B.Sc. (Information Technology) Semester 2: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

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All the notes of all the subjects in Semester 2, as per the latest syllabus 2026.
The practical subjects too, worked out exercise by exercise: 2 practical books of 199 chapters, beside 6 theory books of 326.
Previous year question papers, with full solutions. PLSQL Practical, Major Practical - II, Fundamentals of Python Programming, Web Programming and Assembly Language Programming have no solved papers, so they are not included.
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PLSQL Practical
Official Notes munotes.in

PLSQL Practical

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 2

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in First Year

PLSQL Practical

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I PL/SQL Blocks, Variables, Control Structures, Cursors and Composite Types
1. What PL/SQL Is, and Why SQL Alone Is Not Enough 1
2. Setting Up: Installing Oracle, Connecting and Typing In the Lab Tables 5
3. Your First Anonymous Block, and SET SERVEROUTPUT ON 10
4. The Parts of a Block: DECLARE, BEGIN, EXCEPTION and END 15
5. Variables and Constants: Declaring, Initialising and NOT NULL 20
6. PL/SQL Data Types: NUMBER, VARCHAR2, CHAR, DATE, BOOLEAN and PLS_INTEGER 26
7. %TYPE: A Variable That Takes Its Type From a Column 31
8. Taking Input: Substitution Variables With & and DEFINE 34
9. Bind Variables: VARIABLE, EXEC and PRINT 39
10. Writing Executable Statements: Assignment, Operators and Expressions 43
11. The Building Blocks of the Language: Identifiers, Literals, Delimiters and Comments 48
12. SQL Functions Inside PL/SQL, and Converting Between Types 52
13. Nested Blocks and Variable Scope 57
14. SELECT INTO: Reading One Row Into Variables 60
15. When SELECT INTO Finds No Row, or More Than One 63
16. INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE From PL/SQL, and SQL%ROWCOUNT 66
17. MERGE: Insert or Update in One Statement 69
18. COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT Inside a Block 72
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued PL/SQL Blocks, Variables, Control Structures, Cursors and Composite Types
1. Sequences: What They Are and CREATE SEQUENCE 76
2. NEXTVAL and CURRVAL, in SQL and in PL/SQL 80
3. Gaps, ALTER SEQUENCE, DROP SEQUENCE, and Identity Columns 85
4. Practical 1, Worked: Programs on Variables, Input and the Lab Tables 90
5. Loops in PL/SQL: The Kinds There Are and What MU Calls Them 95
6. The WHILE Loop 99
7. The "Do Loop": The Basic LOOP With EXIT WHEN at the End 102
8. The Numeric FOR Loop, and REVERSE 106
9. Nested Loops, Loop Labels and CONTINUE 110
10. GOTO, Labels and the NULL Statement 114
11. Practical 2, Worked: Programs With Loops 117
12. The IF Statement 121
13. IF THEN ELSE 124
14. The ELSIF Ladder 127
15. NULL in a Condition: Three-Valued Logic 132
16. The CASE Statement: Simple and Searched, and CASE_NOT_FOUND 138
17. The CASE Expression, in PL/SQL and in SQL 144
18. Practical 3, Worked: Programs With Conditions 149
19. What a Cursor Is: The Work Area Behind Every SQL Statement 154
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued PL/SQL Blocks, Variables, Control Structures, Cursors and Composite Types
1. The Implicit Cursor and Its Attributes 158
2. The Explicit Cursor: DECLARE, OPEN, FETCH and CLOSE 162
3. Explicit Cursor Attributes, and a Loop That Stops in the Right Place 166
4. The Cursor FOR Loop 170
5. The Parameterized Cursor 174
6. FOR UPDATE and WHERE CURRENT OF 179
7. Cursor Variables: REF CURSOR and SYS_REFCURSOR 184
8. Practical 4, Worked: Programs With Cursors 188
9. Composite Data Types: When One Variable Must Hold Many Values 192
10. Records With %ROWTYPE 195
11. User-Defined RECORD Types, and Records in INSERT and UPDATE 199
12. Associative Arrays: INDEX BY Tables 203
13. Nested Tables 206
14. VARRAYs 209
15. Collection Methods: COUNT, FIRST, LAST, NEXT, PRIOR, EXISTS, EXTEND, TRIM, DELETE and LIMIT 212
16. Choosing a Collection, and the Errors Collections Raise 215
17. Collections of Records 218
18. BULK COLLECT and FORALL 224
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Contents continued

Module I continued PL/SQL Blocks, Variables, Control Structures, Cursors and Composite Types
1. Collections Stored in Tables: Nested Table and VARRAY Columns 230
2. Practical 5, Worked: Programs With Records and Collections 235
Module II Procedures, Functions, Triggers, Exceptions and Packages
1. Named Blocks: What a Stored Subprogram Is 240
2. Creating and Running a Procedure 244
3. Procedure Parameters: IN, OUT and IN OUT 247
4. Passing Parameters: Positional, Named and Mixed Notation, and DEFAULT 252
5. When a Procedure Will Not Compile: SHOW ERRORS and USER_ERRORS 256
6. Where a Subprogram Lives: USER_SOURCE, USER_OBJECTS, Recompiling and Dropping 260
7. Procedures That Change Data, and Who Commits 263
8. Local Subprograms, and One Procedure Calling Another 269
9. Practical 6, Worked: Programs With Procedures 274
10. Creating a Function: RETURN and Its Rules 279
11. Calling a Function: From PL/SQL, From SQL and at the SQL Prompt 283
12. What a Function Called From SQL May Not Do 287
13. Recursive Functions: Factorial and Fibonacci 291
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Contents continued

Module II continued Procedures, Functions, Triggers, Exceptions and Packages
1. Procedure or Function: How to Choose 295
2. Practical 7, Worked: Programs With Functions 298
3. What a Trigger Is, and When It Fires 303
4. The Row Level Trigger: FOR EACH ROW, :NEW and :OLD 310
5. BEFORE Row Triggers That Correct or Reject a Row 314
6. AFTER Row Triggers: Keeping an Audit Trail 319
7. INSERTING, UPDATING and DELETING, UPDATE OF and the WHEN Clause 324
8. The Statement Level Trigger 328
9. Row and Statement Triggers Together: The Order They Fire In 333
10. The INSTEAD OF Trigger on a View 337
11. The Mutating Table Error, and Compound Triggers 341
12. Managing Triggers: Disabling, Enabling, Dropping and USER_TRIGGERS 345
13. Triggers on Other Events: DDL and Database Events 349
14. Practical 8, Worked: Programs With Triggers 356
15. Exceptions: What Happens When a Block Fails 362
16. The EXCEPTION Section, WHEN and WHEN OTHERS 366
17. Oracle's Predefined Exceptions 370
18. Naming an Oracle Error Yourself: PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT 374
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Contents continued

Module II continued Procedures, Functions, Triggers, Exceptions and Packages
1. User-Defined Exceptions: Declare, RAISE and Handle 377
2. RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR 380
3. SQLCODE and SQLERRM 386
4. How an Exception Travels: Propagation and Re-raising 390
5. Practical 9, Worked: Programs With Exceptions 396
6. What a Package Is: Specification and Body 401
7. Creating a Package: A First Specification and Body 405
8. Public and Private Parts, and Package Variables That Remember 409
9. Overloading: Two Subprograms With One Name 413
10. The Initialisation Section, and Forward Declarations 417
11. Oracle's Own Packages: DBMS_OUTPUT Up Close 421
12. Managing Packages: USER_SOURCE, Recompiling and Dropping 425
13. Practical 10, Worked: A Complete Package for the Lab Tables 432
Module J The journal and the practical examination
1. What Goes in the Journal, and the Shape of One Write-up 438
2. The Practical Examination: Two Hours, Thirty Marks 442
3. Sample Practical Slips for Module 1, Worked 446
4. Sample Practical Slips for Module 2, Worked 451
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Contents continued

Module J continued The journal and the practical examination
1. The Viva: What Is Asked, and How to Answer 457
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Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
462 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 462 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 106 chapters across 3 modules
Module I PL/SQL Blocks, Variables, Control Structures, Cursors and Composite Types 57 chapters
1. 1 What PL/SQL Is, and Why SQL Alone Is Not Enough pages 1 to 4
2. 2 Setting Up: Installing Oracle, Connecting and Typing In the Lab Tables pages 5 to 9
3. 3 Your First Anonymous Block, and SET SERVEROUTPUT ON pages 10 to 14
4. 4 The Parts of a Block: DECLARE, BEGIN, EXCEPTION and END pages 15 to 19
5. 5 Variables and Constants: Declaring, Initialising and NOT NULL pages 20 to 25
6. 6 PL/SQL Data Types: NUMBER, VARCHAR2, CHAR, DATE, BOOLEAN and PLS_INTEGER pages 26 to 30
7. 7 %TYPE: A Variable That Takes Its Type From a Column pages 31 to 33
8. 8 Taking Input: Substitution Variables With & and DEFINE pages 34 to 38
9. 9 Bind Variables: VARIABLE, EXEC and PRINT pages 39 to 42
10. 10 Writing Executable Statements: Assignment, Operators and Expressions pages 43 to 47
11. 11 The Building Blocks of the Language: Identifiers, Literals, Delimiters and Comments pages 48 to 51
12. 12 SQL Functions Inside PL/SQL, and Converting Between Types pages 52 to 56
13. 13 Nested Blocks and Variable Scope pages 57 to 59
14. 14 SELECT INTO: Reading One Row Into Variables pages 60 to 62
15. 15 When SELECT INTO Finds No Row, or More Than One pages 63 to 65
16. 16 INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE From PL/SQL, and SQL%ROWCOUNT pages 66 to 68
17. 17 MERGE: Insert or Update in One Statement pages 69 to 71
18. 18 COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT Inside a Block pages 72 to 75
19. 19 Sequences: What They Are and CREATE SEQUENCE pages 76 to 79
20. 20 NEXTVAL and CURRVAL, in SQL and in PL/SQL pages 80 to 84
21. 21 Gaps, ALTER SEQUENCE, DROP SEQUENCE, and Identity Columns pages 85 to 89
22. 22 Practical 1, Worked: Programs on Variables, Input and the Lab Tables pages 90 to 94
23. 23 Loops in PL/SQL: The Kinds There Are and What MU Calls Them pages 95 to 98
24. 24 The WHILE Loop pages 99 to 101
25. 25 The "Do Loop": The Basic LOOP With EXIT WHEN at the End pages 102 to 105
26. 26 The Numeric FOR Loop, and REVERSE pages 106 to 109
27. 27 Nested Loops, Loop Labels and CONTINUE pages 110 to 113
28. 28 GOTO, Labels and the NULL Statement pages 114 to 116
29. 29 Practical 2, Worked: Programs With Loops pages 117 to 120
30. 30 The IF Statement pages 121 to 123
31. 31 IF THEN ELSE pages 124 to 126
32. 32 The ELSIF Ladder pages 127 to 131
33. 33 NULL in a Condition: Three-Valued Logic pages 132 to 137
34. 34 The CASE Statement: Simple and Searched, and CASE_NOT_FOUND pages 138 to 143
35. 35 The CASE Expression, in PL/SQL and in SQL pages 144 to 148
36. 36 Practical 3, Worked: Programs With Conditions pages 149 to 153
37. 37 What a Cursor Is: The Work Area Behind Every SQL Statement pages 154 to 157
38. 38 The Implicit Cursor and Its Attributes pages 158 to 161
39. 39 The Explicit Cursor: DECLARE, OPEN, FETCH and CLOSE pages 162 to 165
40. 40 Explicit Cursor Attributes, and a Loop That Stops in the Right Place pages 166 to 169
41. 41 The Cursor FOR Loop pages 170 to 173
42. 42 The Parameterized Cursor pages 174 to 178
43. 43 FOR UPDATE and WHERE CURRENT OF pages 179 to 183
44. 44 Cursor Variables: REF CURSOR and SYS_REFCURSOR pages 184 to 187
45. 45 Practical 4, Worked: Programs With Cursors pages 188 to 191
46. 46 Composite Data Types: When One Variable Must Hold Many Values pages 192 to 194
47. 47 Records With %ROWTYPE pages 195 to 198
48. 48 User-Defined RECORD Types, and Records in INSERT and UPDATE pages 199 to 202
49. 49 Associative Arrays: INDEX BY Tables pages 203 to 205
50. 50 Nested Tables pages 206 to 208
51. 51 VARRAYs pages 209 to 211
52. 52 Collection Methods: COUNT, FIRST, LAST, NEXT, PRIOR, EXISTS, EXTEND, TRIM, DELETE and LIMIT pages 212 to 214
53. 53 Choosing a Collection, and the Errors Collections Raise pages 215 to 217
54. 54 Collections of Records pages 218 to 223
55. 55 BULK COLLECT and FORALL pages 224 to 229
56. 56 Collections Stored in Tables: Nested Table and VARRAY Columns pages 230 to 234
57. 57 Practical 5, Worked: Programs With Records and Collections pages 235 to 239
Module II Procedures, Functions, Triggers, Exceptions and Packages 44 chapters
1. 58 Named Blocks: What a Stored Subprogram Is pages 240 to 243
2. 59 Creating and Running a Procedure pages 244 to 246
3. 60 Procedure Parameters: IN, OUT and IN OUT pages 247 to 251
4. 61 Passing Parameters: Positional, Named and Mixed Notation, and DEFAULT pages 252 to 255
5. 62 When a Procedure Will Not Compile: SHOW ERRORS and USER_ERRORS pages 256 to 259
6. 63 Where a Subprogram Lives: USER_SOURCE, USER_OBJECTS, Recompiling and Dropping pages 260 to 262
7. 64 Procedures That Change Data, and Who Commits pages 263 to 268
8. 65 Local Subprograms, and One Procedure Calling Another pages 269 to 273
9. 66 Practical 6, Worked: Programs With Procedures pages 274 to 278
10. 67 Creating a Function: RETURN and Its Rules pages 279 to 282
11. 68 Calling a Function: From PL/SQL, From SQL and at the SQL Prompt pages 283 to 286
12. 69 What a Function Called From SQL May Not Do pages 287 to 290
13. 70 Recursive Functions: Factorial and Fibonacci pages 291 to 294
14. 71 Procedure or Function: How to Choose pages 295 to 297
15. 72 Practical 7, Worked: Programs With Functions pages 298 to 302
16. 73 What a Trigger Is, and When It Fires pages 303 to 309
17. 74 The Row Level Trigger: FOR EACH ROW, :NEW and :OLD pages 310 to 313
18. 75 BEFORE Row Triggers That Correct or Reject a Row pages 314 to 318
19. 76 AFTER Row Triggers: Keeping an Audit Trail pages 319 to 323
20. 77 INSERTING, UPDATING and DELETING, UPDATE OF and the WHEN Clause pages 324 to 327
21. 78 The Statement Level Trigger pages 328 to 332
22. 79 Row and Statement Triggers Together: The Order They Fire In pages 333 to 336
23. 80 The INSTEAD OF Trigger on a View pages 337 to 340
24. 81 The Mutating Table Error, and Compound Triggers pages 341 to 344
25. 82 Managing Triggers: Disabling, Enabling, Dropping and USER_TRIGGERS pages 345 to 348
26. 83 Triggers on Other Events: DDL and Database Events pages 349 to 355
27. 84 Practical 8, Worked: Programs With Triggers pages 356 to 361
28. 85 Exceptions: What Happens When a Block Fails pages 362 to 365
29. 86 The EXCEPTION Section, WHEN and WHEN OTHERS pages 366 to 369
30. 87 Oracle's Predefined Exceptions pages 370 to 373
31. 88 Naming an Oracle Error Yourself: PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT pages 374 to 376
32. 89 User-Defined Exceptions: Declare, RAISE and Handle pages 377 to 379
33. 90 RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR pages 380 to 385
34. 91 SQLCODE and SQLERRM pages 386 to 389
35. 92 How an Exception Travels: Propagation and Re-raising pages 390 to 395
36. 93 Practical 9, Worked: Programs With Exceptions pages 396 to 400
37. 94 What a Package Is: Specification and Body pages 401 to 404
38. 95 Creating a Package: A First Specification and Body pages 405 to 408
39. 96 Public and Private Parts, and Package Variables That Remember pages 409 to 412
40. 97 Overloading: Two Subprograms With One Name pages 413 to 416
41. 98 The Initialisation Section, and Forward Declarations pages 417 to 420
42. 99 Oracle's Own Packages: DBMS_OUTPUT Up Close pages 421 to 424
43. 100 Managing Packages: USER_SOURCE, Recompiling and Dropping pages 425 to 431
44. 101 Practical 10, Worked: A Complete Package for the Lab Tables pages 432 to 437
Module J The journal and the practical examination 5 chapters
1. 102 What Goes in the Journal, and the Shape of One Write-up pages 438 to 441
2. 103 The Practical Examination: Two Hours, Thirty Marks pages 442 to 445
3. 104 Sample Practical Slips for Module 1, Worked pages 446 to 450
4. 105 Sample Practical Slips for Module 2, Worked pages 451 to 456
5. 106 The Viva: What Is Asked, and How to Answer pages 457 to 462
Major Practical - II
Official Notes munotes.in

Major Practical - II

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 2

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in First Year

Major Practical - II

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Object Oriented Programming using C++ Practical
1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Slip, the Journal and the Viva 1
2. The C++ Laboratory from Zero: Writing, Compiling and Running Your First Program 5
3. From C to C++: cin, cout, Namespaces, bool, References and string 10
4. C++ Practical 1(a): A Simple Calculator 14
5. C++ Practical 1(b): Seconds into Hours, Minutes and Seconds 17
6. C++ Practical 1(c): The Volume of a Cube, a Cone and a Rectangular Box 19
7. C++ Practical 2(a): The Greatest of Three Numbers 22
8. C++ Practical 2(b): The Sums of the Even and the Odd Numbers up to n 28
9. C++ Practical 2(c): Every Prime Number from 1 to n 33
10. C++ Practical 3(a): A Class Student and Its Object 38
11. C++ Practical 3(b): A Bank Employee Structure, with Withdraw and Deposit 42
12. C++ Practical 3(c): Class Demo with a Private readNo() 47
13. C++ Practical 3(d): A Member Function Defined Outside the Class 52
14. C++ Practical 4(a): A Friend Function Adding Two Complex Numbers 56
15. C++ Practical 4(b): A Friend of Two Classes Adding Two Distances 60
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Contents continued

Module I continued Object Oriented Programming using C++ Practical
1. C++ Practical 4(c): A Friend of Two Classes Adding Two Matrices 64
2. C++ Practical 4(d): The Maximum of Two Numbers Held in Two Classes 68
3. C++ Practical 5(a): Class Complex and Its Constructor 71
4. C++ Practical 5(b): Class Geometry, area() Overloaded, and volume() 75
5. C++ Practical 5(c): Class StaticDemo, a Static Variable and a Static Function 79
6. C++ Practical 5(d): Overloading new and delete for a Class 83
7. C++ Practical 5(e): The Fibonacci Series with a Constructor 87
8. C++ Practical 6(a): Overloading Unary Minus 91
9. C++ Practical 6(b): Adding Two Clock Times with + 97
10. C++ Practical 6(c): Joining Two Strings with + 103
11. C++ Practical 7(a): Method Overriding 109
12. C++ Practical 7(b): A Virtual Function 113
13. C++ Practical 7(c): An Abstract Class 118
14. C++ Practical 8(a): Single Inheritance 123
15. C++ Practical 8(b): Multiple Inheritance 128
16. C++ Practical 8(c): Multi-level Inheritance 132
17. C++ Practical 8(d): Hierarchical Inheritance 136
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Contents continued

Module I continued Object Oriented Programming using C++ Practical
1. C++ Practical 9(a): Exception Handling with try, throw and catch 140
2. C++ Practical 9(b): Exception Handling for Strings 145
3. C++ Practical 9(c): Exception Handling with Pointers 150
4. C++ Practical 10(a): Class FileDemo, Counting the Words and Lines in a File 154
5. C++ Practical 10(b): A Class Handling Several Files 159
6. C++ Practical 10(c): An Editor for Appending to and Editing Files 164
Module II Web Designing Practical
1. Web Practical 1(a): Elements, Tags and the Structure of an HTML File 169
2. Web Practical 1(b): Basic and Advanced Text Formatting Tags 178
3. Web Practical 1(c): Ordered, Unordered and Description Lists 185
4. Web Practical 1(d): Background and Foreground Colours 190
5. Web Practical 1(e): Nested Lists and Special Characters 195
6. Web Practical 1(f): Your CV on a Web Page 202
7. Web Practical 2(a): Links Between Pages, and Navigation 210
8. Web Practical 2(b): A Page That Redirects Automatically 217
9. Web Practical 2(c): A Link to an E-Mail Address 222
10. Web Practical 2(d): Styles for Nested Tags 227
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Contents continued

Module II continued Web Designing Practical
1. Web Practical 2(e): Styles Applied to Hyperlinks 233
2. Web Practical 2(f): Creating and Linking an External Style Sheet 239
3. Web Practical 3(a): Formatting Text with Style Sheets 246
4. Web Practical 3(b): Indenting a Paragraph, a Border Round It, and Its Alignment 253
5. Web Practical 3(c): Inline Spans and the Space Between Lines 260
6. Web Practical 3(d): An Image, Its Size and Its Padding 266
7. Web Practical 3(e): An Image as a Hyperlink 274
8. Web Practical 3(f): Thumbnail Graphics and Text for Graphics 280
9. Web Practical 4(a): A Time Table in a Table 285
10. Web Practical 4(b): The Marks Table MU Prints 290
11. Web Practical 4(c): Merging Table Cells 296
12. Web Practical 4(d): A Text-Based Navigation Bar 301
13. Web Practical 4(e): A Graphical Navigation Bar 308
14. Web Practical 4(f): An Image Map 315
15. Web Practical 5(a): A Form with Every Type of Control 321
16. Web Practical 5(b): A College Admission Form 329
17. Web Practical 5(c): The Sign In Form MU Prints 337
18. Web Practical 5(d): A Video Clip on a Page 343
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Contents continued

Module II continued Web Designing Practical
1. Web Practical 5(e): An Audio Clip on a Page 349
2. Web Practical 5(f): Image, Audio and Video on One Page 355
3. JavaScript from Zero: Where a Script Goes and How It Talks to the Page 362
4. Web Practical 6(a): The Factorial of a Number the User Enters 373
5. Web Practical 6(b): The Fibonacci Series, or Any Given Series 380
6. Web Practical 6(c): Every Prime Number from 1 to 100 388
7. Web Practical 6(d): The Sum of the Digits of a Number 395
8. Web Practical 7(a): The Document Object and Its Methods 402
9. Web Practical 7(b): Validating Text Fields, Drop-down Lists and Check Boxes 408
10. Web Practical 7(c): Validating Radio Buttons and Multi-Select Boxes 415
11. Web Practical 7(d): Prompting for the User's Name and Showing It 420
12. Web Practical 8(a): onabort, onblur, onchange, onclick and ondblclick 426
13. Web Practical 8(b): onDragDrop, the Drag and Drop Events of Today, onerror and onfocus 433
14. Web Practical 8(c): The Key, Load, Reset, Resize, Select, Submit and Unload Events 440
15. Web Practical 8(d): The Mouse Events, and onMove 448
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Contents continued

Module II continued Web Designing Practical
1. Web Practical 9(a): jQuery and Its Effects 455
2. Web Practical 9(b): The Data Passed with on() for Each Element 463
3. Web Practical 9(c): jQuery Events 469
4. Web Practical 9(d): jQuery Traversal and Manipulation 476
5. Web Practical 10(a): Creating JSON 486
6. Web Practical 10(b): Parsing JSON 495
7. Web Practical 10(c): Persisting JSON 501
8. Web Practical 10(d): JSON Objects in an Array, Printed on the Page 508
9. Web Practical 10(e): Reading a JSON File into the Page 515
Module J The journal, the slip and the viva
1. Keeping the Journal, and What Goes on Each Page 521
2. A Worked Practical Slip: Q1, Q2 and Q3 531
3. The Viva: Questions Asked at the Table 540
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Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
556 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 556 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 93 chapters across 3 modules
Module I Object Oriented Programming using C++ Practical 38 chapters
1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Slip, the Journal and the Viva pages 1 to 4
2. 2 The C++ Laboratory from Zero: Writing, Compiling and Running Your First Program pages 5 to 9
3. 3 From C to C++: cin, cout, Namespaces, bool, References and string pages 10 to 13
4. 4 C++ Practical 1(a): A Simple Calculator pages 14 to 16
5. 5 C++ Practical 1(b): Seconds into Hours, Minutes and Seconds pages 17 to 18
6. 6 C++ Practical 1(c): The Volume of a Cube, a Cone and a Rectangular Box pages 19 to 21
7. 7 C++ Practical 2(a): The Greatest of Three Numbers pages 22 to 27
8. 8 C++ Practical 2(b): The Sums of the Even and the Odd Numbers up to n pages 28 to 32
9. 9 C++ Practical 2(c): Every Prime Number from 1 to n pages 33 to 37
10. 10 C++ Practical 3(a): A Class Student and Its Object pages 38 to 41
11. 11 C++ Practical 3(b): A Bank Employee Structure, with Withdraw and Deposit pages 42 to 46
12. 12 C++ Practical 3(c): Class Demo with a Private readNo() pages 47 to 51
13. 13 C++ Practical 3(d): A Member Function Defined Outside the Class pages 52 to 55
14. 14 C++ Practical 4(a): A Friend Function Adding Two Complex Numbers pages 56 to 59
15. 15 C++ Practical 4(b): A Friend of Two Classes Adding Two Distances pages 60 to 63
16. 16 C++ Practical 4(c): A Friend of Two Classes Adding Two Matrices pages 64 to 67
17. 17 C++ Practical 4(d): The Maximum of Two Numbers Held in Two Classes pages 68 to 70
18. 18 C++ Practical 5(a): Class Complex and Its Constructor pages 71 to 74
19. 19 C++ Practical 5(b): Class Geometry, area() Overloaded, and volume() pages 75 to 78
20. 20 C++ Practical 5(c): Class StaticDemo, a Static Variable and a Static Function pages 79 to 82
21. 21 C++ Practical 5(d): Overloading new and delete for a Class pages 83 to 86
22. 22 C++ Practical 5(e): The Fibonacci Series with a Constructor pages 87 to 90
23. 23 C++ Practical 6(a): Overloading Unary Minus pages 91 to 96
24. 24 C++ Practical 6(b): Adding Two Clock Times with + pages 97 to 102
25. 25 C++ Practical 6(c): Joining Two Strings with + pages 103 to 108
26. 26 C++ Practical 7(a): Method Overriding pages 109 to 112
27. 27 C++ Practical 7(b): A Virtual Function pages 113 to 117
28. 28 C++ Practical 7(c): An Abstract Class pages 118 to 122
29. 29 C++ Practical 8(a): Single Inheritance pages 123 to 127
30. 30 C++ Practical 8(b): Multiple Inheritance pages 128 to 131
31. 31 C++ Practical 8(c): Multi-level Inheritance pages 132 to 135
32. 32 C++ Practical 8(d): Hierarchical Inheritance pages 136 to 139
33. 33 C++ Practical 9(a): Exception Handling with try, throw and catch pages 140 to 144
34. 34 C++ Practical 9(b): Exception Handling for Strings pages 145 to 149
35. 35 C++ Practical 9(c): Exception Handling with Pointers pages 150 to 153
36. 36 C++ Practical 10(a): Class FileDemo, Counting the Words and Lines in a File pages 154 to 158
37. 37 C++ Practical 10(b): A Class Handling Several Files pages 159 to 163
38. 38 C++ Practical 10(c): An Editor for Appending to and Editing Files pages 164 to 168
Module II Web Designing Practical 52 chapters
1. 39 Web Practical 1(a): Elements, Tags and the Structure of an HTML File pages 169 to 177
2. 40 Web Practical 1(b): Basic and Advanced Text Formatting Tags pages 178 to 184
3. 41 Web Practical 1(c): Ordered, Unordered and Description Lists pages 185 to 189
4. 42 Web Practical 1(d): Background and Foreground Colours pages 190 to 194
5. 43 Web Practical 1(e): Nested Lists and Special Characters pages 195 to 201
6. 44 Web Practical 1(f): Your CV on a Web Page pages 202 to 209
7. 45 Web Practical 2(a): Links Between Pages, and Navigation pages 210 to 216
8. 46 Web Practical 2(b): A Page That Redirects Automatically pages 217 to 221
9. 47 Web Practical 2(c): A Link to an E-Mail Address pages 222 to 226
10. 48 Web Practical 2(d): Styles for Nested Tags pages 227 to 232
11. 49 Web Practical 2(e): Styles Applied to Hyperlinks pages 233 to 238
12. 50 Web Practical 2(f): Creating and Linking an External Style Sheet pages 239 to 245
13. 51 Web Practical 3(a): Formatting Text with Style Sheets pages 246 to 252
14. 52 Web Practical 3(b): Indenting a Paragraph, a Border Round It, and Its Alignment pages 253 to 259
15. 53 Web Practical 3(c): Inline Spans and the Space Between Lines pages 260 to 265
16. 54 Web Practical 3(d): An Image, Its Size and Its Padding pages 266 to 273
17. 55 Web Practical 3(e): An Image as a Hyperlink pages 274 to 279
18. 56 Web Practical 3(f): Thumbnail Graphics and Text for Graphics pages 280 to 284
19. 57 Web Practical 4(a): A Time Table in a Table pages 285 to 289
20. 58 Web Practical 4(b): The Marks Table MU Prints pages 290 to 295
21. 59 Web Practical 4(c): Merging Table Cells pages 296 to 300
22. 60 Web Practical 4(d): A Text-Based Navigation Bar pages 301 to 307
23. 61 Web Practical 4(e): A Graphical Navigation Bar pages 308 to 314
24. 62 Web Practical 4(f): An Image Map pages 315 to 320
25. 63 Web Practical 5(a): A Form with Every Type of Control pages 321 to 328
26. 64 Web Practical 5(b): A College Admission Form pages 329 to 336
27. 65 Web Practical 5(c): The Sign In Form MU Prints pages 337 to 342
28. 66 Web Practical 5(d): A Video Clip on a Page pages 343 to 348
29. 67 Web Practical 5(e): An Audio Clip on a Page pages 349 to 354
30. 68 Web Practical 5(f): Image, Audio and Video on One Page pages 355 to 361
31. 69 JavaScript from Zero: Where a Script Goes and How It Talks to the Page pages 362 to 372
32. 70 Web Practical 6(a): The Factorial of a Number the User Enters pages 373 to 379
33. 71 Web Practical 6(b): The Fibonacci Series, or Any Given Series pages 380 to 387
34. 72 Web Practical 6(c): Every Prime Number from 1 to 100 pages 388 to 394
35. 73 Web Practical 6(d): The Sum of the Digits of a Number pages 395 to 401
36. 74 Web Practical 7(a): The Document Object and Its Methods pages 402 to 407
37. 75 Web Practical 7(b): Validating Text Fields, Drop-down Lists and Check Boxes pages 408 to 414
38. 76 Web Practical 7(c): Validating Radio Buttons and Multi-Select Boxes pages 415 to 419
39. 77 Web Practical 7(d): Prompting for the User's Name and Showing It pages 420 to 425
40. 78 Web Practical 8(a): onabort, onblur, onchange, onclick and ondblclick pages 426 to 432
41. 79 Web Practical 8(b): onDragDrop, the Drag and Drop Events of Today, onerror and onfocus pages 433 to 439
42. 80 Web Practical 8(c): The Key, Load, Reset, Resize, Select, Submit and Unload Events pages 440 to 447
43. 81 Web Practical 8(d): The Mouse Events, and onMove pages 448 to 454
44. 82 Web Practical 9(a): jQuery and Its Effects pages 455 to 462
45. 83 Web Practical 9(b): The Data Passed with on() for Each Element pages 463 to 468
46. 84 Web Practical 9(c): jQuery Events pages 469 to 475
47. 85 Web Practical 9(d): jQuery Traversal and Manipulation pages 476 to 485
48. 86 Web Practical 10(a): Creating JSON pages 486 to 494
49. 87 Web Practical 10(b): Parsing JSON pages 495 to 500
50. 88 Web Practical 10(c): Persisting JSON pages 501 to 507
51. 89 Web Practical 10(d): JSON Objects in an Array, Printed on the Page pages 508 to 514
52. 90 Web Practical 10(e): Reading a JSON File into the Page pages 515 to 520
Module J The journal, the slip and the viva 3 chapters
1. 91 Keeping the Journal, and What Goes on Each Page pages 521 to 530
2. 92 A Worked Practical Slip: Q1, Q2 and Q3 pages 531 to 539
3. 93 The Viva: Questions Asked at the Table pages 540 to 556
Fundamentals of Python Programming
Official Notes munotes.in

Fundamentals of Python Programming

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 2

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in First Year

Fundamentals of Python Programming

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Overview of Python: History & Versions, Features of Python, Execution of a Python
1. Python: Its History and Its Versions 1
2. The Features of Python 9
3. How a Python Program Is Executed 16
4. The Flavours of Python 24
5. The Innards of Python and the Python Interpreter 31
6. Memory Management and Garbage Collection in Python 39
7. Python Compared with C and Java 46
8. Installing Python and Running Your First Program 54
9. Getting Help, and IDLE 61
10. Comments and Docstrings 69
11. Data Types, and the Numeric Types: int, float and complex 77
12. Compound Data Types: Strings, Lists, Tuples and range 85
13. The Boolean Data Type 92
14. Dictionaries, Sets and Mappings: A First Look 98
15. The Basic Elements of Python: Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers and Literals 106
16. Variables: Names, Values and Assignment 115
17. Arithmetic, Assignment and Unary Minus Operators 122
18. Relational Operators 131
19. Logical Operators 138
20. Bitwise Operators 146
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Overview of Python: History & Versions, Features of Python, Execution of a Python
1. Membership and Identity Operators 154
2. Precedence and Associativity of Operators 161
3. Reading Input: The input() Function 169
4. Output Statements and the Forms of print() 176
5. Printing a Formatted String 183
6. Command Line Arguments 190
7. Control Statements and the if Statement 197
8. The if...else and if...elif...else Statements 205
9. The while Loop 213
10. The for Loop and range() 220
11. Infinite Loops and Nested Loops 226
12. The else Suite of a Loop 234
13. break, continue and pass 242
14. The assert and return Statements 250
15. Practicals: Hello World, Adding Two Numbers and a Square Root 257
16. Practicals: The Area of a Triangle, Odd or Even, and a Leap Year 266
17. Practicals: The Largest of Three Numbers and a Prime Number 275
18. Practicals: The Factorial of a Number and Kilometres to Miles 285
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Overview of Python: History & Versions, Features of Python, Execution of a Python
1. Creating Strings and the Functions of Strings 293
2. Working with Strings: Length, Indexing and Slicing 301
3. Repeating, Concatenating, Checking Membership and Comparing Strings 308
4. Removing Spaces, and Finding and Counting Substrings 317
5. Strings Are Immutable, and Splitting and Joining Them 325
6. Changing Case, and Checking the Start and End of a String 332
7. Sorting Strings, Searching in Strings and the Testing Methods 340
8. Formatting Strings 348
9. Counting Characters and Words, and Inserting a Substring 356
10. Practicals: A Vowel Check, and the Length of a List or String 364
11. Practicals: Palindrome, Reversed Words and a Pangram 372
Module II List and Tuples: Lists, List Functions and Methods, List Operations, List Slices, Nested
1. Lists, and the List Functions and Methods 380
2. List Operations and List Slices 388
3. Nested Lists 396
4. Tuples and the Functions in a Tuple 404
5. Creating a Dictionary, and the Operators in a Dictionary 412
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued List and Tuples: Lists, List Functions and Methods, List Operations, List Slices, Nested
1. Dictionary Methods 421
2. Looping Over a Dictionary, and Operations on Dictionaries 429
3. Converting Lists and Strings into a Dictionary, and Passing One to a Function 437
4. Sorting a Dictionary with lambda, and Ordered Dictionaries 445
5. Arrays: Creating Them, Indexing and Slicing 453
6. Basic Array Operations, Processing an Array and Mathematical Operations 462
7. Aliasing an Array: a View and a Copy 471
8. NumPy Arrays: Basic Slicing and Advanced Indexing 479
9. The Dimensions and Attributes of an Array 488
10. Defining a Function, Calling It and Returning Results 496
11. Returning Multiple Values from a Function 505
12. The Built-in Functions, and a Function Against a Method 513
13. Passing a Value by Object Reference 522
14. Parameters and Arguments: Formal, Actual, Positional, Keyword and Default 530
15. Arbitrary Arguments: *args and **kwargs 538
16. Recursive Functions 546
17. Lambda Functions with filter(), map() and reduce() 555
18. Modules in Python 564
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued List and Tuples: Lists, List Functions and Methods, List Operations, List Slices, Nested
1. Practicals: A Common Member of Two Lists, and Removing Chosen Elements 572
2. Practicals: An Array of Numbers, Sorting a Dictionary and Concatenating Dictionaries 581
3. Practicals: Summing a Dictionary, the LCM and HCF, and an ASCII Value 590
4. Practicals: A Simple Calculator, and a Range of Items in an Array 599
5. The Practical Examination: The Slip, the Journal and the Viva 609
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
617 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 617 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 77 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Python Basics: Data Types, Operators, Input and Output, Control Statements and Strings 49 chapters
1. 1 Python: Its History and Its Versions pages 1 to 8
2. 2 The Features of Python pages 9 to 15
3. 3 How a Python Program Is Executed pages 16 to 23
4. 4 The Flavours of Python pages 24 to 30
5. 5 The Innards of Python and the Python Interpreter pages 31 to 38
6. 6 Memory Management and Garbage Collection in Python pages 39 to 45
7. 7 Python Compared with C and Java pages 46 to 53
8. 8 Installing Python and Running Your First Program pages 54 to 60
9. 9 Getting Help, and IDLE pages 61 to 68
10. 10 Comments and Docstrings pages 69 to 76
11. 11 Data Types, and the Numeric Types: int, float and complex pages 77 to 84
12. 12 Compound Data Types: Strings, Lists, Tuples and range pages 85 to 91
13. 13 The Boolean Data Type pages 92 to 97
14. 14 Dictionaries, Sets and Mappings: A First Look pages 98 to 105
15. 15 The Basic Elements of Python: Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers and Literals pages 106 to 114
16. 16 Variables: Names, Values and Assignment pages 115 to 121
17. 17 Arithmetic, Assignment and Unary Minus Operators pages 122 to 130
18. 18 Relational Operators pages 131 to 137
19. 19 Logical Operators pages 138 to 145
20. 20 Bitwise Operators pages 146 to 153
21. 21 Membership and Identity Operators pages 154 to 160
22. 22 Precedence and Associativity of Operators pages 161 to 168
23. 23 Reading Input: The input() Function pages 169 to 175
24. 24 Output Statements and the Forms of print() pages 176 to 182
25. 25 Printing a Formatted String pages 183 to 189
26. 26 Command Line Arguments pages 190 to 196
27. 27 Control Statements and the if Statement pages 197 to 204
28. 28 The if...else and if...elif...else Statements pages 205 to 212
29. 29 The while Loop pages 213 to 219
30. 30 The for Loop and range() pages 220 to 225
31. 31 Infinite Loops and Nested Loops pages 226 to 233
32. 32 The else Suite of a Loop pages 234 to 241
33. 33 break, continue and pass pages 242 to 249
34. 34 The assert and return Statements pages 250 to 256
35. 35 Practicals: Hello World, Adding Two Numbers and a Square Root pages 257 to 265
36. 36 Practicals: The Area of a Triangle, Odd or Even, and a Leap Year pages 266 to 274
37. 37 Practicals: The Largest of Three Numbers and a Prime Number pages 275 to 284
38. 38 Practicals: The Factorial of a Number and Kilometres to Miles pages 285 to 292
39. 39 Creating Strings and the Functions of Strings pages 293 to 300
40. 40 Working with Strings: Length, Indexing and Slicing pages 301 to 307
41. 41 Repeating, Concatenating, Checking Membership and Comparing Strings pages 308 to 316
42. 42 Removing Spaces, and Finding and Counting Substrings pages 317 to 324
43. 43 Strings Are Immutable, and Splitting and Joining Them pages 325 to 331
44. 44 Changing Case, and Checking the Start and End of a String pages 332 to 339
45. 45 Sorting Strings, Searching in Strings and the Testing Methods pages 340 to 347
46. 46 Formatting Strings pages 348 to 355
47. 47 Counting Characters and Words, and Inserting a Substring pages 356 to 363
48. 48 Practicals: A Vowel Check, and the Length of a List or String pages 364 to 371
49. 49 Practicals: Palindrome, Reversed Words and a Pangram pages 372 to 379
Module II Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, Arrays, Functions and Modules 28 chapters
1. 50 Lists, and the List Functions and Methods pages 380 to 387
2. 51 List Operations and List Slices pages 388 to 395
3. 52 Nested Lists pages 396 to 403
4. 53 Tuples and the Functions in a Tuple pages 404 to 411
5. 54 Creating a Dictionary, and the Operators in a Dictionary pages 412 to 420
6. 55 Dictionary Methods pages 421 to 428
7. 56 Looping Over a Dictionary, and Operations on Dictionaries pages 429 to 436
8. 57 Converting Lists and Strings into a Dictionary, and Passing One to a Function pages 437 to 444
9. 58 Sorting a Dictionary with lambda, and Ordered Dictionaries pages 445 to 452
10. 59 Arrays: Creating Them, Indexing and Slicing pages 453 to 461
11. 60 Basic Array Operations, Processing an Array and Mathematical Operations pages 462 to 470
12. 61 Aliasing an Array: a View and a Copy pages 471 to 478
13. 62 NumPy Arrays: Basic Slicing and Advanced Indexing pages 479 to 487
14. 63 The Dimensions and Attributes of an Array pages 488 to 495
15. 64 Defining a Function, Calling It and Returning Results pages 496 to 504
16. 65 Returning Multiple Values from a Function pages 505 to 512
17. 66 The Built-in Functions, and a Function Against a Method pages 513 to 521
18. 67 Passing a Value by Object Reference pages 522 to 529
19. 68 Parameters and Arguments: Formal, Actual, Positional, Keyword and Default pages 530 to 537
20. 69 Arbitrary Arguments: *args and **kwargs pages 538 to 545
21. 70 Recursive Functions pages 546 to 554
22. 71 Lambda Functions with filter(), map() and reduce() pages 555 to 563
23. 72 Modules in Python pages 564 to 571
24. 73 Practicals: A Common Member of Two Lists, and Removing Chosen Elements pages 572 to 580
25. 74 Practicals: An Array of Numbers, Sorting a Dictionary and Concatenating Dictionaries pages 581 to 589
26. 75 Practicals: Summing a Dictionary, the LCM and HCF, and an ASCII Value pages 590 to 598
27. 76 Practicals: A Simple Calculator, and a Range of Items in an Array pages 599 to 608
28. 77 The Practical Examination: The Slip, the Journal and the Viva pages 609 to 617
Web Programming
Official Notes munotes.in

Web Programming

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 2

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in First Year

Web Programming

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Practical 1 to Practical 5
1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Slip, the Journal and the Viva 1
2. How a Web Page Reaches You: the Browser, the Server and the Request 5
3. The Laboratory from Zero: XAMPP, htdocs and localhost 9
4. HTML for These Practicals: a Page, a Table and a Form 13
5. CSS for These Practicals: Selectors, Colours and the Box 17
6. JavaScript from Zero: Where a Script Goes and How It Shows a Result 21
7. Practical 1(a): the String Object 26
8. Practical 1(a): the RegExp Object 30
9. Practical 1(a): the Math Object 34
10. Practical 1(a): the Date Object 38
11. Practical 1(b): the Window Object 46
12. Practical 1(b): the Navigator Object 53
13. Practical 1(b): the History Object 57
14. Practical 1(b): the Location Object 61
15. Practical 1(b): the Document Object 66
16. Practical 1(c): Storing and Retrieving Cookies in JavaScript 71
17. XML from Zero: Elements, Attributes and a Well-Formed File 76
18. Practical 2: an Internal DTD and an External DTD 80
19. Practical 2(a): Showing XML with CSS 86
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Practical 1 to Practical 5
1. Practical 2(b): Showing XML with XSL 90
2. PHP from Zero: the Tags, echo, Variables and Operators 97
3. PHP Decisions, Loops and Functions 105
4. Practical 3: Factorial 111
5. Practical 3: the Fibonacci Series 116
6. Practical 3: Prime Numbers in a Given Range 123
7. Practical 3: Evaluating Expressions 129
8. Practical 4(a): Reading a Form with GET and POST 137
9. Practical 4(a): Check Boxes, Radio Buttons, Lists and One-Page Forms 142
10. Practical 4(b): Indexed and Associative Arrays 148
11. Practical 4(b): Array Functions: Sort, Search and Count 153
12. Practical 4(c): Writing a File and Reading It Back 159
13. Practical 5(a): Sessions and Cookies in PHP 164
14. Practical 5(b): Filters, Validating and Cleaning Input 169
15. jQuery from Zero: Selecting and Changing a Page 176
16. Validating a Form with jQuery 182
17. Asynchronous Requests: fetch and jQuery ajax with PHP 187
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II Practical 6 to Practical 10
1. MySQL from Zero: Databases, Tables, Rows and SQL 192
2. Connecting PHP to MySQL with mysqli 197
3. Practical 6(a): Creating the Database College 202
4. Practical 6(b): Creating the Table Department 205
5. Practical 6(c): the Student Table, Three Records, and 35 to 75 Percent 210
6. Prepared Statements, and Why Typed Input Never Goes into SQL Text 215
7. Practical 7(a): Updating Rows in a Table 220
8. Practical 7(b): Deleting Rows from a Table 225
9. Practical 8: a Login Page That Checks a Password 229
10. Practical 9(a): Storing and Retrieving Cookies 236
11. Practical 9(b): Storing and Retrieving Sessions 241
12. Bootstrap from Zero: the Two Links and the Container 246
13. Practical 10(a): a Responsive Layout with the Grid 253
14. Practical 10(b): a Navbar with Dropdown Menus 259
15. Practical 10(c): a Form with Validation 264
Module J The journal, the slip and the viva
1. The Journal: What Each Practical Write-up Holds 269
2. A Practical Slip Worked in Two Hours 273
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module J continued The journal, the slip and the viva
1. The Viva: Questions and Answers for All Ten Practicals 278
2. When It Does Not Work: the Errors You Will Meet 293
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
300 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 300 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 55 chapters across 3 modules
Module I Practical 1 to Practical 5 36 chapters
1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Slip, the Journal and the Viva pages 1 to 4
2. 2 How a Web Page Reaches You: the Browser, the Server and the Request pages 5 to 8
3. 3 The Laboratory from Zero: XAMPP, htdocs and localhost pages 9 to 12
4. 4 HTML for These Practicals: a Page, a Table and a Form pages 13 to 16
5. 5 CSS for These Practicals: Selectors, Colours and the Box pages 17 to 20
6. 6 JavaScript from Zero: Where a Script Goes and How It Shows a Result pages 21 to 25
7. 7 Practical 1(a): the String Object pages 26 to 29
8. 8 Practical 1(a): the RegExp Object pages 30 to 33
9. 9 Practical 1(a): the Math Object pages 34 to 37
10. 10 Practical 1(a): the Date Object pages 38 to 45
11. 11 Practical 1(b): the Window Object pages 46 to 52
12. 12 Practical 1(b): the Navigator Object pages 53 to 56
13. 13 Practical 1(b): the History Object pages 57 to 60
14. 14 Practical 1(b): the Location Object pages 61 to 65
15. 15 Practical 1(b): the Document Object pages 66 to 70
16. 16 Practical 1(c): Storing and Retrieving Cookies in JavaScript pages 71 to 75
17. 17 XML from Zero: Elements, Attributes and a Well-Formed File pages 76 to 79
18. 18 Practical 2: an Internal DTD and an External DTD pages 80 to 85
19. 19 Practical 2(a): Showing XML with CSS pages 86 to 89
20. 20 Practical 2(b): Showing XML with XSL pages 90 to 96
21. 21 PHP from Zero: the Tags, echo, Variables and Operators pages 97 to 104
22. 22 PHP Decisions, Loops and Functions pages 105 to 110
23. 23 Practical 3: Factorial pages 111 to 115
24. 24 Practical 3: the Fibonacci Series pages 116 to 122
25. 25 Practical 3: Prime Numbers in a Given Range pages 123 to 128
26. 26 Practical 3: Evaluating Expressions pages 129 to 136
27. 27 Practical 4(a): Reading a Form with GET and POST pages 137 to 141
28. 28 Practical 4(a): Check Boxes, Radio Buttons, Lists and One-Page Forms pages 142 to 147
29. 29 Practical 4(b): Indexed and Associative Arrays pages 148 to 152
30. 30 Practical 4(b): Array Functions: Sort, Search and Count pages 153 to 158
31. 31 Practical 4(c): Writing a File and Reading It Back pages 159 to 163
32. 32 Practical 5(a): Sessions and Cookies in PHP pages 164 to 168
33. 33 Practical 5(b): Filters, Validating and Cleaning Input pages 169 to 175
34. 34 jQuery from Zero: Selecting and Changing a Page pages 176 to 181
35. 35 Validating a Form with jQuery pages 182 to 186
36. 36 Asynchronous Requests: fetch and jQuery ajax with PHP pages 187 to 191
Module II Practical 6 to Practical 10 15 chapters
1. 37 MySQL from Zero: Databases, Tables, Rows and SQL pages 192 to 196
2. 38 Connecting PHP to MySQL with mysqli pages 197 to 201
3. 39 Practical 6(a): Creating the Database College pages 202 to 204
4. 40 Practical 6(b): Creating the Table Department pages 205 to 209
5. 41 Practical 6(c): the Student Table, Three Records, and 35 to 75 Percent pages 210 to 214
6. 42 Prepared Statements, and Why Typed Input Never Goes into SQL Text pages 215 to 219
7. 43 Practical 7(a): Updating Rows in a Table pages 220 to 224
8. 44 Practical 7(b): Deleting Rows from a Table pages 225 to 228
9. 45 Practical 8: a Login Page That Checks a Password pages 229 to 235
10. 46 Practical 9(a): Storing and Retrieving Cookies pages 236 to 240
11. 47 Practical 9(b): Storing and Retrieving Sessions pages 241 to 245
12. 48 Bootstrap from Zero: the Two Links and the Container pages 246 to 252
13. 49 Practical 10(a): a Responsive Layout with the Grid pages 253 to 258
14. 50 Practical 10(b): a Navbar with Dropdown Menus pages 259 to 263
15. 51 Practical 10(c): a Form with Validation pages 264 to 268
Module J The journal, the slip and the viva 4 chapters
1. 52 The Journal: What Each Practical Write-up Holds pages 269 to 272
2. 53 A Practical Slip Worked in Two Hours pages 273 to 277
3. 54 The Viva: Questions and Answers for All Ten Practicals pages 278 to 292
4. 55 When It Does Not Work: the Errors You Will Meet pages 293 to 300
Problem Solving Using Computer
Official Notes munotes.in

Problem Solving Using Computer

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 2

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in First Year

Problem Solving Using Computer

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Computational Thinking
1. What Computational Thinking Is 1
2. How Computational Thinking Is Used 8
3. The Disclaimers: What Computational Thinking Is Not 15
4. Logical and Algorithmic Thinking: The Approach 23
5. Logical Thinking: Propositions, Arguments, Deduction and Induction 30
6. Logical Thinking: Boolean Logic and Truth Tables 38
7. Algorithmic Thinking: Sequence, Selection and Iteration 47
8. Writing Algorithms Down: Pseudocode and Flowcharts 54
9. The 'Gotchas': Traps in Logic and Algorithms 61
10. Where to Start: Defining a Problem 69
11. Devising a Solution 76
12. Decomposition: Breaking a Problem into Smaller Problems 84
13. Other Effective Strategies for Solving Problems 91
14. Patterns and Generalisation 99
15. Abstraction: Keeping What Matters 107
16. Modelling: Representing a Problem So It Can Be Solved 115
17. Coming to Terms with Bugs 122
18. Designing Out the Bugs 129
19. Mitigating Errors 136
20. Testing: Finding Errors on Purpose 144
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Computational Thinking
1. Debugging, and Deciding Which Errors to Fix 152
2. Evaluating a Solution: Is It Correct? 159
3. Is It Efficient? 167
4. Is It Elegant? Is It Usable? 175
5. Trade-offs 182
Module II Computational Thinking in Python
1. Introducing Python, and Your First Steps 188
2. Basic Types: Numbers, Strings and Booleans 195
3. Basic Operations in Python 202
4. Functions and Comments 211
5. Effective Building Blocks: Logic and the if Statement 218
6. Basic Arithmetic Constructs 226
7. Program State: Variables, Assignment and Tracing 234
8. Advanced Constructs: Loops with while and for 241
9. Advanced Constructs: Lists and Looping over Them 248
10. Organising Code: A First Program with tkinter 255
11. Separating Concerns 262
12. Defining Information Scope: Local and Global Names 269
13. Using Modules 276
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Computational Thinking in Python
1. Packages 284
2. Using Abstractions and Patterns: Finding Patterns in Programs 291
3. Abstractions in Programming 298
4. Built-in Types: Strings, Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries and Sets 305
5. Creating Your Own Types: Classes and Objects 312
6. Ready-made Patterns 319
7. Effective Modelling: Entities 327
8. Effective Modelling: Relationships 334
9. Effective Modelling: Processes 342
10. Effective Modelling: Usage, and Modelling Tips 350
11. Testing and Evaluating Programs: Anticipating Bugs 357
12. Verification and Validation 364
13. Testing in Parts: Unit Tests 371
14. Testing the Whole: Integration, System and Acceptance Testing 380
15. Debugging a Python Program 388
16. A Guided Example: From Problem to Design 396
17. A Guided Example: Coding, Testing and Evaluating 404
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
411 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 411 pages.

Papers

Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2025
Every chapter in the notes: 55 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Computational Thinking 25 chapters
1. 1 What Computational Thinking Is pages 1 to 7
2. 2 How Computational Thinking Is Used pages 8 to 14
3. 3 The Disclaimers: What Computational Thinking Is Not pages 15 to 22
4. 4 Logical and Algorithmic Thinking: The Approach pages 23 to 29
5. 5 Logical Thinking: Propositions, Arguments, Deduction and Induction pages 30 to 37
6. 6 Logical Thinking: Boolean Logic and Truth Tables pages 38 to 46
7. 7 Algorithmic Thinking: Sequence, Selection and Iteration pages 47 to 53
8. 8 Writing Algorithms Down: Pseudocode and Flowcharts pages 54 to 60
9. 9 The 'Gotchas': Traps in Logic and Algorithms pages 61 to 68
10. 10 Where to Start: Defining a Problem pages 69 to 75
11. 11 Devising a Solution pages 76 to 83
12. 12 Decomposition: Breaking a Problem into Smaller Problems pages 84 to 90
13. 13 Other Effective Strategies for Solving Problems pages 91 to 98
14. 14 Patterns and Generalisation pages 99 to 106
15. 15 Abstraction: Keeping What Matters pages 107 to 114
16. 16 Modelling: Representing a Problem So It Can Be Solved pages 115 to 121
17. 17 Coming to Terms with Bugs pages 122 to 128
18. 18 Designing Out the Bugs pages 129 to 135
19. 19 Mitigating Errors pages 136 to 143
20. 20 Testing: Finding Errors on Purpose pages 144 to 151
21. 21 Debugging, and Deciding Which Errors to Fix pages 152 to 158
22. 22 Evaluating a Solution: Is It Correct? pages 159 to 166
23. 23 Is It Efficient? pages 167 to 174
24. 24 Is It Elegant? Is It Usable? pages 175 to 181
25. 25 Trade-offs pages 182 to 187
Module II Computational Thinking in Python 30 chapters
1. 26 Introducing Python, and Your First Steps pages 188 to 194
2. 27 Basic Types: Numbers, Strings and Booleans pages 195 to 201
3. 28 Basic Operations in Python pages 202 to 210
4. 29 Functions and Comments pages 211 to 217
5. 30 Effective Building Blocks: Logic and the if Statement pages 218 to 225
6. 31 Basic Arithmetic Constructs pages 226 to 233
7. 32 Program State: Variables, Assignment and Tracing pages 234 to 240
8. 33 Advanced Constructs: Loops with while and for pages 241 to 247
9. 34 Advanced Constructs: Lists and Looping over Them pages 248 to 254
10. 35 Organising Code: A First Program with tkinter pages 255 to 261
11. 36 Separating Concerns pages 262 to 268
12. 37 Defining Information Scope: Local and Global Names pages 269 to 275
13. 38 Using Modules pages 276 to 283
14. 39 Packages pages 284 to 290
15. 40 Using Abstractions and Patterns: Finding Patterns in Programs pages 291 to 297
16. 41 Abstractions in Programming pages 298 to 304
17. 42 Built-in Types: Strings, Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries and Sets pages 305 to 311
18. 43 Creating Your Own Types: Classes and Objects pages 312 to 318
19. 44 Ready-made Patterns pages 319 to 326
20. 45 Effective Modelling: Entities pages 327 to 333
21. 46 Effective Modelling: Relationships pages 334 to 341
22. 47 Effective Modelling: Processes pages 342 to 349
23. 48 Effective Modelling: Usage, and Modelling Tips pages 350 to 356
24. 49 Testing and Evaluating Programs: Anticipating Bugs pages 357 to 363
25. 50 Verification and Validation pages 364 to 370
26. 51 Testing in Parts: Unit Tests pages 371 to 379
27. 52 Testing the Whole: Integration, System and Acceptance Testing pages 380 to 387
28. 53 Debugging a Python Program pages 388 to 395
29. 54 A Guided Example: From Problem to Design pages 396 to 403
30. 55 A Guided Example: Coding, Testing and Evaluating pages 404 to 411
Every paper that is solved: 1 paper
- Mar 2025
Assembly Language Programming
Official Notes munotes.in

Assembly Language Programming

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 2

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in First Year

Assembly Language Programming

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Memory, Arithmetic, BCD, Registers and Blocks
1. How This Practical Is Examined, and How to Keep the Journal 1
2. The 8085: Its Architecture, Registers and Flags 5
3. Memory, the Addressing Modes and the Instruction Set 12
4. The Simulator: Writing, Assembling, Running and Debugging a Program 18
5. Module 1, Practical 1(a): Store the Data Byte 32H at 4000H 25
6. Module 1, Practical 1(b): Exchange the Contents of 2000H and 4000H 29
7. Module 1, Practical 2(a): Subtract the Byte at 4001H from the Byte at 2000H 33
8. Module 1, Practical 2(b): Subtract Two 8-Bit Numbers 38
9. Module 1, Practical 2(c): Add Two 16-Bit Numbers 43
10. Module 1, Practical 2(d): Add Two Bytes and Keep the Carry 48
11. Module 1, Practical 2(e): Subtract Two 16-Bit Numbers 53
12. Module 1, Practical 2(f): The 1's Complement of a Number 58
13. Module 1, Practical 2(g): The 2's Complement of a Number 62
14. Module 1, Practical 3(a): Pack Two Unpacked BCD Digits 66
15. Module 1, Practical 3(b): Unpack a Two-Digit BCD Number 71
16. Jumps, Loops and Counters 76
17. Module 1, Practical 4(a): Shift an 8-Bit Number Four Bits Right 83
18. Module 1, Practical 4(b): Shift a 16-Bit Number One Bit Left 88
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Memory, Arithmetic, BCD, Registers and Blocks
1. The Stack: PUSH, POP, CALL and RET 93
2. Module 1, Practical 4(c): Alter the Contents of the Flag Register 99
3. Module 1, Practical 4(d): Count the 1's in Register D 104
4. Module 1, Practical 5(a): The Sum of a Series, as an 8-Bit and a 16-Bit Sum 109
5. Module 1, Practical 5(b): Multiply Two 8-Bit Numbers by Repeated Addition 114
6. Module 1, Practical 5(c): Divide a 16-Bit Number by an 8-Bit Number 118
7. Module 1, Practical 5(d): Count the Negative Numbers in a Block 123
8. Module 1, Practical 5(e): The Largest Number in a Block 128
Module II Lists, Strings, Blocks, BCD and the Machine
1. Module 2, Practical 1(a): Sort Ten Numbers in Ascending Order 133
2. Module 2, Practical 1(b): The Sum of the Even Numbers in a List 138
3. Module 2, Practical 1(c): The Sum of the Odd Numbers, as a 16-Bit Sum 143
4. Module 2, Practical 1(d): The Squares of Numbers 148
5. Module 2, Practical 1(e): Search for a Byte in a List of 50 Numbers 153
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Lists, Strings, Blocks, BCD and the Machine
1. Module 2, Practical 1(f): Add Two Six-Digit Packed BCD Numbers 158
2. Module 2, Practical 1(g): Add Two Arrays into a Third 163
3. Module 2, Practical 2(a): Separate the Even Numbers from a List 168
4. Module 2, Practical 2(c): Relocate a 256-Byte Block That Overlaps Its New Place 173
5. Module 2, Practical 2(d): Add Even Parity to 7-Bit ASCII Characters 178
6. Module 2, Practical 2(e): Count the Negative, Zero and Positive Numbers 183
7. Module 2, Practical 2(f): Generate Fibonacci Numbers 188
8. Module 2, Practical 2(g): The Factorial of a Number from 0 to 8 193
9. Module 2, Practical 3(a): Insert Four Characters at the Tenth Place of an Array 197
10. Module 2, Practical 3(b): Delete Four Characters from the Tenth Place of an Array 202
11. Module 2, Practical 3(c): Multiply Two 8-Bit Numbers by Shift and Add 207
12. Module 2, Practical 3(d): Divide a 16-Bit Number by an 8-Bit Number 212
13. Module 2, Practical 3(e): A Subroutine That Does the Work of DAA 218
14. Input and Output: Ports, LEDs, Switches and Displays 224
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Lists, Strings, Blocks, BCD and the Machine
1. Module 2, Practical 4(a): Test RAM by Writing and Reading Back 232
2. Module 2, Practical 4(b): Sort Numbers in Descending Order 237
3. Module 2, Practical 4(c): Transfer Ten Bytes to Another Block 242
4. Module 2, Practical 4(d): The Square Root of an 8-Bit Number 246
5. Module 2, Practical 4(e): Split a Hex Byte into Two Nibbles 251
6. Module 2, Practical 5(a): Add Two Four-Digit BCD Numbers in HL and DE 255
7. Module 2, Practical 5(b): Subtract BCD Numbers: E from D 260
8. Module 2, Practical 5(c): Multiply Two BCD Numbers 265
9. Interrupts: RST, EI, DI, RIM and SIM 270
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
276 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 276 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 54 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Memory, Arithmetic, BCD, Registers and Blocks 26 chapters
1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined, and How to Keep the Journal pages 1 to 4
2. 2 The 8085: Its Architecture, Registers and Flags pages 5 to 11
3. 3 Memory, the Addressing Modes and the Instruction Set pages 12 to 17
4. 4 The Simulator: Writing, Assembling, Running and Debugging a Program pages 18 to 24
5. 5 Module 1, Practical 1(a): Store the Data Byte 32H at 4000H pages 25 to 28
6. 6 Module 1, Practical 1(b): Exchange the Contents of 2000H and 4000H pages 29 to 32
7. 7 Module 1, Practical 2(a): Subtract the Byte at 4001H from the Byte at 2000H pages 33 to 37
8. 8 Module 1, Practical 2(b): Subtract Two 8-Bit Numbers pages 38 to 42
9. 9 Module 1, Practical 2(c): Add Two 16-Bit Numbers pages 43 to 47
10. 10 Module 1, Practical 2(d): Add Two Bytes and Keep the Carry pages 48 to 52
11. 11 Module 1, Practical 2(e): Subtract Two 16-Bit Numbers pages 53 to 57
12. 12 Module 1, Practical 2(f): The 1's Complement of a Number pages 58 to 61
13. 13 Module 1, Practical 2(g): The 2's Complement of a Number pages 62 to 65
14. 14 Module 1, Practical 3(a): Pack Two Unpacked BCD Digits pages 66 to 70
15. 15 Module 1, Practical 3(b): Unpack a Two-Digit BCD Number pages 71 to 75
16. 16 Jumps, Loops and Counters pages 76 to 82
17. 17 Module 1, Practical 4(a): Shift an 8-Bit Number Four Bits Right pages 83 to 87
18. 18 Module 1, Practical 4(b): Shift a 16-Bit Number One Bit Left pages 88 to 92
19. 19 The Stack: PUSH, POP, CALL and RET pages 93 to 98
20. 20 Module 1, Practical 4(c): Alter the Contents of the Flag Register pages 99 to 103
21. 21 Module 1, Practical 4(d): Count the 1's in Register D pages 104 to 108
22. 22 Module 1, Practical 5(a): The Sum of a Series, as an 8-Bit and a 16-Bit Sum pages 109 to 113
23. 23 Module 1, Practical 5(b): Multiply Two 8-Bit Numbers by Repeated Addition pages 114 to 117
24. 24 Module 1, Practical 5(c): Divide a 16-Bit Number by an 8-Bit Number pages 118 to 122
25. 25 Module 1, Practical 5(d): Count the Negative Numbers in a Block pages 123 to 127
26. 26 Module 1, Practical 5(e): The Largest Number in a Block pages 128 to 132
Module II Lists, Strings, Blocks, BCD and the Machine 28 chapters
1. 27 Module 2, Practical 1(a): Sort Ten Numbers in Ascending Order pages 133 to 137
2. 28 Module 2, Practical 1(b): The Sum of the Even Numbers in a List pages 138 to 142
3. 29 Module 2, Practical 1(c): The Sum of the Odd Numbers, as a 16-Bit Sum pages 143 to 147
4. 30 Module 2, Practical 1(d): The Squares of Numbers pages 148 to 152
5. 31 Module 2, Practical 1(e): Search for a Byte in a List of 50 Numbers pages 153 to 157
6. 32 Module 2, Practical 1(f): Add Two Six-Digit Packed BCD Numbers pages 158 to 162
7. 33 Module 2, Practical 1(g): Add Two Arrays into a Third pages 163 to 167
8. 34 Module 2, Practical 2(a): Separate the Even Numbers from a List pages 168 to 172
9. 35 Module 2, Practical 2(c): Relocate a 256-Byte Block That Overlaps Its New Place pages 173 to 177
10. 36 Module 2, Practical 2(d): Add Even Parity to 7-Bit ASCII Characters pages 178 to 182
11. 37 Module 2, Practical 2(e): Count the Negative, Zero and Positive Numbers pages 183 to 187
12. 38 Module 2, Practical 2(f): Generate Fibonacci Numbers pages 188 to 192
13. 39 Module 2, Practical 2(g): The Factorial of a Number from 0 to 8 pages 193 to 196
14. 40 Module 2, Practical 3(a): Insert Four Characters at the Tenth Place of an Array pages 197 to 201
15. 41 Module 2, Practical 3(b): Delete Four Characters from the Tenth Place of an Array pages 202 to 206
16. 42 Module 2, Practical 3(c): Multiply Two 8-Bit Numbers by Shift and Add pages 207 to 211
17. 43 Module 2, Practical 3(d): Divide a 16-Bit Number by an 8-Bit Number pages 212 to 217
18. 44 Module 2, Practical 3(e): A Subroutine That Does the Work of DAA pages 218 to 223
19. 45 Input and Output: Ports, LEDs, Switches and Displays pages 224 to 231
20. 46 Module 2, Practical 4(a): Test RAM by Writing and Reading Back pages 232 to 236
21. 47 Module 2, Practical 4(b): Sort Numbers in Descending Order pages 237 to 241
22. 48 Module 2, Practical 4(c): Transfer Ten Bytes to Another Block pages 242 to 245
23. 49 Module 2, Practical 4(d): The Square Root of an 8-Bit Number pages 246 to 250
24. 50 Module 2, Practical 4(e): Split a Hex Byte into Two Nibbles pages 251 to 254
25. 51 Module 2, Practical 5(a): Add Two Four-Digit BCD Numbers in HL and DE pages 255 to 259
26. 52 Module 2, Practical 5(b): Subtract BCD Numbers: E from D pages 260 to 264
27. 53 Module 2, Practical 5(c): Multiply Two BCD Numbers pages 265 to 269
28. 54 Interrupts: RST, EI, DI, RIM and SIM pages 270 to 276
Web Designing
Official Notes munotes.in

Web Designing

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 2

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in First Year

Web Designing

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I HTML 5 and Style Sheets: Text, Links, Graphics, Tables, Forms, Sound and Video
1. The Internet, the World Wide Web and How a Page Reaches You 1
2. What Makes a Web Design Effective 9
3. What HTML Is, and How Tags Work 16
4. Setting Up the Document Structure 24
5. Formatting Text with Tags: Headings, Bold, Italic, Superscript and Monospace 32
6. Bulleted, Numbered and Definition Lists 39
7. Special Characters, Horizontal Lines, and Background and Foreground Colours 46
8. Hyperlinks and Anchors: to a Page, an E-Mail Address and Other Content 53
9. Introduction to Style Sheets: Styles and Style Rules 61
10. Styles for Nested Tags and for Hyperlinks 69
11. Creating and Linking to External Style Sheets 76
12. Formatting Text with Style Sheets 84
13. Formatting Paragraphs with Style Sheets: Indents, Borders and Alignment 92
14. Graphics Formats, and Preparing Graphics for the Web 100
15. Inserting Graphics: Size, Padding, Alternate Text and Captions 109
16. Images as Links, and Thumbnail Graphics 119
17. Navigational Aids, and Text and Graphical Navigation Bars 126
18. Image Maps 134
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued HTML 5 and Style Sheets: Text, Links, Graphics, Tables, Forms, Sound and Video
1. Creating Tables: Rows, Cells, Size and Column Width 141
2. Merging Table Cells with rowspan and colspan 148
3. Formatting Tables: Borders, Padding, Spacing and Alignment 154
4. Creating a Basic Form: Text Boxes, Text Areas and Buttons 161
5. Check Boxes, Option Buttons, and the Input Types HTML5 Added 169
6. Video on a Web Page: the video and embed Tags 178
7. Audio on a Web Page: the audio Tag 186
Module II JavaScript, jQuery and JSON
1. What JavaScript Is, and Your First Script 193
2. Statements, Comments, Constructs and Expressions 200
3. Variables, Booleans and Comparisons 208
4. Operators: Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical and Bitwise 217
5. Conditions: if, else and switch 227
6. Loops: while, do while and for 235
7. for in and for of 243
8. Loop Control: break, continue and Labels 250
9. Functions and Scope 259
10. Strings and String Methods 268
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued JavaScript, jQuery and JSON
1. Numbers, Number Methods and the Math Object 275
2. Dates, Date Formats and Date Methods 284
3. Arrays and Array Methods 293
4. Objects: User-defined Objects and the with Keyword 301
5. Regular Expressions with RegExp 309
6. Cookies in JavaScript 316
7. Events, Event Handlers and the DOM Event Listener 324
8. Mouse Events: onClick, onDblClick and the onMouse Events 332
9. Focus, Keyboard and Form Events 339
10. Page and Window Events: onLoad, onUnload, onResize, onError and onAbort 348
11. jQuery Basics: Selection and Events 357
12. jQuery Effects 365
13. jQuery Traversal and Manipulation 372
14. jQuery Data Attributes, Templates and Plugins 378
15. What JSON Is: Its Grammar, Values, Tokens and Data Types 385
16. JSON and XML, and Data Interchange 393
17. Creating, Parsing and Persisting JSON 400
18. JSON in HTML, and JSONP 409
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
415 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 415 pages.

Papers

Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2025, 2026
Every chapter in the notes: 53 chapters across 2 modules
Module I HTML 5 and Style Sheets: Text, Links, Graphics, Tables, Forms, Sound and Video 25 chapters
1. 1 The Internet, the World Wide Web and How a Page Reaches You pages 1 to 8
2. 2 What Makes a Web Design Effective pages 9 to 15
3. 3 What HTML Is, and How Tags Work pages 16 to 23
4. 4 Setting Up the Document Structure pages 24 to 31
5. 5 Formatting Text with Tags: Headings, Bold, Italic, Superscript and Monospace pages 32 to 38
6. 6 Bulleted, Numbered and Definition Lists pages 39 to 45
7. 7 Special Characters, Horizontal Lines, and Background and Foreground Colours pages 46 to 52
8. 8 Hyperlinks and Anchors: to a Page, an E-Mail Address and Other Content pages 53 to 60
9. 9 Introduction to Style Sheets: Styles and Style Rules pages 61 to 68
10. 10 Styles for Nested Tags and for Hyperlinks pages 69 to 75
11. 11 Creating and Linking to External Style Sheets pages 76 to 83
12. 12 Formatting Text with Style Sheets pages 84 to 91
13. 13 Formatting Paragraphs with Style Sheets: Indents, Borders and Alignment pages 92 to 99
14. 14 Graphics Formats, and Preparing Graphics for the Web pages 100 to 108
15. 15 Inserting Graphics: Size, Padding, Alternate Text and Captions pages 109 to 118
16. 16 Images as Links, and Thumbnail Graphics pages 119 to 125
17. 17 Navigational Aids, and Text and Graphical Navigation Bars pages 126 to 133
18. 18 Image Maps pages 134 to 140
19. 19 Creating Tables: Rows, Cells, Size and Column Width pages 141 to 147
20. 20 Merging Table Cells with rowspan and colspan pages 148 to 153
21. 21 Formatting Tables: Borders, Padding, Spacing and Alignment pages 154 to 160
22. 22 Creating a Basic Form: Text Boxes, Text Areas and Buttons pages 161 to 168
23. 23 Check Boxes, Option Buttons, and the Input Types HTML5 Added pages 169 to 177
24. 24 Video on a Web Page: the video and embed Tags pages 178 to 185
25. 25 Audio on a Web Page: the audio Tag pages 186 to 192
Module II JavaScript, jQuery and JSON 28 chapters
1. 26 What JavaScript Is, and Your First Script pages 193 to 199
2. 27 Statements, Comments, Constructs and Expressions pages 200 to 207
3. 28 Variables, Booleans and Comparisons pages 208 to 216
4. 29 Operators: Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical and Bitwise pages 217 to 226
5. 30 Conditions: if, else and switch pages 227 to 234
6. 31 Loops: while, do while and for pages 235 to 242
7. 32 for in and for of pages 243 to 249
8. 33 Loop Control: break, continue and Labels pages 250 to 258
9. 34 Functions and Scope pages 259 to 267
10. 35 Strings and String Methods pages 268 to 274
11. 36 Numbers, Number Methods and the Math Object pages 275 to 283
12. 37 Dates, Date Formats and Date Methods pages 284 to 292
13. 38 Arrays and Array Methods pages 293 to 300
14. 39 Objects: User-defined Objects and the with Keyword pages 301 to 308
15. 40 Regular Expressions with RegExp pages 309 to 315
16. 41 Cookies in JavaScript pages 316 to 323
17. 42 Events, Event Handlers and the DOM Event Listener pages 324 to 331
18. 43 Mouse Events: onClick, onDblClick and the onMouse Events pages 332 to 338
19. 44 Focus, Keyboard and Form Events pages 339 to 347
20. 45 Page and Window Events: onLoad, onUnload, onResize, onError and onAbort pages 348 to 356
21. 46 jQuery Basics: Selection and Events pages 357 to 364
22. 47 jQuery Effects pages 365 to 371
23. 48 jQuery Traversal and Manipulation pages 372 to 377
24. 49 jQuery Data Attributes, Templates and Plugins pages 378 to 384
25. 50 What JSON Is: Its Grammar, Values, Tokens and Data Types pages 385 to 392
26. 51 JSON and XML, and Data Interchange pages 393 to 399
27. 52 Creating, Parsing and Persisting JSON pages 400 to 408
28. 53 JSON in HTML, and JSONP pages 409 to 415
Every paper that is solved: 4 papers
- Mar 2026
- Apr 2025
- Apr 2025 - paper 2
- Mar 2025
Object Oriented Programming using C++
Official Notes munotes.in

Object Oriented Programming using C++

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 2

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in First Year

Object Oriented Programming using C++

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Object Oriented Methodology, Classes and Objects, Constructors and Destructors, Inheritance
1. Procedure Oriented and Object Oriented Programming 1
2. The Principles of OOP: Objects, Classes, Data Abstraction and Data Encapsulation 8
3. The Principles of OOP: Inheritance, Polymorphism, Dynamic Binding and Message Passing 15
4. From C to C++: A First Program, cin, cout, Decisions and Loops 23
5. Simple Classes: Specifying a Class and Accessing Its Members 35
6. Defining Member Functions, Inside and Outside the Class 42
7. Passing Objects as Arguments and Returning Objects from Functions 49
8. Friend Functions and Friend Classes 57
9. Static Data Members and Static Member Functions 65
10. Constructors: the Default Constructor and the Parameterized Constructor 72
11. Destructors, and When Objects Are Made and Destroyed 80
12. Inheritance: Base and Derived Classes, and What Inheritance Gives You 87
13. Choosing the Access Specifier: public, protected and private Inheritance 94
14. Derived Class Constructors 101
15. Class Hierarchies: Multilevel and Hierarchical Inheritance 108
16. Multiple Inheritance and Hybrid Inheritance 115
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II Polymorphism, Virtual Functions, Exception Handling, Working with Files
1. Function Overloading 122
2. Operator Overloading: The Idea and the Rules 129
3. Overloading Unary Operators 136
4. Overloading Binary Operators 143
5. Overloading new and delete for a Class 150
6. Virtual Functions: Why They Are Needed, and Method Overriding 157
7. The this Pointer 164
8. Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Classes 171
9. Virtual Destructors 178
10. Exception Handling: Introduction and the Mechanism 185
11. throw and catch, with Examples 192
12. Working with Files: File Streams and Opening a File 200
13. File Operations: Writing, Reading and Appending 207
14. File Modes 214
15. File Pointers and Their Manipulation 222
16. Generic Programming: Function Templates and Class Templates 229
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
235 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 235 pages.

Papers

Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2025, 2026
Every chapter in the notes: 32 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Object Oriented Methodology, Classes and Objects, Constructors and Destructors, Inheritance 16 chapters
1. 1 Procedure Oriented and Object Oriented Programming pages 1 to 7
2. 2 The Principles of OOP: Objects, Classes, Data Abstraction and Data Encapsulation pages 8 to 14
3. 3 The Principles of OOP: Inheritance, Polymorphism, Dynamic Binding and Message Passing pages 15 to 22
4. 4 From C to C++: A First Program, cin, cout, Decisions and Loops pages 23 to 34
5. 5 Simple Classes: Specifying a Class and Accessing Its Members pages 35 to 41
6. 6 Defining Member Functions, Inside and Outside the Class pages 42 to 48
7. 7 Passing Objects as Arguments and Returning Objects from Functions pages 49 to 56
8. 8 Friend Functions and Friend Classes pages 57 to 64
9. 9 Static Data Members and Static Member Functions pages 65 to 71
10. 10 Constructors: the Default Constructor and the Parameterized Constructor pages 72 to 79
11. 11 Destructors, and When Objects Are Made and Destroyed pages 80 to 86
12. 12 Inheritance: Base and Derived Classes, and What Inheritance Gives You pages 87 to 93
13. 13 Choosing the Access Specifier: public, protected and private Inheritance pages 94 to 100
14. 14 Derived Class Constructors pages 101 to 107
15. 15 Class Hierarchies: Multilevel and Hierarchical Inheritance pages 108 to 114
16. 16 Multiple Inheritance and Hybrid Inheritance pages 115 to 121
Module II Polymorphism, Virtual Functions, Exception Handling, Working with Files 16 chapters
1. 17 Function Overloading pages 122 to 128
2. 18 Operator Overloading: The Idea and the Rules pages 129 to 135
3. 19 Overloading Unary Operators pages 136 to 142
4. 20 Overloading Binary Operators pages 143 to 149
5. 21 Overloading new and delete for a Class pages 150 to 156
6. 22 Virtual Functions: Why They Are Needed, and Method Overriding pages 157 to 163
7. 23 The this Pointer pages 164 to 170
8. 24 Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Classes pages 171 to 177
9. 25 Virtual Destructors pages 178 to 184
10. 26 Exception Handling: Introduction and the Mechanism pages 185 to 191
11. 27 throw and catch, with Examples pages 192 to 199
12. 28 Working with Files: File Streams and Opening a File pages 200 to 206
13. 29 File Operations: Writing, Reading and Appending pages 207 to 213
14. 30 File Modes pages 214 to 221
15. 31 File Pointers and Their Manipulation pages 222 to 228
16. 32 Generic Programming: Function Templates and Class Templates pages 229 to 235
Every paper that is solved: 4 papers
- Mar 2026
- Apr 2025
- Apr 2025 - paper 2
- Mar 2025
2016-2017

Papers

Previous year question paper solutions. These papers are from an older syllabus of this course. There are no notes for them. 2017
Every paper that is solved: 2 papers
- 2017
- 2017
2018-2019

Papers

Previous year question paper solutions. These papers are from an older syllabus of this course. There are no notes for them. 2019
Every paper that is solved: 2 papers
- 2019
- 2019
2021-2022

Papers

Previous year question paper solutions. These papers are from an older syllabus of this course. There are no notes for them. 2022
Every paper that is solved: 2 papers
- May 2022
- May 2022
2022-2023

Papers

Previous year question paper solutions. These papers are from an older syllabus of this course. There are no notes for them. 2023
Every paper that is solved: 2 papers
- 2023
- 2023 - C
ATKT

Papers

Previous year question paper solutions. These papers are from an older syllabus of this course. There are no notes for them. 2018
Every paper that is solved: 4 papers
- 2018-19 - ATKT
- OBJECT ORIENTED
- OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
- WEB PROGRAMMING

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What do you get

Contents

Module I PL/SQL Blocks, Variables, Control Structures, Cursors and Composite Types

Contents continued

Module I continued PL/SQL Blocks, Variables, Control Structures, Cursors and Composite Types

Contents continued

Module I continued PL/SQL Blocks, Variables, Control Structures, Cursors and Composite Types

Contents continued

Module I continued PL/SQL Blocks, Variables, Control Structures, Cursors and Composite Types

Module II Procedures, Functions, Triggers, Exceptions and Packages

Contents continued

Module II continued Procedures, Functions, Triggers, Exceptions and Packages

Contents continued

Module II continued Procedures, Functions, Triggers, Exceptions and Packages

Module J The journal and the practical examination

Contents continued

Module J continued The journal and the practical examination

Contents

Module I Object Oriented Programming using C++ Practical

Contents continued

Module I continued Object Oriented Programming using C++ Practical

Contents continued

Module I continued Object Oriented Programming using C++ Practical

Module II Web Designing Practical

Contents continued

Module II continued Web Designing Practical

Contents continued

Module II continued Web Designing Practical

Contents continued

Module II continued Web Designing Practical

Module J The journal, the slip and the viva

Contents

Module I Overview of Python: History & Versions, Features of Python, Execution of a Python

Contents continued

Module I continued Overview of Python: History & Versions, Features of Python, Execution of a Python

Contents continued

Module I continued Overview of Python: History & Versions, Features of Python, Execution of a Python

Module II List and Tuples: Lists, List Functions and Methods, List Operations, List Slices, Nested

Contents continued

Module II continued List and Tuples: Lists, List Functions and Methods, List Operations, List Slices, Nested

Contents continued

Module II continued List and Tuples: Lists, List Functions and Methods, List Operations, List Slices, Nested

Contents

Module I Practical 1 to Practical 5

Contents continued

Module I continued Practical 1 to Practical 5

Contents continued

Module II Practical 6 to Practical 10

Module J The journal, the slip and the viva

Contents continued

Module J continued The journal, the slip and the viva

Contents

Module I Computational Thinking

Contents continued

Module I continued Computational Thinking

Module II Computational Thinking in Python

Contents continued

Module II continued Computational Thinking in Python

Contents

Module I Memory, Arithmetic, BCD, Registers and Blocks

Contents continued

Module I continued Memory, Arithmetic, BCD, Registers and Blocks

Module II Lists, Strings, Blocks, BCD and the Machine

Contents continued

Module II continued Lists, Strings, Blocks, BCD and the Machine

Contents continued

Module II continued Lists, Strings, Blocks, BCD and the Machine

Contents

Module I HTML 5 and Style Sheets: Text, Links, Graphics, Tables, Forms, Sound and Video

Contents continued

Module I continued HTML 5 and Style Sheets: Text, Links, Graphics, Tables, Forms, Sound and Video

Module II JavaScript, jQuery and JSON

Contents continued

Module II continued JavaScript, jQuery and JSON

Contents

Module I Object Oriented Methodology, Classes and Objects, Constructors and Destructors, Inheritance

Contents continued

Module II Polymorphism, Virtual Functions, Exception Handling, Working with Files

Questions

Where our readers study