous Processes and Dangerous Operations 488
   13. The Right to Warn of Imminent Danger, and Appeals 499
   14. Plantations 506

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued SPECIAL PROVISION FOR CONTRACT LABOUR AND INTER – STATE MIGRANT WORKER, ETC ( OSH Code)

   1. General Penalties and Obstruction 514
   2. Punishments for Contravention, Falsification and Disclosure 521
   3. Accidents, Mines Offences and Offences by Companies 530
   4. Limitation, Jurisdiction and Composition of Offences 542
   5. The Social Security Fund under the OSH Code 553
   6. Delegation, Onus of Proof and Common Licences 559
   7. Overriding Effect, Inquiries and the Bar on Civil Courts 567
   8. Exemptions and the Power to Amend the Schedules 577
   9. Rules, Regulations, Bye-laws and the OSH Repeals 586

   Page 1 onwards

   597 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 597 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 80 chapters across 4 modules

   Module I. SOCIAL SECURITY, Code on Social Security, 2020 18 chapters

   1. 1 Object and Salient Features of the Code pages 1–9
   2. 2 Definitions under the Social Security Code pages 10–19
   3. 3 Registration and Cancellation of an Establishment pages 20–23
   4. 4 The Social Security Organisations pages 24–30
   5. 5 Working of the Social Security Organisations pages 31–37
   6. 6 Employees Provident Fund: The Three Schemes pages 38–43
   7. 7 Provident Fund Contributions and Accounts pages 44–51
   8. 8 The Employees State Insurance Corporation pages 52–57
   9. 9 ESI Coverage and Contributions pages 58–63
   10. 10 The Six ESI Benefits pages 64–72
   11. 11 Employment Injury and Occupational Disease pages 73–81
   12. 12 ESI Enforcement and Schemes for Others pages 82–87
   13. 13 The Employees Insurance Court pages 88–94
   14. 14 Gratuity: Entitlement and Continuous Service pages 95–102
   15. 15 Gratuity: Nomination, Determination and Recovery pages 103–109
   16. 16 The Right to Maternity Benefit pages 110–117
   17. 17 Medical Bonus, Miscarriage, Nursing Breaks and Creche pages 118–122
   18. 18 Protection of Employment During Maternity pages 123–129

   Module II. EMPLOYEE'S COMPENSATION, Code on Social Security, 2020 20 chapters

   1. 19 Employees Compensation: The Key Concepts pages 130–137
   2. 20 Employer's Liability for Compensation pages 138–147
   3. 21 The Amount of Compensation pages 148–155
   4. 22 Review, Commutation and Distribution of Compensation pages 156–163
   5. 23 Notice, Claim and Medical Examination pages 164–171
   6. 24 Contracting, Strangers and Insolvency of the Employer pages 172–179
   7. 25 The Competent Authority and Appeals pages 180–189
   8. 26 The Building and Construction Workers Cess pages 190–195
   9. 27 Building Workers as Beneficiaries and the Welfare Fund pages 196–201
   10. 28 Social Security for Unorganised Workers pages 202–207
   11. 29 Gig Workers and Platform Workers pages 208–215
   12. 30 Inspector-cum-Facilitators, Records and Wages pages 216–222
   13. 31 Assessment, Determination and Appeal pages 223–229
   14. 32 Damages and Recovery of Amounts Due pages 230–236
   15. 33 Offences and Penalties under the Social Security Code pages 237–244
   16. 34 Employment Information and Monitoring pages 245–249
   17. 35 Finance and Accounts of the Organisations pages 250–255
   18. 36 The Social Security Fund, Aadhaar and Exemptions pages 256–262
   19. 37 Transfer, Good Faith, Misuse and Transitional Provisions pages 263–270
   20. 38 Rules, Overriding Effect and the Repeals pages 271–279

   Module III. THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH AND WORKING CONDITIONS CODE, 2020 19 chapters

   1. 39 Object and Salient Features of the OSH Code pages 280–286
   2. 40 Definitions under the OSH Code pages 287–294
   3. 41 Registration of Establishments pages 295–301
   4. 42 Duties of the Employer pages 302–307
   5. 43 Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and Architects pages 308–313
   6. 44 Notices of Accidents, Dangerous Occurrences and Diseases pages 314–318
   7. 45 Duties and Rights of the Employee pages 319–324
   8. 46 The National and State OSH Advisory Boards pages 325–329
   9. 47 Safety and Health Standards, Research and Committees pages 330–336
   10. 48 The Employer's Responsibility for Health, Safety and Working Conditions pages 337–341
   11. 49 Welfare Facilities in the Establishment pages 342–347
   12. 50 Hours of Work, Holidays and Overtime pages 348–354
   13. 51 Night Shifts, Overlapping Shifts and Double Employment pages 355–359
   14. 52 Notice of Periods of Work and Annual Leave with Wages pages 360–365
   15. 53 Registers, Records and Returns pages 366–370
   16. 54 Inspector-cum-Facilitators: Appointment and Powers pages 371–376
   17. 55 Third Party Audit, Special Powers and Secrecy pages 377–384
   18. 56 Special Officers for Mines and Medical Officers pages 385–389
   19. 57 Employment of Women under the OSH Code pages 390–395

   Module IV. SPECIAL PROVISION FOR CONTRACT LABOUR AND INTER-STATE MIGRANT WORKER, ETC ( OSH Code) 23 chapters

   1. 58 Contract Labour: Application and the Designated Authority pages 396–402
   2. 59 Licensing of Contractors pages 403–411
   3. 60 The Principal Employer's Liability pages 412–418
   4. 61 Prohibition of Contract Labour in Core Activities pages 419–427
   5. 62 Inter-State Migrant Workers pages 428–437
   6. 63 Helpline, Study and Past Liabilities pages 438–443
   7. 64 Audio-Visual Workers pages 444–451
   8. 65 Mines: Managers, Exclusions, Young Persons and Rescue Services pages 452–461
   9. 66 Beedi and Cigar Workers pages 462–470
   10. 67 Building and Other Construction Workers under the OSH Code pages 471–478
   11. 68 Factories: Approval, Licensing and the Occupier pages 479–487
   12. 69 Hazardous Processes and Dangerous Operations pages 488–498
   13. 70 The Right to Warn of Imminent Danger, and Appeals pages 499–505
   14. 71 Plantations pages 506–513
   15. 72 General Penalties and Obstruction pages 514–520
   16. 73 Punishments for Contravention, Falsification and Disclosure pages 521–529
   17. 74 Accidents, Mines Offences and Offences by Companies pages 530–541
   18. 75 Limitation, Jurisdiction and Composition of Offences pages 542–552
   19. 76 The Social Security Fund under the OSH Code pages 553–558
   20. 77 Delegation, Onus of Proof and Common Licences pages 559–566
   21. 78 Overriding Effect, Inquiries and the Bar on Civil Courts pages 567–576
   22. 79 Exemptions and the Power to Amend the Schedules pages 577–585
   23. 80 Rules, Regulations, Bye-laws and the OSH Repeals pages 586–597

3. Public International Law

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Public International Law

   B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 9

   Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

   For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Public International Law

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I

   1. What International Law Is, and Where It Came From 1
   2. Defining International Law 12
   3. Is International Law Really Law? 19
   4. Theories of the Basis of International Law 26
   5. Subjects of International Law 33
   6. Nationality 40
   7. Double Nationality and Statelessness 48
   8. Nationality and Citizenship Distinguished 55
   9. The Sources of International Law 61
   10. Custom 67
   11. Treaties as a Source 75
   12. General Principles of Law Recognised by Civilised Nations 82
   13. Judicial Decisions and the Writings of Jurists 88
   14. Equity 94
   15. Resolutions of the General Assembly 100
   16. International Law and Municipal Law 106
   17. International Law in Indian Courts 112
   18. Recognition of States 118
   19. Recognition of Governments 125
   20. Modes and Legal Effects of Recognition 130

   Contents continued

   Module II

   1. State Territory 136
   2. Acquisition of State Territory 142
   3. Loss of State Territory 150
   4. State Succession 156
   5. State Jurisdiction 162
   6. Immunity from Jurisdiction 170
   7. Extradition 178
   8. Asylum 184
   9. State Responsibility 191
   10. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness, and Reparation 199
   11. Treatment of Aliens and Diplomatic Protection 208
   12. The Law of the Sea 215
   13. Baselines and the Territorial Sea 221
   14. Innocent Passage, and Straits 228
   15. The Contiguous Zone 237
   16. The Continental Shelf 242
   17. The Exclusive Economic Zone 249
   18. The High Seas 257
   19. Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries 269

   Contents continued

   Module II continued

   1. Republic of Italy v. Union of India 276
   2. The Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration 282
   3. The Common Heritage of Mankind 288
   4. The Area, and the Parallel System of Mining 295

   Module III

   1. What a Treaty Is, and Its Kinds 303
   2. Making a Treaty: From Full Powers to Entry Into Force 309
   3. Reservations to Treaties 318
   4. Interpretation of Treaties 326
   5. Rights and Duties of the Parties, and Third States 333
   6. Validity of Treaties, and Jus Cogens 341
   7. Termination and Suspension of Treaties 350
   8. The United Nations: Purposes, Principles and Membership 359
   9. The General Assembly 368
   10. The Security Council: Composition, Voting and the Veto 376
   11. Pacific Settlement of Disputes 383
   12. The Use of Force and Collective Security 390
   13. The Economic and Social Council 399
   14. The International Court of Justice 407

   Contents continued

   Module III continued

   1. The Secretariat and the Secretary-General 419
   2. The Trusteeship System and the Trusteeship Council 426
   3. The International Labour Organisation 435
   4. The World Trade Organization 446
   5. Amnesty International and Non-Governmental Organisations 457
   6. UNESCO 464
   7. UNICEF 475
   8. UNDP and UNEP 483

   Module IV Contemporary and Allied Laws under International Laws:

   1. The World Health Organization 492
   2. Global Health Law and Communicable Diseases 504
   3. The International Health Regulations 514
   4. General Principles of International Trade Law 530
   5. UNCITRAL and International Commercial Arbitration 539
   6. Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 552
   7. TRIPS 562
   8. International Air Law 577
   9. International Space Law 595

   Page 1 onwards

   612 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 612 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2025, 2026

   Every chapter in the notes: 74 chapters across 4 modules

   Module I 20 chapters

   1. 1 What International Law Is, and Where It Came From pages 1–11
   2. 2 Defining International Law pages 12–18
   3. 3 Is International Law Really Law? pages 19–25
   4. 4 Theories of the Basis of International Law pages 26–32
   5. 5 Subjects of International Law pages 33–39
   6. 6 Nationality pages 40–47
   7. 7 Double Nationality and Statelessness pages 48–54
   8. 8 Nationality and Citizenship Distinguished pages 55–60
   9. 9 The Sources of International Law pages 61–66
   10. 10 Custom pages 67–74
   11. 11 Treaties as a Source pages 75–81
   12. 12 General Principles of Law Recognised by Civilised Nations pages 82–87
   13. 13 Judicial Decisions and the Writings of Jurists pages 88–93
   14. 14 Equity pages 94–99
   15. 15 Resolutions of the General Assembly pages 100–105
   16. 16 International Law and Municipal Law pages 106–111
   17. 17 International Law in Indian Courts pages 112–117
   18. 18 Recognition of States pages 118–124
   19. 19 Recognition of Governments pages 125–129
   20. 20 Modes and Legal Effects of Recognition pages 130–135

   Module II 23 chapters

   1. 21 State Territory pages 136–141
   2. 22 Acquisition of State Territory pages 142–149
   3. 23 Loss of State Territory pages 150–155
   4. 24 State Succession pages 156–161
   5. 25 State Jurisdiction pages 162–169
   6. 26 Immunity from Jurisdiction pages 170–177
   7. 27 Extradition pages 178–183
   8. 28 Asylum pages 184–190
   9. 29 State Responsibility pages 191–198
   10. 30 Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness, and Reparation pages 199–207
   11. 31 Treatment of Aliens and Diplomatic Protection pages 208–214
   12. 32 The Law of the Sea pages 215–220
   13. 33 Baselines and the Territorial Sea pages 221–227
   14. 34 Innocent Passage, and Straits pages 228–236
   15. 35 The Contiguous Zone pages 237–241
   16. 36 The Continental Shelf pages 242–248
   17. 37 The Exclusive Economic Zone pages 249–256
   18. 38 The High Seas pages 257–268
   19. 39 Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries pages 269–275
   20. 40 Republic of Italy v. Union of India pages 276–281
   21. 41 The Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration pages 282–287
   22. 42 The Common Heritage of Mankind pages 288–294
   23. 43 The Area, and the Parallel System of Mining pages 295–302

   Module III 22 chapters

   1. 44 What a Treaty Is, and Its Kinds pages 303–308
   2. 45 Making a Treaty: From Full Powers to Entry Into Force pages 309–317
   3. 46 Reservations to Treaties pages 318–325
   4. 47 Interpretation of Treaties pages 326–332
   5. 48 Rights and Duties of the Parties, and Third States pages 333–340
   6. 49 Validity of Treaties, and Jus Cogens pages 341–349
   7. 50 Termination and Suspension of Treaties pages 350–358
   8. 51 The United Nations: Purposes, Principles and Membership pages 359–367
   9. 52 The General Assembly pages 368–375
   10. 53 The Security Council: Composition, Voting and the Veto pages 376–382
   11. 54 Pacific Settlement of Disputes pages 383–389
   12. 55 The Use of Force and Collective Security pages 390–398
   13. 56 The Economic and Social Council pages 399–406
   14. 57 The International Court of Justice pages 407–418
   15. 58 The Secretariat and the Secretary-General pages 419–425
   16. 59 The Trusteeship System and the Trusteeship Council pages 426–434
   17. 60 The International Labour Organisation pages 435–445
   18. 61 The World Trade Organization pages 446–456
   19. 62 Amnesty International and Non-Governmental Organisations pages 457–463
   20. 63 UNESCO pages 464–474
   21. 64 UNICEF pages 475–482
   22. 65 UNDP and UNEP pages 483–491

   Module IV Contemporary and Allied Laws under International Laws: 9 chapters

   1. 66 The World Health Organization pages 492–503
   2. 67 Global Health Law and Communicable Diseases pages 504–513
   3. 68 The International Health Regulations pages 514–529
   4. 69 General Principles of International Trade Law pages 530–538
   5. 70 UNCITRAL and International Commercial Arbitration pages 539–551
   6. 71 Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards pages 552–561
   7. 72 TRIPS pages 562–576
   8. 73 International Air Law pages 577–594
   9. 74 International Space Law pages 595–612
   Every paper that is solved: 8 papers

   • 2025-26
   • 2024-25
   • 2024-25 - ATKT 60/40
   • 2022-23
   • 2021-22
   • 2019-20
   • 2018-19
   • 2017-18

4. Civil Procedure Code and Limitation Act

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Civil Procedure Code and Limitation Act

   B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 9

   Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

   For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Civil Procedure Code and Limitation Act

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Introduction (Section 2-Section 25)

   1. Definitions 1
   2. Jurisdiction of Civil Courts 7
   3. Res Sub Judice 12
   4. Res Judicata 16
   5. Bar to Further Suit 31
   6. Foreign Judgments 36
   7. Place of Suing 43
   8. Objections to Jurisdiction 48
   9. Transfer of Suits 53
   10. Essentials of a Suit and Cause of Action 57
   11. Set-off and Counterclaim 61

   Module II Of suits (Section 26-Section35, Order I-Order XX)

   1. Parties to a Suit 66
   2. Death, Marriage and Insolvency of Parties 72
   3. Institution of a Suit and Summons 78
   4. Pleadings 84
   5. The Plaint 88
   6. The Written Statement 94
   7. Appearance and Consequences of Non-appearance 100

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Of suits (Section 26-Section35, Order I-Order XX)

   1. Examination of Parties, Interrogatories, Discovery, Inspection and Admissions 106
   2. Framing of Issues and Disposal at the First Hearing 113
   3. Trial, Witnesses and Evidence 118
   4. Judgment and Decree 123
   5. Costs 128
   6. Withdrawal and Adjustment of Suits 134
   7. Suits by and against the Government and Public Officers 139
   8. Suits by and against Minors, Corporations, Firms and Others 144
   9. Suits by Indigent Persons 151
   10. Suits Relating to Mortgages of Immovable Property 157

   Module III Execution and other procedures (Orders XXI)

   1. Meaning of Execution and the Court which Executes 163
   2. Transfer of a Decree for Execution 168
   3. Questions to be Determined by the Executing Court 173
   4. Mode of Execution and Stay of Execution 178
   5. Arrest and Detention in Execution 185
   6. Attachment of Property 191
   7. Sale in Execution 200

   Contents continued

   Module III continued Execution and other procedures (Orders XXI)

   1. Resistance to Delivery of Possession 208
   2. Attachment before Judgment 214
   3. Payment into Court and Security for Costs 220
   4. Commissions 226
   5. Temporary Injunctions and Interim Orders 233
   6. Interpleader Suits 240
   7. Special Case 246
   8. Summary Procedure 251
   9. Settlement of Disputes Outside the Court 257

   Module IV Receivers, Appeals and other procedures and Law of Limitation

   1. Appointment of Receivers 262
   2. Appeals from Original Decrees 268
   3. Appeals from Appellate Decrees 277
   4. Appeals from Orders 282
   5. Appeals to the Supreme Court 287
   6. Reference, Review and Revision 292
   7. Inherent Powers, Caveat and Miscellaneous 300
   8. Affidavits and Exemption from Personal Appearance 307
   9. Chartered High Courts and Small Cause Courts 313

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued Receivers, Appeals and other procedures and Law of Limitation

   1. Object and Features of the Limitation Act 1963 319
   2. Bar of Limitation and Condonation of Delay 326
   3. Legal Disability 331
   4. Computation of the Period of Limitation 337
   5. Effect of Acknowledgment and Part Payment 344
   6. Acquisition of Ownership by Possession 350
   7. The Schedule: How to Find a Period of Limitation 358

   Page 1 onwards

   365 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 365 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2025, 2026

   Every chapter in the notes: 60 chapters across 4 modules

   Module I. Introduction (Section 2 to Section 25) 11 chapters

   1. 1 Definitions pages 1–6
   2. 2 Jurisdiction of Civil Courts pages 7–11
   3. 3 Res Sub Judice pages 12–15
   4. 4 Res Judicata pages 16–30
   5. 5 Bar to Further Suit pages 31–35
   6. 6 Foreign Judgments pages 36–42
   7. 7 Place of Suing pages 43–47
   8. 8 Objections to Jurisdiction pages 48–52
   9. 9 Transfer of Suits pages 53–56
   10. 10 Essentials of a Suit and Cause of Action pages 57–60
   11. 11 Set-off and Counterclaim pages 61–65

   Module II. Of suits (Section 26 to Section 35, Order I to Order XX) 17 chapters

   1. 12 Parties to a Suit pages 66–71
   2. 13 Death, Marriage and Insolvency of Parties pages 72–77
   3. 14 Institution of a Suit and Summons pages 78–83
   4. 15 Pleadings pages 84–87
   5. 16 The Plaint pages 88–93
   6. 17 The Written Statement pages 94–99
   7. 18 Appearance and Consequences of Non-appearance pages 100–105
   8. 19 Examination of Parties, Interrogatories, Discovery, Inspection and Admissions pages 106–112
   9. 20 Framing of Issues and Disposal at the First Hearing pages 113–117
   10. 21 Trial, Witnesses and Evidence pages 118–122
   11. 22 Judgment and Decree pages 123–127
   12. 23 Costs pages 128–133
   13. 24 Withdrawal and Adjustment of Suits pages 134–138
   14. 25 Suits by and against the Government and Public Officers pages 139–143
   15. 26 Suits by and against Minors, Corporations, Firms and Others pages 144–150
   16. 27 Suits by Indigent Persons pages 151–156
   17. 28 Suits Relating to Mortgages of Immovable Property pages 157–162

   Module III. Execution and other procedures (Order XXI) 16 chapters

   1. 29 Meaning of Execution and the Court which Executes pages 163–167
   2. 30 Transfer of a Decree for Execution pages 168–172
   3. 31 Questions to be Determined by the Executing Court pages 173–177
   4. 32 Mode of Execution and Stay of Execution pages 178–184
   5. 33 Arrest and Detention in Execution pages 185–190
   6. 34 Attachment of Property pages 191–199
   7. 35 Sale in Execution pages 200–207
   8. 36 Resistance to Delivery of Possession pages 208–213
   9. 37 Attachment before Judgment pages 214–219
   10. 38 Payment into Court and Security for Costs pages 220–225
   11. 39 Commissions pages 226–232
   12. 40 Temporary Injunctions and Interim Orders pages 233–239
   13. 41 Interpleader Suits pages 240–245
   14. 42 Special Case pages 246–250
   15. 43 Summary Procedure pages 251–256
   16. 44 Settlement of Disputes Outside the Court pages 257–261

   Module IV. Receivers, Appeals and other procedures and Law of Limitation 16 chapters

   1. 45 Appointment of Receivers pages 262–267
   2. 46 Appeals from Original Decrees pages 268–276
   3. 47 Appeals from Appellate Decrees pages 277–281
   4. 48 Appeals from Orders pages 282–286
   5. 49 Appeals to the Supreme Court pages 287–291
   6. 50 Reference, Review and Revision pages 292–299
   7. 51 Inherent Powers, Caveat and Miscellaneous pages 300–306
   8. 52 Affidavits and Exemption from Personal Appearance pages 307–312
   9. 53 Chartered High Courts and Small Cause Courts pages 313–318
   10. 54 Object and Features of the Limitation Act 1963 pages 319–325
   11. 55 Bar of Limitation and Condonation of Delay pages 326–330
   12. 56 Legal Disability pages 331–336
   13. 57 Computation of the Period of Limitation pages 337–343
   14. 58 Effect of Acknowledgment and Part Payment pages 344–349
   15. 59 Acquisition of Ownership by Possession pages 350–357
   16. 60 The Schedule: How to Find a Period of Limitation pages 358–365
   Every paper that is solved: 9 papers

   • 2025-26
   • 2025-26 - ATKT 60/40
   • 2024-25
   • 2024-25 - ATKT 60/40
   • 2024-25 - ATKT Set 2 60/40
   • 2022-23
   • 2021-22
   • 2019-20
   • 2018-19

Not written yet, and included the day each one lands: Moot Court Exercise and Internship.

Questions