B.Sc. (Information Technology) Semester 5 Notes 2026

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1. Indian Knowledge Systems in Information Technology

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Indian Knowledge Systems in Information Technology

   B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 5

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

   For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Indian Knowledge Systems in Information Technology

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Introduction to Indian Knowledge Systems and Their Relevance to

   1. Why an Information Technology Student Reads This Paper 1
   2. How This Paper Is Examined, and What That Means for How You Read 4
   3. What a Pramana Is 7
   4. Pratyaksha: Perception, and Where It Stops 10
   5. Anumana: Inference in Outline 13
   6. Upamana: Knowing by Comparison 16
   7. Shabda: Testimony, and the Trusted Source 19
   8. The Schools Do Not Agree on the List, and That Is the Interesting Part 22
   9. Vedanta and Mimamsa on Knowing 25
   10. What Actually Connects These Traditions to Information Technology 28
   11. Structured Knowledge Representation, and What It Costs 31
   12. What Makes a Framework Rule-Based Rather Than a List of Rules 34
   13. Systematic Reasoning as a Machine Can Do It 37
   14. Positional Notation: What Place Value Actually Is 40
   15. Where the Decimal Place Value System Came From 44
   16. How the System Travelled 47
   17. Why Place Value Is the Precondition of Digital Computation 50
   18. Shunya: One Word Doing Three Jobs 53

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Introduction to Indian Knowledge Systems and Their Relevance to

   1. Brahmagupta's Rules for Arithmetic with Zero 56
   2. The Rule Brahmagupta Got Wrong, and Why It Matters 59
   3. Zero in Modern Computing and in Binary Logic 63
   4. Pingala's Chandas Shastra: the Text, and the Code Inside It 66
   5. Laghu and Guru as a Two-Valued Code 69
   6. Prastara: Enumerating Every Pattern in Order 72
   7. Prastara in Code 75
   8. Nashta and Uddishta: Finding a Row Without the Table 78
   9. Sankhya and Adhvayoga: Counting Without Listing 81
   10. Meru-Prastara and the Binomial Triangle 84
   11. What Pingala Is, and What He Is Not 87

   Module II Mathematical Foundations and Indian Logic & Its Applications in Ancient

   1. Aryabhata and the Aryabhatiya 90
   2. Aryabhata's Number Notation, and Why It Matters Here 93
   3. The Square Root Rule 96
   4. The Square Root Rule, Run 99
   5. The Cube Root Rule 102
   6. Jya: Building the Sine Table 105
   7. Reading Between the Entries of a Table 109

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Mathematical Foundations and Indian Logic & Its Applications in Ancient

   1. The Kuttaka: the Pulveriser 112
   2. Iterative Procedure and the Stored Table as Computing Devices 116
   3. What Makes a Rule in a Verse an Algorithm 119
   4. Step-by-Step Procedure and Rule-Based Calculation 122
   5. Recursion-Like Structure in Indian Mathematics 125
   6. Systematic Numerical Method, and Its Limits 128
   7. Nyaya: the Sixteen Categories 131
   8. How a Nyaya Enquiry Is Structured, from Doubt to Conclusion 134
   9. Nyaya's Classification of Knowledge 137
   10. Hetvabhasa: the Fallacies of a Reason 140
   11. Jalpa, Vitanda and the Kinds of Argument 143
   12. The Five-Member Syllogism 146
   13. Pratijna, Hetu and Udaharana 149
   14. Upanaya, Nigamana, and Why Five Rather Than Three 152
   15. Vyapti: What Holds an Inference Together 155
   16. Nyaya Against Aristotle 158
   17. Multi-Step and Contextual Inference 161
   18. Purvavat, Sheshavat and Samanyatodrishta 164
   19. The Three Mechanisms in Machine Reasoning 167

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Mathematical Foundations and Indian Logic & Its Applications in Ancient

   1. Kautilya's Arthashastra: the Treatise and What It Is 170
   2. Saptanga: the Seven Limbs as a Model of a State 173
   3. The Four Upayas and Structured Planning 176
   4. Where These Frameworks Land in Computing 179
   5. An Inference Engine Built from Nyaya's Own Form 182
   6. What the Comparison Does Not Reach 186

   Module III Sanskrit Grammar and Computational Linguistics

   1. Panini's Ashtadhyayi: What the Book Is 189
   2. How Many Rules, and How We Know 192
   3. The Shiva Sutras and the Pratyahara 195
   4. Anubandha: the Marker Letter as a Tag 199
   5. Panini's Treatment of Sound: Sandhi as a Rewrite Rule 202
   6. Paribhasha: Rules About Rules 205
   7. When Two Rules Could Fire: the Four Principles 208
   8. Panini's Grammar Against Formal Language Theory 212
   9. Which Chomsky Class the Comparison Reaches 215
   10. A Panini Rule Written as a Production 218
   11. Derivation as an Execution Trace 221
   12. Karaka: Roles Before Cases 224

   Contents continued

   Module III continued Sanskrit Grammar and Computational Linguistics

   1. Parallels with Program Structure, and Where They Stop 227
   2. Sanskrit and the Design of Programming Languages 230
   3. Is Sanskrit Unambiguous? 233
   4. What Influence Was Actually Claimed, and by Whom 236
   5. Sanskrit Grammar Against Compiler Design 239
   6. Lexical Analysis, Parsing, and the Grammar's Own Machinery 242
   7. Sanskrit in Natural Language Processing 245
   8. Briggs 1985, Read Properly 248
   9. Machine Translation and Semantic Representation 251
   10. What a Sanskrit Corpus Looks Like Today 254

   Module IV Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Models in Ancient Indian Thought

   1. Why a Computing Paper Asks About Consciousness 257
   2. Perception, Cognition and Memory in Nyaya 260
   3. Antahkarana: the Inner Instrument in Vedanta 264
   4. Patanjali's Yoga Sutra on Mental Process 267
   5. Knowledge Representation in the Classical Systems 270
   6. Vaisesika's Categories as an Ontology 273
   7. Building a Taxonomy from a Classical Scheme 276
   8. Learning and Mental Process: Anubhava 280

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Models in Ancient Indian Thought

   1. Observation, Inference and Experiential Learning 283
   2. The Modern Learning Paradigms, Set Beside Them 286
   3. Artificial Beings in Indian Narrative: What the Texts Say 289
   4. Yantra, Vimana and the Claims That Do Not Survive 292
   5. Predictive Astronomy as a Computational Model 296
   6. The Yuga, the Revolutions and the Ahargana 299
   7. Computing a Mean Longitude 302
   8. Mandaphala: the Epicycle Correction 305
   9. Pattern Recognition and Classification 308
   10. Classification in Medicine: the Tridosha Scheme 311
   11. A Decision Tree from a Classical Scheme 314
   12. Classification in Linguistics and in Philosophy 318

   Module V Mechanical Devices and Early Computational Concepts

   1. Early Counting Devices: What the Evidence Supports 321
   2. Pati Ganita: Dust, Board and the Written Algorithm 324
   3. Counting Aids in Trade and Astronomy 327
   4. Chaturanga: What the Game Actually Was 330
   5. The Ashtapada Board and the Four-Handed Game 333
   6. Counting the Moves: a Game Tree 336

   Contents continued

   Module V continued Mechanical Devices and Early Computational Concepts

   1. Minimax on a Chaturanga Endgame 339
   2. Combinatorics in Indian Mathematics 342
   3. Permutation and Combination in the Lilavati 345
   4. Meru-Prastara Proved 348
   5. Combinatorics in Metre and in Astronomy 351
   6. Cryptography: the Requirement Kautilya States 354
   7. Symbolic Codes and Secret Writing 357
   8. Katapayadi: Numbers Written as Words 360
   9. A Substitution Cipher, Built and Broken 363
   10. Indian Astronomy as Early Computational Modelling 366
   11. Computing an Eclipse 369
   12. The Calendar: Tithi, Nakshatra and the Panchanga 374
   13. The Antikythera Mechanism, Described Accurately 378
   14. A Geared Mechanism Against a Written Algorithm 382

   Module VI Present Innovations and Future Directions

   1. Digitizing Traditional Knowledge: What Exists 386
   2. The National Mission for Manuscripts, and What It Has Done 389
   3. Digital Repositories and What Makes One Usable 392
   4. Knowledge Management and Digital Archives 396

   Contents continued

   Module VI continued Present Innovations and Future Directions

   1. Metadata Standards: Dublin Core, TEI and OAI-PMH 399
   2. Designing a Schema for a Manuscript Collection 402
   3. Cloud Computing and AI in Preserving IKS 407
   4. OCR, and What It Did to This Book's Own Sources 410
   5. Classifying and Searching a Digitised Corpus 414
   6. Integrating IKS with Emerging Technology 419
   7. Interdisciplinary Work That Is Actually Running 423
   8. Vaisesika and Vedic Mathematics: What MU's Objectives Add 427
   9. Data Science Innovation from an IKS Domain 431
   10. Reliable Knowledge in a Data-Intensive Environment 436
   11. A Culturally Grounded Solution to an Indian Problem 440
   12. Ethics and Philosophy for Future Technology 444
   13. Dharma, Ahimsa and Responsible AI: the Argument and Its Weak Forms 447
   14. Data Ethics, Read Against the Classical Virtues 451
   15. What to Read Next, and What This Book Could Read 455
   16. Answering at Five Marks: Module 1 459
   17. Answering at Five Marks: Module 2 463

   Page 1 onwards

   467 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 467 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 144 chapters across 6 modules

   Module I Introduction to Indian Knowledge Systems and their relevance to information technology 29 chapters

   1. 1 Why an Information Technology Student Reads This Paper pages 1–3
   2. 2 How This Paper Is Examined, and What That Means for How You Read pages 4–6
   3. 3 What a Pramana Is pages 7–9
   4. 4 Pratyaksha: Perception, and Where It Stops pages 10–12
   5. 5 Anumana: Inference in Outline pages 13–15
   6. 6 Upamana: Knowing by Comparison pages 16–18
   7. 7 Shabda: Testimony, and the Trusted Source pages 19–21
   8. 8 The Schools Do Not Agree on the List, and That Is the Interesting Part pages 22–24
   9. 9 Vedanta and Mimamsa on Knowing pages 25–27
   10. 10 What Actually Connects These Traditions to Information Technology pages 28–30
   11. 11 Structured Knowledge Representation, and What It Costs pages 31–33
   12. 12 What Makes a Framework Rule-Based Rather Than a List of Rules pages 34–36
   13. 13 Systematic Reasoning as a Machine Can Do It pages 37–39
   14. 14 Positional Notation: What Place Value Actually Is pages 40–43
   15. 15 Where the Decimal Place Value System Came From pages 44–46
   16. 16 How the System Travelled pages 47–49
   17. 17 Why Place Value Is the Precondition of Digital Computation pages 50–52
   18. 18 Shunya: One Word Doing Three Jobs pages 53–55
   19. 19 Brahmagupta's Rules for Arithmetic with Zero pages 56–58
   20. 20 The Rule Brahmagupta Got Wrong, and Why It Matters pages 59–62
   21. 21 Zero in Modern Computing and in Binary Logic pages 63–65
   22. 22 Pingala's Chandas Shastra: the Text, and the Code Inside It pages 66–68
   23. 23 Laghu and Guru as a Two-Valued Code pages 69–71
   24. 24 Prastara: Enumerating Every Pattern in Order pages 72–74
   25. 25 Prastara in Code pages 75–77
   26. 26 Nashta and Uddishta: Finding a Row Without the Table pages 78–80
   27. 27 Sankhya and Adhvayoga: Counting Without Listing pages 81–83
   28. 28 Meru-Prastara and the Binomial Triangle pages 84–86
   29. 29 What Pingala Is, and What He Is Not pages 87–89

   Module II Mathematical foundations and Indian logic, and their relevance to information technology 32 chapters

   1. 30 Aryabhata and the Aryabhatiya pages 90–92
   2. 31 Aryabhata's Number Notation, and Why It Matters Here pages 93–95
   3. 32 The Square Root Rule pages 96–98
   4. 33 The Square Root Rule, Run pages 99–101
   5. 34 The Cube Root Rule pages 102–104
   6. 35 Jya: Building the Sine Table pages 105–108
   7. 36 Reading Between the Entries of a Table pages 109–111
   8. 37 The Kuttaka: the Pulveriser pages 112–115
   9. 38 Iterative Procedure and the Stored Table as Computing Devices pages 116–118
   10. 39 What Makes a Rule in a Verse an Algorithm pages 119–121
   11. 40 Step-by-Step Procedure and Rule-Based Calculation pages 122–124
   12. 41 Recursion-Like Structure in Indian Mathematics pages 125–127
   13. 42 Systematic Numerical Method, and Its Limits pages 128–130
   14. 43 Nyaya: the Sixteen Categories pages 131–133
   15. 44 How a Nyaya Enquiry Is Structured, from Doubt to Conclusion pages 134–136
   16. 45 Nyaya's Classification of Knowledge pages 137–139
   17. 46 Hetvabhasa: the Fallacies of a Reason pages 140–142
   18. 47 Jalpa, Vitanda and the Kinds of Argument pages 143–145
   19. 48 The Five-Member Syllogism pages 146–148
   20. 49 Pratijna, Hetu and Udaharana pages 149–151
   21. 50 Upanaya, Nigamana, and Why Five Rather Than Three pages 152–154
   22. 51 Vyapti: What Holds an Inference Together pages 155–157
   23. 52 Nyaya Against Aristotle pages 158–160
   24. 53 Multi-Step and Contextual Inference pages 161–163
   25. 54 Purvavat, Sheshavat and Samanyatodrishta pages 164–166
   26. 55 The Three Mechanisms in Machine Reasoning pages 167–169
   27. 56 Kautilya's Arthashastra: the Treatise and What It Is pages 170–172
   28. 57 Saptanga: the Seven Limbs as a Model of a State pages 173–175
   29. 58 The Four Upayas and Structured Planning pages 176–178
   30. 59 Where These Frameworks Land in Computing pages 179–181
   31. 60 An Inference Engine Built from Nyaya's Own Form pages 182–185
   32. 61 What the Comparison Does Not Reach pages 186–188

   Module III Sanskrit grammar and computational linguistics 22 chapters

   1. 62 Panini's Ashtadhyayi: What the Book Is pages 189–191
   2. 63 How Many Rules, and How We Know pages 192–194
   3. 64 The Shiva Sutras and the Pratyahara pages 195–198
   4. 65 Anubandha: the Marker Letter as a Tag pages 199–201
   5. 66 Panini's Treatment of Sound: Sandhi as a Rewrite Rule pages 202–204
   6. 67 Paribhasha: Rules About Rules pages 205–207
   7. 68 When Two Rules Could Fire: the Four Principles pages 208–211
   8. 69 Panini's Grammar Against Formal Language Theory pages 212–214
   9. 70 Which Chomsky Class the Comparison Reaches pages 215–217
   10. 71 A Panini Rule Written as a Production pages 218–220
   11. 72 Derivation as an Execution Trace pages 221–223
   12. 73 Karaka: Roles Before Cases pages 224–226
   13. 74 Parallels with Program Structure, and Where They Stop pages 227–229
   14. 75 Sanskrit and the Design of Programming Languages pages 230–232
   15. 76 Is Sanskrit Unambiguous? pages 233–235
   16. 77 What Influence Was Actually Claimed, and by Whom pages 236–238
   17. 78 Sanskrit Grammar Against Compiler Design pages 239–241
   18. 79 Lexical Analysis, Parsing, and the Grammar's Own Machinery pages 242–244
   19. 80 Sanskrit in Natural Language Processing pages 245–247
   20. 81 Briggs 1985, Read Properly pages 248–250
   21. 82 Machine Translation and Semantic Representation pages 251–253
   22. 83 What a Sanskrit Corpus Looks Like Today pages 254–256

   Module IV Artificial intelligence and cognitive models in ancient Indian thought 20 chapters

   1. 84 Why a Computing Paper Asks About Consciousness pages 257–259
   2. 85 Perception, Cognition and Memory in Nyaya pages 260–263
   3. 86 Antahkarana: the Inner Instrument in Vedanta pages 264–266
   4. 87 Patanjali's Yoga Sutra on Mental Process pages 267–269
   5. 88 Knowledge Representation in the Classical Systems pages 270–272
   6. 89 Vaisesika's Categories as an Ontology pages 273–275
   7. 90 Building a Taxonomy from a Classical Scheme pages 276–279
   8. 91 Learning and Mental Process: Anubhava pages 280–282
   9. 92 Observation, Inference and Experiential Learning pages 283–285
   10. 93 The Modern Learning Paradigms, Set Beside Them pages 286–288
   11. 94 Artificial Beings in Indian Narrative: What the Texts Say pages 289–291
   12. 95 Yantra, Vimana and the Claims That Do Not Survive pages 292–295
   13. 96 Predictive Astronomy as a Computational Model pages 296–298
   14. 97 The Yuga, the Revolutions and the Ahargana pages 299–301
   15. 98 Computing a Mean Longitude pages 302–304
   16. 99 Mandaphala: the Epicycle Correction pages 305–307
   17. 100 Pattern Recognition and Classification pages 308–310
   18. 101 Classification in Medicine: the Tridosha Scheme pages 311–313
   19. 102 A Decision Tree from a Classical Scheme pages 314–317
   20. 103 Classification in Linguistics and in Philosophy pages 318–320

   Module V Mechanical devices and early computational concepts 20 chapters

   1. 104 Early Counting Devices: What the Evidence Supports pages 321–323
   2. 105 Pati Ganita: Dust, Board and the Written Algorithm pages 324–326
   3. 106 Counting Aids in Trade and Astronomy pages 327–329
   4. 107 Chaturanga: What the Game Actually Was pages 330–332
   5. 108 The Ashtapada Board and the Four-Handed Game pages 333–335
   6. 109 Counting the Moves: a Game Tree pages 336–338
   7. 110 Minimax on a Chaturanga Endgame pages 339–341
   8. 111 Combinatorics in Indian Mathematics pages 342–344
   9. 112 Permutation and Combination in the Lilavati pages 345–347
   10. 113 Meru-Prastara Proved pages 348–350
   11. 114 Combinatorics in Metre and in Astronomy pages 351–353
   12. 115 Cryptography: the Requirement Kautilya States pages 354–356
   13. 116 Symbolic Codes and Secret Writing pages 357–359
   14. 117 Katapayadi: Numbers Written as Words pages 360–362
   15. 118 A Substitution Cipher, Built and Broken pages 363–365
   16. 119 Indian Astronomy as Early Computational Modelling pages 366–368
   17. 120 Computing an Eclipse pages 369–373
   18. 121 The Calendar: Tithi, Nakshatra and the Panchanga pages 374–377
   19. 122 The Antikythera Mechanism, Described Accurately pages 378–381
   20. 123 A Geared Mechanism Against a Written Algorithm pages 382–385

   Module VI Present innovations and future directions 21 chapters

   1. 124 Digitizing Traditional Knowledge: What Exists pages 386–388
   2. 125 The National Mission for Manuscripts, and What It Has Done pages 389–391
   3. 126 Digital Repositories and What Makes One Usable pages 392–395
   4. 127 Knowledge Management and Digital Archives pages 396–398
   5. 128 Metadata Standards: Dublin Core, TEI and OAI-PMH pages 399–401
   6. 129 Designing a Schema for a Manuscript Collection pages 402–406
   7. 130 Cloud Computing and AI in Preserving IKS pages 407–409
   8. 131 OCR, and What It Did to This Book's Own Sources pages 410–413
   9. 132 Classifying and Searching a Digitised Corpus pages 414–418
   10. 133 Integrating IKS with Emerging Technology pages 419–422
   11. 134 Interdisciplinary Work That Is Actually Running pages 423–426
   12. 135 Vaisesika and Vedic Mathematics: What MU's Objectives Add pages 427–430
   13. 136 Data Science Innovation from an IKS Domain pages 431–435
   14. 137 Reliable Knowledge in a Data-Intensive Environment pages 436–439
   15. 138 A Culturally Grounded Solution to an Indian Problem pages 440–443
   16. 139 Ethics and Philosophy for Future Technology pages 444–446
   17. 140 Dharma, Ahimsa and Responsible AI: the Argument and Its Weak Forms pages 447–450
   18. 141 Data Ethics, Read Against the Classical Virtues pages 451–454
   19. 142 What to Read Next, and What This Book Could Read pages 455–458
   20. 143 Answering at Five Marks: Module 1 pages 459–462
   21. 144 Answering at Five Marks: Module 2 pages 463–467

2. Artificial Intelligence and Application Development

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Artificial Intelligence and Application Development

   B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 5

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

   For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Artificial Intelligence and Application Development

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Foundations and theoretical approach

   1. What Artificial Intelligence Is 1
   2. The Turing Test, Read Out of Turing's Own Paper 7
   3. The Disciplines AI Was Built From 12
   4. The State of the Art 17
   5. The Risks and the Benefits of AI 21
   6. Agents and Environments 25
   7. Rationality, and What a Performance Measure Is 30
   8. Omniscience, Learning and Autonomy 35
   9. PEAS: Specifying a Task Environment 39
   10. The Six Dimensions of a Task Environment 45
   11. The Table-Driven Agent 51
   12. Simple Reflex Agents 56
   13. Model-Based Reflex Agents 61
   14. Goal-Based Agents 66
   15. Utility-Based Agents 71
   16. Learning Agents 76
   17. How an Agent Represents the World 81
   18. Problem-Solving Agents 86
   19. Example Problem: The 8-Puzzle 91
   20. Example Problem: The 8-Queens Problem 97

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Foundations and theoretical approach

   1. Example Problem: Route Finding 102
   2. The Water-Jug Problem 107
   3. Nodes, the Frontier and the Reached Table 113
   4. Best-First Search: The One Algorithm Behind All of Them 119
   5. How a Search Strategy Is Measured 125
   6. Breadth-First Search 131
   7. Breadth-First Search on the 8-Puzzle 137
   8. Uniform-Cost Search 143
   9. Uniform-Cost Search from Arad to Bucharest 148
   10. Depth-First Search 153
   11. Depth-First Search on the Water Jugs 159
   12. Depth-Limited and Iterative Deepening Search 165
   13. The Uninformed Strategies Compared 171
   14. Greedy Best-First Search 177
   15. A* Search 183
   16. Admissibility, Consistency, and Why A* Is Optimal 188
   17. A* on the 8-Puzzle with Manhattan Distance 194
   18. A* on the Road Map with Straight-Line Distance 200
   19. Heuristic Functions: Where One Comes From 206

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Foundations and theoretical approach

   1. Comparing Two Heuristics: Dominance and the Branching Factor 212
   2. Memory-Bounded Search: IDA* and Recursive Best-First Search 218
   3. Acting Under Uncertainty 224
   4. Basic Probability Notation 230
   5. The Full Joint Distribution 236
   6. Inference by Enumeration 241
   7. Independence and Conditional Independence 247
   8. Bayes Rule, and Using It for Diagnosis 253
   9. The Base-Rate Fallacy 258
   10. The Naive Bayes Classifier 263
   11. Naive Bayes on Text, and the Zero-Frequency Problem 268
   12. The Wumpus World Revisited 274
   13. Representing Knowledge in an Uncertain Domain 280
   14. The Burglary and Alarm Network 286
   15. The Semantics of a Bayesian Network 292
   16. Conditional Independence in a Network, and the Markov Blanket 298
   17. Exact Inference by Enumeration 304
   18. Variable Elimination 310
   19. Approximate Inference: Rejection Sampling 316

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Foundations and theoretical approach

   1. Likelihood Weighting 322
   2. Gibbs Sampling 328
   3. Causal Networks 334
   4. Doing This with a Library: pgmpy 339

   Module II AI Application Development and Ethics

   1. Forms of Learning 345
   2. Supervised Learning 351
   3. Bias, Variance and the Trade-Off Between Them 357
   4. Learning Decision Trees 363
   5. Entropy and Information Gain 369
   6. Building a Decision Tree by Hand 375
   7. Model Selection 381
   8. Loss Functions and Regularisation 387
   9. The Theory of Learning: PAC Learning 393
   10. Linear Regression 399
   11. Gradient Descent 405
   12. Linear Classification and the Perceptron 411
   13. Logistic Regression 417
   14. Nonparametric Models and k-Nearest Neighbours 423

   Contents continued

   Module II continued AI Application Development and Ethics

   1. k-Nearest Neighbours in Practice 429
   2. The Curse of Dimensionality 435
   3. Locally Weighted Regression and Support Vector Machines 441
   4. Ensemble Learning: Bagging 447
   5. Random Forests 453
   6. Boosting, AdaBoost and Stacking 459
   7. Developing a Machine Learning System 465
   8. What Machine Learning Is 471
   9. Why Use Machine Learning 477
   10. Types of Machine Learning System 482
   11. Supervised and Unsupervised Learning 487
   12. Semi-Supervised, Self-Supervised and Reinforcement Learning 492
   13. Batch and Online Learning 497
   14. Instance-Based and Model-Based Learning 503
   15. The Main Challenges of Machine Learning 509
   16. Insufficient Quantity of Training Data 514
   17. Nonrepresentative Training Data 519
   18. Poor-Quality Data 525
   19. Irrelevant Features and Feature Engineering 531

   Contents continued

   Module II continued AI Application Development and Ethics

   1. Overfitting the Training Data 537
   2. Underfitting the Training Data 543
   3. Stepping Back: The Landscape in One Page 548
   4. Testing and Validating 554
   5. MU's Exercises on the Machine Learning Landscape, Answered 560
   6. MNIST 565
   7. Training a Binary Classifier 571
   8. Performance Measures, and Why Accuracy Misleads 576
   9. Measuring Accuracy Using Cross-Validation 582
   10. The Confusion Matrix 586
   11. Precision, Recall and the F1 Score 591
   12. The Precision and Recall Trade-Off 596
   13. The ROC Curve and the Area Under It 601
   14. Multiclass Classification 607
   15. Error Analysis 612
   16. Multilabel Classification 618
   17. Multioutput Classification 623
   18. Training and Visualising a Decision Tree 628
   19. Making Predictions with a Trained Tree 633

   Contents continued

   Module II continued AI Application Development and Ethics

   1. Estimating Class Probabilities 639
   2. The CART Training Algorithm 644
   3. The Computational Complexity of a Decision Tree 650
   4. Gini Impurity or Entropy 656
   5. Regularisation Hyperparameters 662
   6. Decision Tree Regression 667
   7. Instability 672
   8. MU's Exercises on Decision Trees, Answered 677
   9. The Limits of AI 683
   10. Can Machines Really Think? 689
   11. The Ethics of AI 694
   12. Bias and Fairness in a Model 700
   13. Accountability, Transparency and Safety 706
   14. The Feed-Forward Neural Network 712
   15. Backpropagation 718
   16. Data Preprocessing in a Pipeline 725
   17. An End-to-End Pipeline 731
   18. Inference Integration: Serving a Trained Model 736
   19. Scalability, Robustness and Data Drift 741

   Contents continued

   Module II continued AI Application Development and Ethics

   1. A Bias and Class-Imbalance Audit 747
   2. The Applications MU Names 752
   3. The Frameworks and Tools, and How to Choose 757
   4. Answering This Paper 762

   Page 1 onwards

   767 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 767 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 137 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Foundations and theoretical approach 62 chapters

   1. 1 What Artificial Intelligence Is pages 1–6
   2. 2 The Turing Test, Read Out of Turing's Own Paper pages 7–11
   3. 3 The Disciplines AI Was Built From pages 12–16
   4. 4 The State of the Art pages 17–20
   5. 5 The Risks and the Benefits of AI pages 21–24
   6. 6 Agents and Environments pages 25–29
   7. 7 Rationality, and What a Performance Measure Is pages 30–34
   8. 8 Omniscience, Learning and Autonomy pages 35–38
   9. 9 PEAS: Specifying a Task Environment pages 39–44
   10. 10 The Six Dimensions of a Task Environment pages 45–50
   11. 11 The Table-Driven Agent pages 51–55
   12. 12 Simple Reflex Agents pages 56–60
   13. 13 Model-Based Reflex Agents pages 61–65
   14. 14 Goal-Based Agents pages 66–70
   15. 15 Utility-Based Agents pages 71–75
   16. 16 Learning Agents pages 76–80
   17. 17 How an Agent Represents the World pages 81–85
   18. 18 Problem-Solving Agents pages 86–90
   19. 19 Example Problem: The 8-Puzzle pages 91–96
   20. 20 Example Problem: The 8-Queens Problem pages 97–101
   21. 21 Example Problem: Route Finding pages 102–106
   22. 22 The Water-Jug Problem pages 107–112
   23. 23 Nodes, the Frontier and the Reached Table pages 113–118
   24. 24 Best-First Search: The One Algorithm Behind All of Them pages 119–124
   25. 25 How a Search Strategy Is Measured pages 125–130
   26. 26 Breadth-First Search pages 131–136
   27. 27 Breadth-First Search on the 8-Puzzle pages 137–142
   28. 28 Uniform-Cost Search pages 143–147
   29. 29 Uniform-Cost Search from Arad to Bucharest pages 148–152
   30. 30 Depth-First Search pages 153–158
   31. 31 Depth-First Search on the Water Jugs pages 159–164
   32. 32 Depth-Limited and Iterative Deepening Search pages 165–170
   33. 33 The Uninformed Strategies Compared pages 171–176
   34. 34 Greedy Best-First Search pages 177–182
   35. 35 A* Search pages 183–187
   36. 36 Admissibility, Consistency, and Why A* Is Optimal pages 188–193
   37. 37 A* on the 8-Puzzle with Manhattan Distance pages 194–199
   38. 38 A* on the Road Map with Straight-Line Distance pages 200–205
   39. 39 Heuristic Functions: Where One Comes From pages 206–211
   40. 40 Comparing Two Heuristics: Dominance and the Branching Factor pages 212–217
   41. 41 Memory-Bounded Search: IDA* and Recursive Best-First Search pages 218–223
   42. 42 Acting Under Uncertainty pages 224–229
   43. 43 Basic Probability Notation pages 230–235
   44. 44 The Full Joint Distribution pages 236–240
   45. 45 Inference by Enumeration pages 241–246
   46. 46 Independence and Conditional Independence pages 247–252
   47. 47 Bayes Rule, and Using It for Diagnosis pages 253–257
   48. 48 The Base-Rate Fallacy pages 258–262
   49. 49 The Naive Bayes Classifier pages 263–267
   50. 50 Naive Bayes on Text, and the Zero-Frequency Problem pages 268–273
   51. 51 The Wumpus World Revisited pages 274–279
   52. 52 Representing Knowledge in an Uncertain Domain pages 280–285
   53. 53 The Burglary and Alarm Network pages 286–291
   54. 54 The Semantics of a Bayesian Network pages 292–297
   55. 55 Conditional Independence in a Network, and the Markov Blanket pages 298–303
   56. 56 Exact Inference by Enumeration pages 304–309
   57. 57 Variable Elimination pages 310–315
   58. 58 Approximate Inference: Rejection Sampling pages 316–321
   59. 59 Likelihood Weighting pages 322–327
   60. 60 Gibbs Sampling pages 328–333
   61. 61 Causal Networks pages 334–338
   62. 62 Doing This with a Library: pgmpy pages 339–344

   Module II AI Application Development and Ethics 75 chapters

   1. 63 Forms of Learning pages 345–350
   2. 64 Supervised Learning pages 351–356
   3. 65 Bias, Variance and the Trade-Off Between Them pages 357–362
   4. 66 Learning Decision Trees pages 363–368
   5. 67 Entropy and Information Gain pages 369–374
   6. 68 Building a Decision Tree by Hand pages 375–380
   7. 69 Model Selection pages 381–386
   8. 70 Loss Functions and Regularisation pages 387–392
   9. 71 The Theory of Learning: PAC Learning pages 393–398
   10. 72 Linear Regression pages 399–404
   11. 73 Gradient Descent pages 405–410
   12. 74 Linear Classification and the Perceptron pages 411–416
   13. 75 Logistic Regression pages 417–422
   14. 76 Nonparametric Models and k-Nearest Neighbours pages 423–428
   15. 77 k-Nearest Neighbours in Practice pages 429–434
   16. 78 The Curse of Dimensionality pages 435–440
   17. 79 Locally Weighted Regression and Support Vector Machines pages 441–446
   18. 80 Ensemble Learning: Bagging pages 447–452
   19. 81 Random Forests pages 453–458
   20. 82 Boosting, AdaBoost and Stacking pages 459–464
   21. 83 Developing a Machine Learning System pages 465–470
   22. 84 What Machine Learning Is pages 471–476
   23. 85 Why Use Machine Learning pages 477–481
   24. 86 Types of Machine Learning System pages 482–486
   25. 87 Supervised and Unsupervised Learning pages 487–491
   26. 88 Semi-Supervised, Self-Supervised and Reinforcement Learning pages 492–496
   27. 89 Batch and Online Learning pages 497–502
   28. 90 Instance-Based and Model-Based Learning pages 503–508
   29. 91 The Main Challenges of Machine Learning pages 509–513
   30. 92 Insufficient Quantity of Training Data pages 514–518
   31. 93 Nonrepresentative Training Data pages 519–524
   32. 94 Poor-Quality Data pages 525–530
   33. 95 Irrelevant Features and Feature Engineering pages 531–536
   34. 96 Overfitting the Training Data pages 537–542
   35. 97 Underfitting the Training Data pages 543–547
   36. 98 Stepping Back: The Landscape in One Page pages 548–553
   37. 99 Testing and Validating pages 554–559
   38. 100 MU's Exercises on the Machine Learning Landscape, Answered pages 560–564
   39. 101 MNIST pages 565–570
   40. 102 Training a Binary Classifier pages 571–575
   41. 103 Performance Measures, and Why Accuracy Misleads pages 576–581
   42. 104 Measuring Accuracy Using Cross-Validation pages 582–585
   43. 105 The Confusion Matrix pages 586–590
   44. 106 Precision, Recall and the F1 Score pages 591–595
   45. 107 The Precision and Recall Trade-Off pages 596–600
   46. 108 The ROC Curve and the Area Under It pages 601–606
   47. 109 Multiclass Classification pages 607–611
   48. 110 Error Analysis pages 612–617
   49. 111 Multilabel Classification pages 618–622
   50. 112 Multioutput Classification pages 623–627
   51. 113 Training and Visualising a Decision Tree pages 628–632
   52. 114 Making Predictions with a Trained Tree pages 633–638
   53. 115 Estimating Class Probabilities pages 639–643
   54. 116 The CART Training Algorithm pages 644–649
   55. 117 The Computational Complexity of a Decision Tree pages 650–655
   56. 118 Gini Impurity or Entropy pages 656–661
   57. 119 Regularisation Hyperparameters pages 662–666
   58. 120 Decision Tree Regression pages 667–671
   59. 121 Instability pages 672–676
   60. 122 MU's Exercises on Decision Trees, Answered pages 677–682
   61. 123 The Limits of AI pages 683–688
   62. 124 Can Machines Really Think? pages 689–693
   63. 125 The Ethics of AI pages 694–699
   64. 126 Bias and Fairness in a Model pages 700–705
   65. 127 Accountability, Transparency and Safety pages 706–711
   66. 128 The Feed-Forward Neural Network pages 712–717
   67. 129 Backpropagation pages 718–724
   68. 130 Data Preprocessing in a Pipeline pages 725–730
   69. 131 An End-to-End Pipeline pages 731–735
   70. 132 Inference Integration: Serving a Trained Model pages 736–740
   71. 133 Scalability, Robustness and Data Drift pages 741–746
   72. 134 A Bias and Class-Imbalance Audit pages 747–751
   73. 135 The Applications MU Names pages 752–756
   74. 136 The Frameworks and Tools, and How to Choose pages 757–761
   75. 137 Answering This Paper pages 762–767

3. Linux Administration Practical

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Linux Administration Practical

   B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 5

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

   For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Linux Administration Practical

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I 1

   1. What Linux Is, and What "Red Hat Enterprise Linux" Means 1
   2. The Architecture of a Linux System: Kernel, Shell and Utilities 4
   3. Getting Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and What AlmaLinux and Rocky Are 7
   4. Making the Virtual Machine, in VirtualBox and in VMware 10
   5. Installing RHEL 8 with Anaconda, Screen by Screen 13
   6. The First Boot: Subscription, Updates and the Initial Setup 16
   7. The Graphical Environment: What Starts When You See a Login Screen 18
   8. The Display Manager: GDM, the Greeter and Your Session 21
   9. The Desktop Environment: GNOME, Wayland and X11 23
   10. The Terminal, the Shell and the Prompt 25
   11. The Linux Directory Structure and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 28
   12. File Systems Mounted into the Tree: lsblk, df, and What Is Not on a Disk 31
   13. Reading the Manual: man, apropos and --help 35
   14. Basic System Commands: Who You Are, Where You Are, What This Machine Is 39
   15. The Three Standard Streams, and Redirecting Them 42
   16. Pipes: Joining Commands Together 45
   17. cat, less, head and tail: Reading a File 48

   Contents continued

   Module I continued 1

   1. cut, sort, uniq and wc: Taking a File Apart 51
   2. grep: Finding the Lines That Matter 54
   3. Basic Regular Expressions 57
   4. Extended Regular Expressions, and grep -E 60
   5. awk: Records, Fields and Actions 62
   6. systemd: Units, and the Service You Will Use Most 65
   7. systemd Targets, and What "multi-user" Means 69
   8. Logging In and Switching Users: who, id, su and sudo 72
   9. find and locate: Finding Files on a Server 76
   10. Essential File Management: Paths, Names and the Working Directory 79
   11. ls, and How to Read a Long Listing 82
   12. The Inode: What a File Is, and What a Name Is 86
   13. mkdir, touch, cp, mv and rm: The Four You Type Every Day 89
   14. Hard Links and Symbolic Links 92
   15. Archiving and Compressing Are Two Different Jobs 96
   16. tar: Creating, Listing and Extracting an Archive 99
   17. gzip, bzip2 and xz: Compressing 102
   18. star: The Other Archiver MU Names 105
   19. zip and unzip: The Archive Windows Can Open 108

   Contents continued

   Module I continued 1

   1. Ownership: chown and chgrp 111
   2. Basic Permissions: rwx for User, Group and Other 114
   3. chmod: The Octal Form and the Symbolic Form 117
   4. umask: The Permissions a New File Is Given 120
   5. set-UID, set-GID and the Sticky Bit 123
   6. A set-GID Directory for a Group to Share 127
   7. Access Control Lists: getfacl and setfacl 130
   8. Default ACLs, So New Files Inherit the Rights 135
   9. User-Extended Attributes: setfattr and getfattr 140
   10. File Attributes: chattr and lsattr 144
   11. The Four Files Behind Every User Account 148
   12. useradd, usermod and userdel 152
   13. The Defaults a New Account Gets: login.defs, useradd -D and /etc/skel 156
   14. Groups: Primary, Secondary, groupadd and groupmod 159
   15. Passwords: passwd and /etc/shadow 163
   16. Password Aging with chage 167
   17. su: Becoming Another User 171
   18. sudo, /etc/sudoers and the wheel Group 174

   Contents continued

   Module I continued 1

   1. Permissions and Advanced Permissions on a Real Shared Directory 179
   2. What a Package Is, and What a Repository Is 184
   3. yum and dnf: The Same Tool Under Two Names 188
   4. Asking Questions: yum search, info, provides and list 191
   5. Installing, Updating and Removing Software 195
   6. yum history, and Undoing a Transaction 199
   7. Package Groups and Application Streams 203
   8. Repository Files in /etc/yum.repos.d 207
   9. rpm: Querying the Package Database 211
   10. rpm: Installing, Verifying, and Its Limits 214
   11. A Repository on the Local File System, with createrepo 219

   Module II Module 2

   1. What a Process Is: PID, PPID, State and Owner 224
   2. ps: Looking at What Is Running 228
   3. Shell Jobs: Foreground, Background, and a Job That Outlives Your Login 232
   4. Signals, kill and pkill 236
   5. nice and renice: Deciding What Matters 240
   6. top: Reading Every Field on the Screen 243

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Module 2

   1. Finding the CPU-Hungry and Memory-Hungry Processes, and Killing Them 247
   2. tuned: Profiles and tuned-adm 251
   3. Disks, Devices and lsblk 255
   4. MBR and GPT: Two Ways to Describe a Disk 258
   5. fdisk: Partitioning an MBR Disk 261
   6. gdisk and parted: Partitioning a GPT Disk 265
   7. Deleting a Partition, and Making the Kernel Re-read the Table 269
   8. Making a File System: ext4, xfs and vfat 273
   9. Mounting and Unmounting: mount, umount and findmnt 277
   10. /etc/fstab, and Mounting by UUID or Label 281
   11. Swap: Adding It to a Running System 285
   12. LVM: Physical Volumes, Volume Groups and Logical Volumes 289
   13. Growing a Logical Volume and Its File System Without Unmounting 294
   14. Addresses, Prefixes and Interfaces 299
   15. ip: Reading the Configuration a Server Actually Has 303
   16. Checking It Works: ping, ss and traceroute 307
   17. NetworkManager: the Thing That Owns Your Configuration 311
   18. nmcli: Devices and Connections 314

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Module 2

   1. nmcli: Setting a Static IPv4 Address 318
   2. IPv6, and Setting an IPv6 Address 321
   3. nmtui: the Same Job on a Screen 324
   4. Host Names: hostnamectl and /etc/hostname 327
   5. Name Resolution: /etc/hosts, /etc/resolv.conf and getent 330
   6. ssh: Logging in to Another Machine 333
   7. The Host Key, known_hosts, and the Question Asked Once 337
   8. scp and sftp: Copying Files over SSH 340
   9. ssh-keygen and the authorized_keys File 344
   10. A Passphrase, and ssh-agent So You Type It Once 348
   11. sshd_config: Hardening the Server 352
   12. Installing Apache and Starting It 356
   13. Serving Your First Page, and Opening the Firewall for It 361
   14. httpd.conf and conf.d: The Files and the Directives 364
   15. DocumentRoot, Directory and the Permissions Apache Needs 368
   16. A Name-Based Virtual Host 373
   17. A Port-Based Virtual Host 377
   18. What a Packet Filter Does: Tables, Chains and Rules 381
   19. iptables: Listing, Adding and Deleting Rules 385

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Module 2

   1. iptables: Saving Rules, and Where It Went in RHEL 9 and 10 389
   2. firewalld: Zones, and What a Zone Is For 393
   3. firewall-cmd: Services, Ports, Runtime and Permanent 397
   4. Rich Rules, and Blocking One Address 400
   5. SELinux: Why a Correct Configuration Still Fails 403
   6. NFS: Exporting a Directory 407
   7. NFS: Mounting the Export from a Client 411
   8. CIFS: Mounting a Share, and a Credentials File 416
   9. Remote File Systems in /etc/fstab, and _netdev 420
   10. autofs: The Master Map and an Indirect Map 424
   11. Mounting Home Directories on Demand 428
   12. A First Script: The Shebang, the Permission and Running It 432
   13. Variables, Quoting and Command Substitution 436
   14. Arguments and the Exit Status 440
   15. if and test: Making a Decision 444
   16. for, while, case and Functions 448
   17. A Script That Monitors a Server and Reports 452
   18. Getting and Setting System Information from a Script 456
   19. cron: The crontab and the Five Fields 460

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Module 2

   1. The System Crontabs: /etc/crontab, cron.d and the Daily Directories 464
   2. at: One Job, Once 468
   3. Choosing Between at and cron, and What systemd Timers Add 472
   4. Troubleshooting: journalctl, /var/log and a Method 475

   Module J The journal and the practical examination

   1. What Goes in the Journal, and the Shape of One Write-up 480
   2. The Practical Examination: Two Hours, Thirty Marks 483
   3. Questions Likely to Be Set on Module 1, Worked 486
   4. Questions Likely to Be Set on Module 2, Worked 490
   5. The Viva: What Is Asked, and How to Answer 495

   Page 1 onwards

   499 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 499 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 136 chapters across 3 modules

   Module I Module 1 65 chapters

   1. 1 What Linux Is, and What "Red Hat Enterprise Linux" Means pages 1–3
   2. 2 The Architecture of a Linux System: Kernel, Shell and Utilities pages 4–6
   3. 3 Getting Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and What AlmaLinux and Rocky Are pages 7–9
   4. 4 Making the Virtual Machine, in VirtualBox and in VMware pages 10–12
   5. 5 Installing RHEL 8 with Anaconda, Screen by Screen pages 13–15
   6. 6 The First Boot: Subscription, Updates and the Initial Setup pages 16–17
   7. 7 The Graphical Environment: What Starts When You See a Login Screen pages 18–20
   8. 8 The Display Manager: GDM, the Greeter and Your Session pages 21–22
   9. 9 The Desktop Environment: GNOME, Wayland and X11 pages 23–24
   10. 10 The Terminal, the Shell and the Prompt pages 25–27
   11. 11 The Linux Directory Structure and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard pages 28–30
   12. 12 File Systems Mounted into the Tree: lsblk, df, and What Is Not on a Disk pages 31–34
   13. 13 Reading the Manual: man, apropos and --help pages 35–38
   14. 14 Basic System Commands: Who You Are, Where You Are, What This Machine Is pages 39–41
   15. 15 The Three Standard Streams, and Redirecting Them pages 42–44
   16. 16 Pipes: Joining Commands Together pages 45–47
   17. 17 cat, less, head and tail: Reading a File pages 48–50
   18. 18 cut, sort, uniq and wc: Taking a File Apart pages 51–53
   19. 19 grep: Finding the Lines That Matter pages 54–56
   20. 20 Basic Regular Expressions pages 57–59
   21. 21 Extended Regular Expressions, and grep -E pages 60–61
   22. 22 awk: Records, Fields and Actions pages 62–64
   23. 23 systemd: Units, and the Service You Will Use Most pages 65–68
   24. 24 systemd Targets, and What "multi-user" Means pages 69–71
   25. 25 Logging In and Switching Users: who, id, su and sudo pages 72–75
   26. 26 find and locate: Finding Files on a Server pages 76–78
   27. 27 Essential File Management: Paths, Names and the Working Directory pages 79–81
   28. 28 ls, and How to Read a Long Listing pages 82–85
   29. 29 The Inode: What a File Is, and What a Name Is pages 86–88
   30. 30 mkdir, touch, cp, mv and rm: The Four You Type Every Day pages 89–91
   31. 31 Hard Links and Symbolic Links pages 92–95
   32. 32 Archiving and Compressing Are Two Different Jobs pages 96–98
   33. 33 tar: Creating, Listing and Extracting an Archive pages 99–101
   34. 34 gzip, bzip2 and xz: Compressing pages 102–104
   35. 35 star: The Other Archiver MU Names pages 105–107
   36. 36 zip and unzip: The Archive Windows Can Open pages 108–110
   37. 37 Ownership: chown and chgrp pages 111–113
   38. 38 Basic Permissions: rwx for User, Group and Other pages 114–116
   39. 39 chmod: The Octal Form and the Symbolic Form pages 117–119
   40. 40 umask: The Permissions a New File Is Given pages 120–122
   41. 41 set-UID, set-GID and the Sticky Bit pages 123–126
   42. 42 A set-GID Directory for a Group to Share pages 127–129
   43. 43 Access Control Lists: getfacl and setfacl pages 130–134
   44. 44 Default ACLs, So New Files Inherit the Rights pages 135–139
   45. 45 User-Extended Attributes: setfattr and getfattr pages 140–143
   46. 46 File Attributes: chattr and lsattr pages 144–147
   47. 47 The Four Files Behind Every User Account pages 148–151
   48. 48 useradd, usermod and userdel pages 152–155
   49. 49 The Defaults a New Account Gets: login.defs, useradd -D and /etc/skel pages 156–158
   50. 50 Groups: Primary, Secondary, groupadd and groupmod pages 159–162
   51. 51 Passwords: passwd and /etc/shadow pages 163–166
   52. 52 Password Aging with chage pages 167–170
   53. 53 su: Becoming Another User pages 171–173
   54. 54 sudo, /etc/sudoers and the wheel Group pages 174–178
   55. 55 Permissions and Advanced Permissions on a Real Shared Directory pages 179–183
   56. 56 What a Package Is, and What a Repository Is pages 184–187
   57. 57 yum and dnf: The Same Tool Under Two Names pages 188–190
   58. 58 Asking Questions: yum search, info, provides and list pages 191–194
   59. 59 Installing, Updating and Removing Software pages 195–198
   60. 60 yum history, and Undoing a Transaction pages 199–202
   61. 61 Package Groups and Application Streams pages 203–206
   62. 62 Repository Files in /etc/yum.repos.d pages 207–210
   63. 63 rpm: Querying the Package Database pages 211–213
   64. 64 rpm: Installing, Verifying, and Its Limits pages 214–218
   65. 65 A Repository on the Local File System, with createrepo pages 219–223

   Module II Module 2 66 chapters

   1. 66 What a Process Is: PID, PPID, State and Owner pages 224–227
   2. 67 ps: Looking at What Is Running pages 228–231
   3. 68 Shell Jobs: Foreground, Background, and a Job That Outlives Your Login pages 232–235
   4. 69 Signals, kill and pkill pages 236–239
   5. 70 nice and renice: Deciding What Matters pages 240–242
   6. 71 top: Reading Every Field on the Screen pages 243–246
   7. 72 Finding the CPU-Hungry and Memory-Hungry Processes, and Killing Them pages 247–250
   8. 73 tuned: Profiles and tuned-adm pages 251–254
   9. 74 Disks, Devices and lsblk pages 255–257
   10. 75 MBR and GPT: Two Ways to Describe a Disk pages 258–260
   11. 76 fdisk: Partitioning an MBR Disk pages 261–264
   12. 77 gdisk and parted: Partitioning a GPT Disk pages 265–268
   13. 78 Deleting a Partition, and Making the Kernel Re-read the Table pages 269–272
   14. 79 Making a File System: ext4, xfs and vfat pages 273–276
   15. 80 Mounting and Unmounting: mount, umount and findmnt pages 277–280
   16. 81 /etc/fstab, and Mounting by UUID or Label pages 281–284
   17. 82 Swap: Adding It to a Running System pages 285–288
   18. 83 LVM: Physical Volumes, Volume Groups and Logical Volumes pages 289–293
   19. 84 Growing a Logical Volume and Its File System Without Unmounting pages 294–298
   20. 85 Addresses, Prefixes and Interfaces pages 299–302
   21. 86 ip: Reading the Configuration a Server Actually Has pages 303–306
   22. 87 Checking It Works: ping, ss and traceroute pages 307–310
   23. 88 NetworkManager: the Thing That Owns Your Configuration pages 311–313
   24. 89 nmcli: Devices and Connections pages 314–317
   25. 90 nmcli: Setting a Static IPv4 Address pages 318–320
   26. 91 IPv6, and Setting an IPv6 Address pages 321–323
   27. 92 nmtui: the Same Job on a Screen pages 324–326
   28. 93 Host Names: hostnamectl and /etc/hostname pages 327–329
   29. 94 Name Resolution: /etc/hosts, /etc/resolv.conf and getent pages 330–332
   30. 95 ssh: Logging in to Another Machine pages 333–336
   31. 96 The Host Key, known_hosts, and the Question Asked Once pages 337–339
   32. 97 scp and sftp: Copying Files over SSH pages 340–343
   33. 98 ssh-keygen and the authorized_keys File pages 344–347
   34. 99 A Passphrase, and ssh-agent So You Type It Once pages 348–351
   35. 100 sshd_config: Hardening the Server pages 352–355
   36. 101 Installing Apache and Starting It pages 356–360
   37. 102 Serving Your First Page, and Opening the Firewall for It pages 361–363
   38. 103 httpd.conf and conf.d: The Files and the Directives pages 364–367
   39. 104 DocumentRoot, Directory and the Permissions Apache Needs pages 368–372
   40. 105 A Name-Based Virtual Host pages 373–376
   41. 106 A Port-Based Virtual Host pages 377–380
   42. 107 What a Packet Filter Does: Tables, Chains and Rules pages 381–384
   43. 108 iptables: Listing, Adding and Deleting Rules pages 385–388
   44. 109 iptables: Saving Rules, and Where It Went in RHEL 9 and 10 pages 389–392
   45. 110 firewalld: Zones, and What a Zone Is For pages 393–396
   46. 111 firewall-cmd: Services, Ports, Runtime and Permanent pages 397–399
   47. 112 Rich Rules, and Blocking One Address pages 400–402
   48. 113 SELinux: Why a Correct Configuration Still Fails pages 403–406
   49. 114 NFS: Exporting a Directory pages 407–410
   50. 115 NFS: Mounting the Export from a Client pages 411–415
   51. 116 CIFS: Mounting a Share, and a Credentials File pages 416–419
   52. 117 Remote File Systems in /etc/fstab, and _netdev pages 420–423
   53. 118 autofs: The Master Map and an Indirect Map pages 424–427
   54. 119 Mounting Home Directories on Demand pages 428–431
   55. 120 A First Script: The Shebang, the Permission and Running It pages 432–435
   56. 121 Variables, Quoting and Command Substitution pages 436–439
   57. 122 Arguments and the Exit Status pages 440–443
   58. 123 if and test: Making a Decision pages 444–447
   59. 124 for, while, case and Functions pages 448–451
   60. 125 A Script That Monitors a Server and Reports pages 452–455
   61. 126 Getting and Setting System Information from a Script pages 456–459
   62. 127 cron: The crontab and the Five Fields pages 460–463
   63. 128 The System Crontabs: /etc/crontab, cron.d and the Daily Directories pages 464–467
   64. 129 at: One Job, Once pages 468–471
   65. 130 Choosing Between at and cron, and What systemd Timers Add pages 472–474
   66. 131 Troubleshooting: journalctl, /var/log and a Method pages 475–479

   Module J The journal and the practical examination 5 chapters

   1. 132 What Goes in the Journal, and the Shape of One Write-up pages 480–482
   2. 133 The Practical Examination: Two Hours, Thirty Marks pages 483–485
   3. 134 Questions Likely to Be Set on Module 1, Worked pages 486–489
   4. 135 Questions Likely to Be Set on Module 2, Worked pages 490–494
   5. 136 The Viva: What Is Asked, and How to Answer pages 495–499

4. Dot Net Core and Progressive Web Application

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Dot Net Core and Progressive Web Application

   B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 5

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

   For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Dot Net Core and Progressive Web Application

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Introduction to C#.NET

   1. What .NET Is, and What You Are Actually Installing 1
   2. .NET Framework, .NET Core and the Numbered Releases 4
   3. Which .NET This Book Runs, and What Your College Lab Will Have 8
   4. The Common Language Runtime 11
   5. Managed Code, IL and the JIT Compiler 15
   6. Assemblies: What the Compiler Produces 18
   7. Reading an Assembly, and the Files Beside It 21
   8. The dotnet CLI: new, build and run 24
   9. dotnet publish, and What Ships to a Server 27
   10. The Project File, and What a Package Reference Is 30
   11. The Shape of a C# Program 33
   12. Value Types and Reference Types 36
   13. The Integer Types 39
   14. Floating Point, decimal, and Money 43
   15. char, string and Text 46
   16. bool, and the Operators That Return One 50
   17. var, Implicit Typing, and When Not to Use It 53
   18. Constants, readonly, and Literals 55
   19. Nullable Types, and the null Everybody Meets 57
   20. Variables, Scope and Lifetime 60

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Introduction to C#.NET

   1. Arithmetic Operators 63
   2. Relational and Logical Operators 66
   3. Assignment, and the Compound Assignment Operators 69
   4. Increment and Decrement, Prefix and Postfix 71
   5. The Conditional Operator, and the Null Operators 73
   6. Precedence and Order of Evaluation 76
   7. Expressions and Statements 79
   8. Type Conversion: Implicit, Explicit, Parse and Convert 82
   9. if and else 85
   10. switch, and the switch Expression 87
   11. while and do-while 90
   12. The for Loop 93
   13. Arrays, and foreach 96
   14. break, continue, goto and Labels 99
   15. Methods: Declaring One and Calling It 102
   16. Parameters: value, ref, out and in 105
   17. Optional Arguments, Named Arguments and params 108
   18. Method Overloading 110
   19. Recursion, and the Method That Calls Itself 113

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Introduction to C#.NET

   1. The Three Kinds of Error, and What Error Handling Means 116
   2. try, catch and finally 119
   3. The Exception Hierarchy, and Choosing What to Catch 122
   4. throw, Rethrowing, and Writing Your Own Exception 125
   5. Classes and Objects 128
   6. Fields, Properties, and a Property That Validates 131
   7. Constructors, and Constructor Overloading 134
   8. static: Members, Classes and the Main Method 137
   9. Inheritance 140
   10. The Types of Inheritance, and Why C# Has No Multiple Class Inheritance 143
   11. base, and Constructor Chaining 146
   12. Polymorphism: virtual, override and new 148
   13. Abstract Classes and Abstract Methods 151
   14. Interfaces 154
   15. Interfaces Against Abstract Classes 157
   16. Delegates 159
   17. Multicast Delegates 162
   18. Events 165
   19. Namespaces, and using 168

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Introduction to C#.NET

   1. Writing the First Three Practicals: Arithmetic, Floyd's Triangle and Sorted Cities 171
   2. What a Web Server Does 174
   3. Kestrel, the Reverse Proxy, and the URL a Project Starts On 177
   4. The Request Lifecycle 179
   5. Middleware, and the Pipeline 182
   6. Writing a Middleware of Your Own 184
   7. Routing 187
   8. Minimal APIs, and the Smallest ASP.NET Core Program 189
   9. Controllers 191
   10. MVC: Model, View and Controller 194
   11. Razor Views, and the View Model 197
   12. Razor Pages 200
   13. REST, and What Makes an Endpoint RESTful 203
   14. Building a REST API Endpoint 206
   15. Model Binding and Validation 209
   16. Dependency Injection, and Where Configuration Lives 212
   17. Entity Framework Core 215
   18. CRUD Through EF Core 219
   19. Cookies, Sessions and State 222

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Introduction to C#.NET

   1. Authentication and Authorization 225
   2. Web Forms: What They Are, and Where They Run 228
   3. The Web Forms Server Controls MU Sets 231
   4. The Validation Controls 234
   5. The AdRotator Control 237
   6. The Web Forms Page Lifecycle, and Its ASP.NET Core Answer 239

   Module II PWA

   1. What a Progressive Web Application Is 242
   2. How the Idea Arrived 245
   3. Reliable, Fast, Engaging 247
   4. A PWA Against a Native App 250
   5. A PWA Against a Hybrid App 253
   6. Why a PWA Requires HTTPS 255
   7. localhost, the One Exception 257
   8. The Web App Manifest 259
   9. The Manifest, Property by Property 261
   10. Icons, and the Maskable Icon 264
   11. display, orientation, scope and start_url 267
   12. Linking the Manifest from the Page 269

   Contents continued

   Module II continued PWA

   1. Installability: What a Browser Requires 271
   2. The Service Worker 274
   3. Registering a Service Worker 277
   4. The Lifecycle: installing, waiting, activated 280
   5. Scope, and Which Pages a Worker Controls 283
   6. The fetch Event 285
   7. The Cache Storage API 288
   8. Cache First 291
   9. Network First 293
   10. Stale While Revalidate 295
   11. Choosing a Strategy, Resource by Resource 297
   12. Precaching, and Versioning a Cache 300
   13. Offline Functionality 303
   14. The Custom Offline Page 306
   15. An Offline Cart, and Where to Keep It 308
   16. Push Notifications 311
   17. Permission, and the Notifications API 314
   18. Push Subscription and VAPID Keys 317
   19. Background Sync, Briefly 320

   Contents continued

   Module II continued PWA

   1. Mobile First 323
   2. The Viewport Meta Tag 326
   3. Media Queries 328
   4. Flexible Layouts with Flexbox 331
   5. Flexible Layouts with Grid 334
   6. Fluid Type, Fluid Images, and the Units 337
   7. UI and UX Principles for Cross-Device Work 340
   8. Touch Targets, and the Thumb Zone 343
   9. Consuming an ASP.NET Core Web API 346
   10. The Student Record Management PWA 349
   11. The Factorial Endpoint, and Testing It 352
   12. Deployment Basics 355
   13. Lighthouse, and Reading Its Report 358
   14. CORS 361
   15. Authentication Concepts, and What a JWT Is 364
   16. Performance Best Practices 367
   17. Accessibility Best Practices 370
   18. The College Information Portal, Converted 373
   19. The Examination: Six Answers in Sixty Minutes 378

   Page 1 onwards

   381 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 381 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 133 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Introduction to C#.NET 83 chapters

   1. 1 What .NET Is, and What You Are Actually Installing pages 1–3
   2. 2 .NET Framework, .NET Core and the Numbered Releases pages 4–7
   3. 3 Which .NET This Book Runs, and What Your College Lab Will Have pages 8–10
   4. 4 The Common Language Runtime pages 11–14
   5. 5 Managed Code, IL and the JIT Compiler pages 15–17
   6. 6 Assemblies: What the Compiler Produces pages 18–20
   7. 7 Reading an Assembly, and the Files Beside It pages 21–23
   8. 8 The dotnet CLI: new, build and run pages 24–26
   9. 9 dotnet publish, and What Ships to a Server pages 27–29
   10. 10 The Project File, and What a Package Reference Is pages 30–32
   11. 11 The Shape of a C# Program pages 33–35
   12. 12 Value Types and Reference Types pages 36–38
   13. 13 The Integer Types pages 39–42
   14. 14 Floating Point, decimal, and Money pages 43–45
   15. 15 char, string and Text pages 46–49
   16. 16 bool, and the Operators That Return One pages 50–52
   17. 17 var, Implicit Typing, and When Not to Use It pages 53–54
   18. 18 Constants, readonly, and Literals pages 55–56
   19. 19 Nullable Types, and the null Everybody Meets pages 57–59
   20. 20 Variables, Scope and Lifetime pages 60–62
   21. 21 Arithmetic Operators pages 63–65
   22. 22 Relational and Logical Operators pages 66–68
   23. 23 Assignment, and the Compound Assignment Operators pages 69–70
   24. 24 Increment and Decrement, Prefix and Postfix pages 71–72
   25. 25 The Conditional Operator, and the Null Operators pages 73–75
   26. 26 Precedence and Order of Evaluation pages 76–78
   27. 27 Expressions and Statements pages 79–81
   28. 28 Type Conversion: Implicit, Explicit, Parse and Convert pages 82–84
   29. 29 if and else pages 85–86
   30. 30 switch, and the switch Expression pages 87–89
   31. 31 while and do-while pages 90–92
   32. 32 The for Loop pages 93–95
   33. 33 Arrays, and foreach pages 96–98
   34. 34 break, continue, goto and Labels pages 99–101
   35. 35 Methods: Declaring One and Calling It pages 102–104
   36. 36 Parameters: value, ref, out and in pages 105–107
   37. 37 Optional Arguments, Named Arguments and params pages 108–109
   38. 38 Method Overloading pages 110–112
   39. 39 Recursion, and the Method That Calls Itself pages 113–115
   40. 40 The Three Kinds of Error, and What Error Handling Means pages 116–118
   41. 41 try, catch and finally pages 119–121
   42. 42 The Exception Hierarchy, and Choosing What to Catch pages 122–124
   43. 43 throw, Rethrowing, and Writing Your Own Exception pages 125–127
   44. 44 Classes and Objects pages 128–130
   45. 45 Fields, Properties, and a Property That Validates pages 131–133
   46. 46 Constructors, and Constructor Overloading pages 134–136
   47. 47 static: Members, Classes and the Main Method pages 137–139
   48. 48 Inheritance pages 140–142
   49. 49 The Types of Inheritance, and Why C# Has No Multiple Class Inheritance pages 143–145
   50. 50 base, and Constructor Chaining pages 146–147
   51. 51 Polymorphism: virtual, override and new pages 148–150
   52. 52 Abstract Classes and Abstract Methods pages 151–153
   53. 53 Interfaces pages 154–156
   54. 54 Interfaces Against Abstract Classes pages 157–158
   55. 55 Delegates pages 159–161
   56. 56 Multicast Delegates pages 162–164
   57. 57 Events pages 165–167
   58. 58 Namespaces, and using pages 168–170
   59. 59 Writing the First Three Practicals: Arithmetic, Floyd's Triangle and Sorted Cities pages 171–173
   60. 60 What a Web Server Does pages 174–176
   61. 61 Kestrel, the Reverse Proxy, and the URL a Project Starts On pages 177–178
   62. 62 The Request Lifecycle pages 179–181
   63. 63 Middleware, and the Pipeline pages 182–183
   64. 64 Writing a Middleware of Your Own pages 184–186
   65. 65 Routing pages 187–188
   66. 66 Minimal APIs, and the Smallest ASP.NET Core Program pages 189–190
   67. 67 Controllers pages 191–193
   68. 68 MVC: Model, View and Controller pages 194–196
   69. 69 Razor Views, and the View Model pages 197–199
   70. 70 Razor Pages pages 200–202
   71. 71 REST, and What Makes an Endpoint RESTful pages 203–205
   72. 72 Building a REST API Endpoint pages 206–208
   73. 73 Model Binding and Validation pages 209–211
   74. 74 Dependency Injection, and Where Configuration Lives pages 212–214
   75. 75 Entity Framework Core pages 215–218
   76. 76 CRUD Through EF Core pages 219–221
   77. 77 Cookies, Sessions and State pages 222–224
   78. 78 Authentication and Authorization pages 225–227
   79. 79 Web Forms: What They Are, and Where They Run pages 228–230
   80. 80 The Web Forms Server Controls MU Sets pages 231–233
   81. 81 The Validation Controls pages 234–236
   82. 82 The AdRotator Control pages 237–238
   83. 83 The Web Forms Page Lifecycle, and Its ASP.NET Core Answer pages 239–241

   Module II PWA 50 chapters

   1. 84 What a Progressive Web Application Is pages 242–244
   2. 85 How the Idea Arrived pages 245–246
   3. 86 Reliable, Fast, Engaging pages 247–249
   4. 87 A PWA Against a Native App pages 250–252
   5. 88 A PWA Against a Hybrid App pages 253–254
   6. 89 Why a PWA Requires HTTPS pages 255–256
   7. 90 localhost, the One Exception pages 257–258
   8. 91 The Web App Manifest pages 259–260
   9. 92 The Manifest, Property by Property pages 261–263
   10. 93 Icons, and the Maskable Icon pages 264–266
   11. 94 display, orientation, scope and start_url pages 267–268
   12. 95 Linking the Manifest from the Page pages 269–270
   13. 96 Installability: What a Browser Requires pages 271–273
   14. 97 The Service Worker pages 274–276
   15. 98 Registering a Service Worker pages 277–279
   16. 99 The Lifecycle: installing, waiting, activated pages 280–282
   17. 100 Scope, and Which Pages a Worker Controls pages 283–284
   18. 101 The fetch Event pages 285–287
   19. 102 The Cache Storage API pages 288–290
   20. 103 Cache First pages 291–292
   21. 104 Network First pages 293–294
   22. 105 Stale While Revalidate pages 295–296
   23. 106 Choosing a Strategy, Resource by Resource pages 297–299
   24. 107 Precaching, and Versioning a Cache pages 300–302
   25. 108 Offline Functionality pages 303–305
   26. 109 The Custom Offline Page pages 306–307
   27. 110 An Offline Cart, and Where to Keep It pages 308–310
   28. 111 Push Notifications pages 311–313
   29. 112 Permission, and the Notifications API pages 314–316
   30. 113 Push Subscription and VAPID Keys pages 317–319
   31. 114 Background Sync, Briefly pages 320–322
   32. 115 Mobile First pages 323–325
   33. 116 The Viewport Meta Tag pages 326–327
   34. 117 Media Queries pages 328–330
   35. 118 Flexible Layouts with Flexbox pages 331–333
   36. 119 Flexible Layouts with Grid pages 334–336
   37. 120 Fluid Type, Fluid Images, and the Units pages 337–339
   38. 121 UI and UX Principles for Cross-Device Work pages 340–342
   39. 122 Touch Targets, and the Thumb Zone pages 343–345
   40. 123 Consuming an ASP.NET Core Web API pages 346–348
   41. 124 The Student Record Management PWA pages 349–351
   42. 125 The Factorial Endpoint, and Testing It pages 352–354
   43. 126 Deployment Basics pages 355–357
   44. 127 Lighthouse, and Reading Its Report pages 358–360
   45. 128 CORS pages 361–363
   46. 129 Authentication Concepts, and What a JWT Is pages 364–366
   47. 130 Performance Best Practices pages 367–369
   48. 131 Accessibility Best Practices pages 370–372
   49. 132 The College Information Portal, Converted pages 373–377
   50. 133 The Examination: Six Answers in Sixty Minutes pages 378–381

5. Full Stack development MERN Practical

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Full Stack development MERN Practical

   B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 5

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

   For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Full Stack development MERN Practical

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Frontend Development using React

   1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Slip, the Journal and the Viva 1
   2. What MERN Is, and What Each of the Four Letters Does 4
   3. The Laboratory from Zero: Node.js, npm and Visual Studio Code 7
   4. Your First Node.js File, and Running It from the Terminal 11
   5. console.log, Variables, and Arithmetic in Node.js 14
   6. let, const and var, and Which One to Write 18
   7. Variables and Functions in One Short Program 21
   8. Operators: Arithmetic, Comparison, Logical and the Ones That Catch You 24
   9. Control Statements: if, else if, else and switch 29
   10. Loops: for, while, do...while and for...of 32
   11. Template Literals, and Why Backticks Replaced the Plus Sign 36
   12. What Practical 2 Is For: the JavaScript React and Express Both Assume 39
   13. Functions and Parameters, and the Three Ways to Write One 41
   14. Arrays: Making Them, Reading Them, Changing Them 44
   15. Objects: Keys, Values, Dot and Bracket 48
   16. Arrow Functions, and Where They Differ 52
   17. map: One Array into Another 56
   18. filter and reduce 60

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Frontend Development using React

   1. Changing an Object Without Breaking It: Spread and Destructuring 64
   2. One Program with Functions, Arrays and Objects Together 69
   3. Modules: require, import, and the Two Systems You Will Meet 73
   4. What React Does, and What a Component Is 77
   5. Creating the Project with Vite, and What Each File Is For 80
   6. Welcome to MERN Stack Development: the First Page 84
   7. JSX: HTML in JavaScript, and the Rules It Adds 87
   8. Showing a Value with Curly Braces 90
   9. A Function that Adds Two Numbers, on the Page 94
   10. Styling: index.css, className, and the style Attribute 97
   11. Your Own Functional Component, Rendered from App.jsx 101
   12. The Date and Time on the Page, and Why It Does Not Move 105
   13. What Practical 4 Adds: Props and State 109
   14. Several Components on One Page 112
   15. Props: Data from Parent to Child 115
   16. Props, Continued: Destructuring, Defaults and children 120
   17. useState: the Value React Re-renders For 124
   18. Events: onClick, the Event Object and the Handler 131
   19. A Controlled Form: value, onChange, and What the User Typed 136

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Frontend Development using React

   1. A List on the Page with map(), and the key Prop 141
   2. The Counter 147
   3. The To-Do List 152
   4. What Practical 5 Adds: Pages, and Data from Somewhere Else 158
   5. Installing and Configuring React Router 160
   6. Several Pages, and the Routes that Choose Between Them 164
   7. Link and Routes, and Why an Anchor Tag Is Wrong Here 169
   8. useEffect, and When a Component Talks to the Outside 174
   9. Axios, and Fetching Data from a Public API 181
   10. Loading, Errors, and the Three States Every Fetch Has 188
   11. Showing Fetched Data as a List and as a Table 194
   12. Search and Filter on What Is Shown 200

   Module II Backend Development Using Node.js, Express, and MongoDB

   1. What the Backend Is, and Why the Browser Cannot Do It 207
   2. Node.js as a Web Server, Before Express 210
   3. Installing Express, and the Six Lines That Are a Server 214
   4. res.send: Answering the Browser 219
   5. HTTP: the Method, the Path, the Status Code and the Headers 223
   6. Routes in Express: a Path, a Method and a Function 227

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Backend Development Using Node.js, Express, and MongoDB

   1. Route Parameters and Query Strings 231
   2. res.json, and the JSON a Program Reads 235
   3. Testing a Route: the Browser, curl and Postman 240
   4. Running the Server, Reading Its Console, and nodemon 245
   5. What MongoDB Is: Documents, Collections and BSON 250
   6. Installing MongoDB Community Server and Starting mongod 254
   7. mongosh, a Database and a Collection 258
   8. insertOne, insertMany, and the _id MongoDB Adds 262
   9. find, findOne, and Reading What Came Back 267
   10. Query Filters, Projections and sort 270
   11. updateOne, $set, and the Update Operators 275
   12. deleteOne and deleteMany, and Deleting Carefully 281
   13. CRUD: the Four Words and the Four Operations 286
   14. Connecting Node.js to MongoDB: the Driver and Mongoose 289
   15. The Mongoose Schema and Model 293
   16. What Makes an API RESTful 299
   17. A REST API in Express: the Five Routes 303
   18. A GET Route that Returns Documents 308
   19. React Fetching from Our Own API, and the Error in Between 313

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Backend Development Using Node.js, Express, and MongoDB

   1. CORS, and the One Line That Fixes It 319
   2. A POST from React, and express.json() Reading the Body 326
   3. Saving What Arrived into MongoDB, and What to Send Back 331
   4. Showing the Saved Rows in React 338
   5. Keeping the Address Out of the Code: .env and the Base URL 344
   6. What Practical 9 Is: One Collection, Four Operations, Both Ends 349
   7. POST /api/users: the Route, the Model and the Validation 353
   8. The React Form That Sends a User to the Backend 359
   9. Reading the Users Back Out and Listing Them 366
   10. PUT and the Update: Finding a Document by Its id 373
   11. The Edit Form in React, and Where the Editing State Lives 380
   12. DELETE, and Asking Before You Do It 388
   13. Keeping the Page in Step with the Database After Every Change 395
   14. Putting the Two Halves Together 402
   15. Two Servers, One Address: the Vite Proxy 407
   16. Insert, Update and Delete Entirely from the Interface 414
   17. The List on the Page Is the Collection in the Database 421
   18. Form Validation in the Browser 429

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Backend Development Using Node.js, Express, and MongoDB

   1. Validation on the Server, and Why Both 436
   2. Testing Every Route in Postman, in Order 446
   3. The End-to-End Run an Examiner Watches 453
   4. When It Does Not Work: Eleven Failures and How to Read Each 460

   Module J The journal, the viva and the practical examination

   1. Keeping the Journal, and What Goes on the Page 471
   2. A Worked Practical Slip: Q1, Q2 and Q3 477
   3. The Viva: the Questions Asked at the Table 485

   Page 1 onwards

   491 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 491 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 99 chapters across 3 modules

   Module I Frontend Development using React 49 chapters

   1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Slip, the Journal and the Viva pages 1–3
   2. 2 What MERN Is, and What Each of the Four Letters Does pages 4–6
   3. 3 The Laboratory from Zero: Node.js, npm and Visual Studio Code pages 7–10
   4. 4 Your First Node.js File, and Running It from the Terminal pages 11–13
   5. 5 console.log, Variables, and Arithmetic in Node.js pages 14–17
   6. 6 let, const and var, and Which One to Write pages 18–20
   7. 7 Variables and Functions in One Short Program pages 21–23
   8. 8 Operators: Arithmetic, Comparison, Logical and the Ones That Catch You pages 24–28
   9. 9 Control Statements: if, else if, else and switch pages 29–31
   10. 10 Loops: for, while, do...while and for...of pages 32–35
   11. 11 Template Literals, and Why Backticks Replaced the Plus Sign pages 36–38
   12. 12 What Practical 2 Is For: the JavaScript React and Express Both Assume pages 39–40
   13. 13 Functions and Parameters, and the Three Ways to Write One pages 41–43
   14. 14 Arrays: Making Them, Reading Them, Changing Them pages 44–47
   15. 15 Objects: Keys, Values, Dot and Bracket pages 48–51
   16. 16 Arrow Functions, and Where They Differ pages 52–55
   17. 17 map: One Array into Another pages 56–59
   18. 18 filter and reduce pages 60–63
   19. 19 Changing an Object Without Breaking It: Spread and Destructuring pages 64–68
   20. 20 One Program with Functions, Arrays and Objects Together pages 69–72
   21. 21 Modules: require, import, and the Two Systems You Will Meet pages 73–76
   22. 22 What React Does, and What a Component Is pages 77–79
   23. 23 Creating the Project with Vite, and What Each File Is For pages 80–83
   24. 24 Welcome to MERN Stack Development: the First Page pages 84–86
   25. 25 JSX: HTML in JavaScript, and the Rules It Adds pages 87–89
   26. 26 Showing a Value with Curly Braces pages 90–93
   27. 27 A Function that Adds Two Numbers, on the Page pages 94–96
   28. 28 Styling: index.css, className, and the style Attribute pages 97–100
   29. 29 Your Own Functional Component, Rendered from App.jsx pages 101–104
   30. 30 The Date and Time on the Page, and Why It Does Not Move pages 105–108
   31. 31 What Practical 4 Adds: Props and State pages 109–111
   32. 32 Several Components on One Page pages 112–114
   33. 33 Props: Data from Parent to Child pages 115–119
   34. 34 Props, Continued: Destructuring, Defaults and children pages 120–123
   35. 35 useState: the Value React Re-renders For pages 124–130
   36. 36 Events: onClick, the Event Object and the Handler pages 131–135
   37. 37 A Controlled Form: value, onChange, and What the User Typed pages 136–140
   38. 38 A List on the Page with map(), and the key Prop pages 141–146
   39. 39 The Counter pages 147–151
   40. 40 The To-Do List pages 152–157
   41. 41 What Practical 5 Adds: Pages, and Data from Somewhere Else pages 158–159
   42. 42 Installing and Configuring React Router pages 160–163
   43. 43 Several Pages, and the Routes that Choose Between Them pages 164–168
   44. 44 Link and Routes, and Why an Anchor Tag Is Wrong Here pages 169–173
   45. 45 useEffect, and When a Component Talks to the Outside pages 174–180
   46. 46 Axios, and Fetching Data from a Public API pages 181–187
   47. 47 Loading, Errors, and the Three States Every Fetch Has pages 188–193
   48. 48 Showing Fetched Data as a List and as a Table pages 194–199
   49. 49 Search and Filter on What Is Shown pages 200–206

   Module II Backend Development Using Node.js, Express, and MongoDB 47 chapters

   1. 50 What the Backend Is, and Why the Browser Cannot Do It pages 207–209
   2. 51 Node.js as a Web Server, Before Express pages 210–213
   3. 52 Installing Express, and the Six Lines That Are a Server pages 214–218
   4. 53 res.send: Answering the Browser pages 219–222
   5. 54 HTTP: the Method, the Path, the Status Code and the Headers pages 223–226
   6. 55 Routes in Express: a Path, a Method and a Function pages 227–230
   7. 56 Route Parameters and Query Strings pages 231–234
   8. 57 res.json, and the JSON a Program Reads pages 235–239
   9. 58 Testing a Route: the Browser, curl and Postman pages 240–244
   10. 59 Running the Server, Reading Its Console, and nodemon pages 245–249
   11. 60 What MongoDB Is: Documents, Collections and BSON pages 250–253
   12. 61 Installing MongoDB Community Server and Starting mongod pages 254–257
   13. 62 mongosh, a Database and a Collection pages 258–261
   14. 63 insertOne, insertMany, and the _id MongoDB Adds pages 262–266
   15. 64 find, findOne, and Reading What Came Back pages 267–269
   16. 65 Query Filters, Projections and sort pages 270–274
   17. 66 updateOne, $set, and the Update Operators pages 275–280
   18. 67 deleteOne and deleteMany, and Deleting Carefully pages 281–285
   19. 68 CRUD: the Four Words and the Four Operations pages 286–288
   20. 69 Connecting Node.js to MongoDB: the Driver and Mongoose pages 289–292
   21. 70 The Mongoose Schema and Model pages 293–298
   22. 71 What Makes an API RESTful pages 299–302
   23. 72 A REST API in Express: the Five Routes pages 303–307
   24. 73 A GET Route that Returns Documents pages 308–312
   25. 74 React Fetching from Our Own API, and the Error in Between pages 313–318
   26. 75 CORS, and the One Line That Fixes It pages 319–325
   27. 76 A POST from React, and express.json() Reading the Body pages 326–330
   28. 77 Saving What Arrived into MongoDB, and What to Send Back pages 331–337
   29. 78 Showing the Saved Rows in React pages 338–343
   30. 79 Keeping the Address Out of the Code: .env and the Base URL pages 344–348
   31. 80 What Practical 9 Is: One Collection, Four Operations, Both Ends pages 349–352
   32. 81 POST /api/users: the Route, the Model and the Validation pages 353–358
   33. 82 The React Form That Sends a User to the Backend pages 359–365
   34. 83 Reading the Users Back Out and Listing Them pages 366–372
   35. 84 PUT and the Update: Finding a Document by Its id pages 373–379
   36. 85 The Edit Form in React, and Where the Editing State Lives pages 380–387
   37. 86 DELETE, and Asking Before You Do It pages 388–394
   38. 87 Keeping the Page in Step with the Database After Every Change pages 395–401
   39. 88 Putting the Two Halves Together pages 402–406
   40. 89 Two Servers, One Address: the Vite Proxy pages 407–413
   41. 90 Insert, Update and Delete Entirely from the Interface pages 414–420
   42. 91 The List on the Page Is the Collection in the Database pages 421–428
   43. 92 Form Validation in the Browser pages 429–435
   44. 93 Validation on the Server, and Why Both pages 436–445
   45. 94 Testing Every Route in Postman, in Order pages 446–452
   46. 95 The End-to-End Run an Examiner Watches pages 453–459
   47. 96 When It Does Not Work: Eleven Failures and How to Read Each pages 460–470

   Module J The journal, the viva and the practical examination 3 chapters

   1. 97 Keeping the Journal, and What Goes on the Page pages 471–476
   2. 98 A Worked Practical Slip: Q1, Q2 and Q3 pages 477–484
   3. 99 The Viva: the Questions Asked at the Table pages 485–491

6. Artificial Intelligence Application Development and Jira

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Artificial Intelligence Application Development and Jira

   B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 5

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

   For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Artificial Intelligence Application Development and Jira

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Introduction to AI and Intelligent Agents

   1. How This Paper Is Examined, and What Your Journal Must Contain 1
   2. The Laboratory: Python and the Four Libraries This Paper Needs 5
   3. The Python You Need Before the First Practical 8
   4. What Makes an Agent Rational, and What PEAS Is For 11
   5. PEAS for the Vacuum-Cleaner World 14
   6. PEAS for the Autonomous Taxi 17
   7. Classifying a Task Environment 20
   8. The Table-Driven Agent in Python 23
   9. Why the Table Does Not Scale, and What Replaces It 26
   10. The State Space, the Node and the Frontier 29
   11. The 8-Puzzle: States, Moves and the Goal 33
   12. Breadth-First Search on the 8-Puzzle 37
   13. What Breadth-First Search Costs 41
   14. The Water Jugs, Solved by Depth-First Search 44
   15. Changing the Capacities, and When There Is No Solution 48
   16. The Romania Map as a Weighted Graph 52
   17. Uniform-Cost Search from Arad to Bucharest 56
   18. A Second Graph for Uniform-Cost Search 60
   19. Heuristics, and What Admissible Means 63

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Introduction to AI and Intelligent Agents

   1. Greedy Best-First Search on the 8-Puzzle 67
   2. A-Star Search on the 8-Puzzle 71
   3. Greedy Against A-Star, on the Same Puzzle, Counted 75
   4. A-Star on the Romania Map with Straight-Line Distance 78
   5. Bayes' Rule, Worked by Hand 82
   6. The Medical Test: Writing the Program 85
   7. Why the Answer Feels Wrong: Base Rates and a Second Test 89
   8. Naive Bayes: The Model Behind the Classifier 92
   9. A Naive Bayes Classifier on the Weather Dataset 96
   10. A Naive Bayes Spam Classifier 100
   11. Bayesian Networks: The Burglary and Alarm Model 104
   12. Building the Network with pgmpy 108
   13. Exact Inference: P(Burglary given Alarm = True) 112
   14. Checking the Network's Answer by Hand 116
   15. What a Machine Learning Program Actually Does 120
   16. Loading a Dataset with pandas 123
   17. Preprocessing: Missing Values and Scaling 126
   18. Splitting the Data, and Why Training Accuracy Lies 130
   19. The Whole Workflow in One Program 134

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Introduction to AI and Intelligent Agents

   1. Linear Regression with scikit-learn 137
   2. Reading a Regression's Numbers 140
   3. MNIST, and a Binary Classifier for One Digit 143
   4. The Confusion Matrix, Precision and Recall 147
   5. The Trade-off, and the ROC Curve 151
   6. k-Fold Cross-Validation 155
   7. Decision Trees: How the Split Is Chosen 159
   8. A Decision Tree Classifier on Iris 163
   9. Decision Tree Regression 166
   10. The k-Nearest Neighbours Classifier 169
   11. Multiclass Classification 173
   12. Tuning a Model Without Fooling Yourself 177
   13. Putting a Model to Work 181
   14. Looking at a Dataset for Bias 185
   15. Class Imbalance, and the Score That Hides It 190
   16. Fairness: What the Numbers Can and Cannot Tell You 194

   Module II Jira Setup & Project Configuration, Advanced Configuration,

   1. The Sources This Half Is Written From 198
   2. Agile, Scrum and Kanban: The Vocabulary Jira Implements 201

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Jira Setup & Project Configuration, Advanced Configuration,

   1. What Jira Cloud Is: Site, Product, Project 205
   2. Creating the Account and Reading the Dashboard 208
   3. Company-Managed and Team-Managed: Which One to Create 211
   4. Creating the Scrum or Kanban Project 214
   5. Configuring the Project's Details 217
   6. Adding Team Members 220
   7. Project Roles, and What Assigning One Does 223
   8. Issue Types: Epic, Story, Task, Bug 226
   9. Components and Versions 229
   10. Creating Issues Under an Epic 232
   11. Assignee, Priority and Due Date 235
   12. What a Workflow Is 238
   13. Designing the Custom Workflow 241
   14. Conditions, Validators and Post Functions 244
   15. Publishing the Workflow and Associating It 247
   16. The Scrum Board, and Configuring It 250
   17. Estimation: Story Points and the Backlog 253
   18. Creating and Starting a Sprint 257
   19. Completing a Sprint and Reading the Sprint Report 260

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Jira Setup & Project Configuration, Advanced Configuration,

   1. The Kanban Board, WIP Limits and Flow 264
   2. Tracking Progress: The Control Chart and Cycle Time 267
   3. JQL: The Query Language 271
   4. Writing Basic JQL Queries 274
   5. Saving a Filter and Sharing It 277
   6. The Burndown Chart, Read and Recomputed 280
   7. The Velocity Chart 284
   8. The Pie Chart and Issue Statistics 287
   9. A Custom Dashboard and Its Gadgets 290
   10. Permissions: The Scheme Behind the Buttons 293
   11. Roles, Groups and Who Can Do What 296
   12. Automation: Trigger, Condition, Action 299
   13. Configuring and Testing a Rule 302
   14. Jira on a Phone 305
   15. The Practical Examination: The Slip, the Journal and the Viva 308

   Page 1 onwards

   310 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 310 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 90 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Introduction to AI and Intelligent Agents 54 chapters

   1. 1 How This Paper Is Examined, and What Your Journal Must Contain pages 1–4
   2. 2 The Laboratory: Python and the Four Libraries This Paper Needs pages 5–7
   3. 3 The Python You Need Before the First Practical pages 8–10
   4. 4 What Makes an Agent Rational, and What PEAS Is For pages 11–13
   5. 5 PEAS for the Vacuum-Cleaner World pages 14–16
   6. 6 PEAS for the Autonomous Taxi pages 17–19
   7. 7 Classifying a Task Environment pages 20–22
   8. 8 The Table-Driven Agent in Python pages 23–25
   9. 9 Why the Table Does Not Scale, and What Replaces It pages 26–28
   10. 10 The State Space, the Node and the Frontier pages 29–32
   11. 11 The 8-Puzzle: States, Moves and the Goal pages 33–36
   12. 12 Breadth-First Search on the 8-Puzzle pages 37–40
   13. 13 What Breadth-First Search Costs pages 41–43
   14. 14 The Water Jugs, Solved by Depth-First Search pages 44–47
   15. 15 Changing the Capacities, and When There Is No Solution pages 48–51
   16. 16 The Romania Map as a Weighted Graph pages 52–55
   17. 17 Uniform-Cost Search from Arad to Bucharest pages 56–59
   18. 18 A Second Graph for Uniform-Cost Search pages 60–62
   19. 19 Heuristics, and What Admissible Means pages 63–66
   20. 20 Greedy Best-First Search on the 8-Puzzle pages 67–70
   21. 21 A-Star Search on the 8-Puzzle pages 71–74
   22. 22 Greedy Against A-Star, on the Same Puzzle, Counted pages 75–77
   23. 23 A-Star on the Romania Map with Straight-Line Distance pages 78–81
   24. 24 Bayes' Rule, Worked by Hand pages 82–84
   25. 25 The Medical Test: Writing the Program pages 85–88
   26. 26 Why the Answer Feels Wrong: Base Rates and a Second Test pages 89–91
   27. 27 Naive Bayes: The Model Behind the Classifier pages 92–95
   28. 28 A Naive Bayes Classifier on the Weather Dataset pages 96–99
   29. 29 A Naive Bayes Spam Classifier pages 100–103
   30. 30 Bayesian Networks: The Burglary and Alarm Model pages 104–107
   31. 31 Building the Network with pgmpy pages 108–111
   32. 32 Exact Inference: P(Burglary given Alarm = True) pages 112–115
   33. 33 Checking the Network's Answer by Hand pages 116–119
   34. 34 What a Machine Learning Program Actually Does pages 120–122
   35. 35 Loading a Dataset with pandas pages 123–125
   36. 36 Preprocessing: Missing Values and Scaling pages 126–129
   37. 37 Splitting the Data, and Why Training Accuracy Lies pages 130–133
   38. 38 The Whole Workflow in One Program pages 134–136
   39. 39 Linear Regression with scikit-learn pages 137–139
   40. 40 Reading a Regression's Numbers pages 140–142
   41. 41 MNIST, and a Binary Classifier for One Digit pages 143–146
   42. 42 The Confusion Matrix, Precision and Recall pages 147–150
   43. 43 The Trade-off, and the ROC Curve pages 151–154
   44. 44 k-Fold Cross-Validation pages 155–158
   45. 45 Decision Trees: How the Split Is Chosen pages 159–162
   46. 46 A Decision Tree Classifier on Iris pages 163–165
   47. 47 Decision Tree Regression pages 166–168
   48. 48 The k-Nearest Neighbours Classifier pages 169–172
   49. 49 Multiclass Classification pages 173–176
   50. 50 Tuning a Model Without Fooling Yourself pages 177–180
   51. 51 Putting a Model to Work pages 181–184
   52. 52 Looking at a Dataset for Bias pages 185–189
   53. 53 Class Imbalance, and the Score That Hides It pages 190–193
   54. 54 Fairness: What the Numbers Can and Cannot Tell You pages 194–197

   Module II Jira Setup & Project Configuration, Advanced Configuration, Reporting & Governance 36 chapters

   1. 55 The Sources This Half Is Written From pages 198–200
   2. 56 Agile, Scrum and Kanban: The Vocabulary Jira Implements pages 201–204
   3. 57 What Jira Cloud Is: Site, Product, Project pages 205–207
   4. 58 Creating the Account and Reading the Dashboard pages 208–210
   5. 59 Company-Managed and Team-Managed: Which One to Create pages 211–213
   6. 60 Creating the Scrum or Kanban Project pages 214–216
   7. 61 Configuring the Project's Details pages 217–219
   8. 62 Adding Team Members pages 220–222
   9. 63 Project Roles, and What Assigning One Does pages 223–225
   10. 64 Issue Types: Epic, Story, Task, Bug pages 226–228
   11. 65 Components and Versions pages 229–231
   12. 66 Creating Issues Under an Epic pages 232–234
   13. 67 Assignee, Priority and Due Date pages 235–237
   14. 68 What a Workflow Is pages 238–240
   15. 69 Designing the Custom Workflow pages 241–243
   16. 70 Conditions, Validators and Post Functions pages 244–246
   17. 71 Publishing the Workflow and Associating It pages 247–249
   18. 72 The Scrum Board, and Configuring It pages 250–252
   19. 73 Estimation: Story Points and the Backlog pages 253–256
   20. 74 Creating and Starting a Sprint pages 257–259
   21. 75 Completing a Sprint and Reading the Sprint Report pages 260–263
   22. 76 The Kanban Board, WIP Limits and Flow pages 264–266
   23. 77 Tracking Progress: The Control Chart and Cycle Time pages 267–270
   24. 78 JQL: The Query Language pages 271–273
   25. 79 Writing Basic JQL Queries pages 274–276
   26. 80 Saving a Filter and Sharing It pages 277–279
   27. 81 The Burndown Chart, Read and Recomputed pages 280–283
   28. 82 The Velocity Chart pages 284–286
   29. 83 The Pie Chart and Issue Statistics pages 287–289
   30. 84 A Custom Dashboard and Its Gadgets pages 290–292
   31. 85 Permissions: The Scheme Behind the Buttons pages 293–295
   32. 86 Roles, Groups and Who Can Do What pages 296–298
   33. 87 Automation: Trigger, Condition, Action pages 299–301
   34. 88 Configuring and Testing a Rule pages 302–304
   35. 89 Jira on a Phone pages 305–307
   36. 90 The Practical Examination: The Slip, the Journal and the Viva pages 308–310

7. Android Practical

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Android Practical

   B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 5

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

   For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Android Practical

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Android Fundamentals & UI Design

   1. How This Paper Is Examined, and What Your Journal Must Contain 1
   2. What Android Is, and What You Are Building 4
   3. Installing Android Studio and the SDK 7
   4. Making Your First Project, and Choosing Java 10
   5. Inside an Android Project: Every File and What It Is For 13
   6. The Manifest: What It Declares, and Why It Must 16
   7. Gradle: What It Is, and the Numbers You Must Set 18
   8. The Android Virtual Device: Making One, and What Each Setting Decides 21
   9. Practical 1: Hello World, Written, Built and Run 24
   10. What Happens When You Press Run 27
   11. Reading Logcat 30
   12. When It Will Not Build: Reading the Error 32
   13. Practical 2: Resources, and Why Android Keeps Values Out of the Code 35
   14. strings.xml, and Why a Hard Coded String Is Marked Down 37
   15. dimens.xml, dp and sp 39
   16. colors.xml and themes.xml 41
   17. Drawable Resources: A Shape Drawn in XML 43
   18. Reading a Resource from Java 46
   19. Practical 3: The Activity Lifecycle 48

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Android Fundamentals & UI Design

   1. Watching the Lifecycle Happen in Logcat 52
   2. Rotation: The Activity Is Destroyed and Rebuilt 54
   3. Practical 4: What a Fragment Is, and Adding One 57
   4. The Eleven Fragment Callbacks 61
   5. Practical 5: Replacing a Fragment, and the Back Stack 63
   6. Practical 6: The Fragment Speaks to Its Activity 66
   7. The Activity Speaks to Its Fragment 70
   8. How a Layout Is Measured 72
   9. Why Your First Screen Hides Under the Clock 74
   10. Practical 7: LinearLayout 77
   11. Weights, and the 0dp Rule 80
   12. Practical 8: RelativeLayout 82
   13. Practical 9: TableLayout, and a Registration Form 85
   14. Checking the Form Before You Accept It 88
   15. Practical 10: ScrollView 91
   16. Practical 11: AbsoluteLayout, and Why It Was Deprecated 94
   17. Practical 12: FrameLayout 97
   18. What an Adapter Is 100
   19. Practical 13: ListView with ArrayAdapter 102

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Android Fundamentals & UI Design

   1. Answering a Tap on a Row 105
   2. Practical 14: GridView with a Custom Adapter 107
   3. getView, convertView, and Why the Grid Stays Smooth 110
   4. Practical 15: RecyclerView 112
   5. The ViewHolder, and Telling the Adapter What Changed 116

   Module II Android System Components & Data Handling

   1. Practical 1: The App Bar and the Options Menu 118
   2. showAsAction and the Overflow 122
   3. Practical 2: AlertDialog 124
   4. A Dialog with a Layout of Its Own 127
   5. Practical 3: Context Menus and Popup Menus 130
   6. What an Intent Is 133
   7. Practical 4: Explicit Intents, and Carrying Data 135
   8. Getting an Answer Back 138
   9. Implicit Intents, and Letting the Device Choose 140
   10. Package Visibility, and Checking Before You Send 142
   11. Practical 5: Event Handling with Listeners 144
   12. The Return Value That Decides What Happens Next 147
   13. Practical 6: Spinners and the Adapters That Fill Them 149

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Android System Components & Data Handling

   1. Filling One Control from Another, and a List That Grows 152
   2. What a Service Is, and What It Is Not 154
   3. Practical 7: A Started Service 157
   4. A Bound Service 160
   5. Practical 8: Notifications 163
   6. The Permission, the Tap, and the Three Styles 167
   7. Practical 9: Broadcast Receivers 170
   8. Static and Dynamic, and What the Platform Took Away 173
   9. SQLite on Android 175
   10. Practical 10: Create, Read, Update and Delete 178
   11. Looking at the Database on the Device Itself 182
   12. Practical 11: A Table on the Screen 184
   13. Why the Network Is Not on the Main Thread 188
   14. Practical 12: Fetching JSON from a Web Service 190
   15. Reading JSON with org.json 194
   16. Cleartext, and the Address the Emulator Uses 197
   17. Practical 13: Threads and Handlers 200
   18. postDelayed, and Cleaning Up After Yourself 204
   19. Practical 14: MediaPlayer 206

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Android System Components & Data Handling

   1. TelephonyManager, and What It Will Tell You 209
   2. Practical 15: Runtime Permissions 211
   3. The Three Answers, and the Refusal You Cannot Ask Again 215
   4. Securing the Manifest 218
   5. The Practical Slip, the Journal and the Viva 221

   Page 1 onwards

   224 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 224 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 80 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Android Fundamentals & UI Design 43 chapters

   1. 1 How This Paper Is Examined, and What Your Journal Must Contain pages 1–3
   2. 2 What Android Is, and What You Are Building pages 4–6
   3. 3 Installing Android Studio and the SDK pages 7–9
   4. 4 Making Your First Project, and Choosing Java pages 10–12
   5. 5 Inside an Android Project: Every File and What It Is For pages 13–15
   6. 6 The Manifest: What It Declares, and Why It Must pages 16–17
   7. 7 Gradle: What It Is, and the Numbers You Must Set pages 18–20
   8. 8 The Android Virtual Device: Making One, and What Each Setting Decides pages 21–23
   9. 9 Practical 1: Hello World, Written, Built and Run pages 24–26
   10. 10 What Happens When You Press Run pages 27–29
   11. 11 Reading Logcat pages 30–31
   12. 12 When It Will Not Build: Reading the Error pages 32–34
   13. 13 Practical 2: Resources, and Why Android Keeps Values Out of the Code pages 35–36
   14. 14 strings.xml, and Why a Hard Coded String Is Marked Down pages 37–38
   15. 15 dimens.xml, dp and sp pages 39–40
   16. 16 colors.xml and themes.xml pages 41–42
   17. 17 Drawable Resources: A Shape Drawn in XML pages 43–45
   18. 18 Reading a Resource from Java pages 46–47
   19. 19 Practical 3: The Activity Lifecycle pages 48–51
   20. 20 Watching the Lifecycle Happen in Logcat pages 52–53
   21. 21 Rotation: The Activity Is Destroyed and Rebuilt pages 54–56
   22. 22 Practical 4: What a Fragment Is, and Adding One pages 57–60
   23. 23 The Eleven Fragment Callbacks pages 61–62
   24. 24 Practical 5: Replacing a Fragment, and the Back Stack pages 63–65
   25. 25 Practical 6: The Fragment Speaks to Its Activity pages 66–69
   26. 26 The Activity Speaks to Its Fragment pages 70–71
   27. 27 How a Layout Is Measured pages 72–73
   28. 28 Why Your First Screen Hides Under the Clock pages 74–76
   29. 29 Practical 7: LinearLayout pages 77–79
   30. 30 Weights, and the 0dp Rule pages 80–81
   31. 31 Practical 8: RelativeLayout pages 82–84
   32. 32 Practical 9: TableLayout, and a Registration Form pages 85–87
   33. 33 Checking the Form Before You Accept It pages 88–90
   34. 34 Practical 10: ScrollView pages 91–93
   35. 35 Practical 11: AbsoluteLayout, and Why It Was Deprecated pages 94–96
   36. 36 Practical 12: FrameLayout pages 97–99
   37. 37 What an Adapter Is pages 100–101
   38. 38 Practical 13: ListView with ArrayAdapter pages 102–104
   39. 39 Answering a Tap on a Row pages 105–106
   40. 40 Practical 14: GridView with a Custom Adapter pages 107–109
   41. 41 getView, convertView, and Why the Grid Stays Smooth pages 110–111
   42. 42 Practical 15: RecyclerView pages 112–115
   43. 43 The ViewHolder, and Telling the Adapter What Changed pages 116–117

   Module II Android System Components & Data Handling 37 chapters

   1. 44 Practical 1: The App Bar and the Options Menu pages 118–121
   2. 45 showAsAction and the Overflow pages 122–123
   3. 46 Practical 2: AlertDialog pages 124–126
   4. 47 A Dialog with a Layout of Its Own pages 127–129
   5. 48 Practical 3: Context Menus and Popup Menus pages 130–132
   6. 49 What an Intent Is pages 133–134
   7. 50 Practical 4: Explicit Intents, and Carrying Data pages 135–137
   8. 51 Getting an Answer Back pages 138–139
   9. 52 Implicit Intents, and Letting the Device Choose pages 140–141
   10. 53 Package Visibility, and Checking Before You Send pages 142–143
   11. 54 Practical 5: Event Handling with Listeners pages 144–146
   12. 55 The Return Value That Decides What Happens Next pages 147–148
   13. 56 Practical 6: Spinners and the Adapters That Fill Them pages 149–151
   14. 57 Filling One Control from Another, and a List That Grows pages 152–153
   15. 58 What a Service Is, and What It Is Not pages 154–156
   16. 59 Practical 7: A Started Service pages 157–159
   17. 60 A Bound Service pages 160–162
   18. 61 Practical 8: Notifications pages 163–166
   19. 62 The Permission, the Tap, and the Three Styles pages 167–169
   20. 63 Practical 9: Broadcast Receivers pages 170–172
   21. 64 Static and Dynamic, and What the Platform Took Away pages 173–174
   22. 65 SQLite on Android pages 175–177
   23. 66 Practical 10: Create, Read, Update and Delete pages 178–181
   24. 67 Looking at the Database on the Device Itself pages 182–183
   25. 68 Practical 11: A Table on the Screen pages 184–187
   26. 69 Why the Network Is Not on the Main Thread pages 188–189
   27. 70 Practical 12: Fetching JSON from a Web Service pages 190–193
   28. 71 Reading JSON with org.json pages 194–196
   29. 72 Cleartext, and the Address the Emulator Uses pages 197–199
   30. 73 Practical 13: Threads and Handlers pages 200–203
   31. 74 postDelayed, and Cleaning Up After Yourself pages 204–205
   32. 75 Practical 14: MediaPlayer pages 206–208
   33. 76 TelephonyManager, and What It Will Tell You pages 209–210
   34. 77 Practical 15: Runtime Permissions pages 211–214
   35. 78 The Three Answers, and the Refusal You Cannot Ask Again pages 215–217
   36. 79 Securing the Manifest pages 218–220
   37. 80 The Practical Slip, the Journal and the Viva pages 221–224

8. Dot Net Core and Progressive Web Application Practical

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Dot Net Core and Progressive Web Application Practical

   B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 5

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

   For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Dot Net Core and Progressive Web Application Practical

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Write the program for the following

   1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal, the Weekly Marks and the Two-Hour Slip 1
   2. The .NET Laboratory from Zero: the SDK, Your First Program and Where the Files Go 6
   3. The Project File, the Build, and the Warning You Must Not Ignore 11
   4. Practical 1(a) Part 1: An MVC Application for the Four Arithmetic Operations 16
   5. Practical 1(a) Part 2: The Controller, the View and the Four Operations Running 20
   6. Practical 1(a) Part 3: Divide by Zero, Bad Input and the Validation That Holds 25
   7. Practical 1(b): Floyd's Triangle till n Rows 31
   8. Practical 1(c): Ten City Names Read In and Sorted 35
   9. Practical 2(a): Function Overloading 40
   10. Practical 2(b) Part 1: Inheritance, Single and Multilevel 45
   11. Practical 2(b) Part 2: Hierarchical Inheritance, and the Multiple Kind C# Refuses 50
   12. Practical 2(b) Part 3: Polymorphism, virtual, override, and the Method That Only Hides 55
   13. Practical 2(c): Constructor Overloading 60
   14. Practical 2(d): Interfaces 65
   15. Practical 2(e): Delegates and Events 71
   16. Practical 2(f): Exception Handling 76

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Write the program for the following

   1. Practical 3(a): Four Arithmetic Methods Called Through One Delegate 83
   2. Practical 3(b): A Multicast Delegate 88
   3. Practical 3(c): A BankAccount Whose Balance Cannot Go Negative 94
   4. What Runs Where: Web Forms, SQL Server, and the Honest Line in This Book 100
   5. Practical 4(a) Part 1: A Student Registration Form, the Page, the Label and the TextBox 105
   6. Practical 4(a) Part 2: The DropDownList, the CheckBox, the Calendar and the Button 110
   7. Practical 4(a) Part 3: The Output Label, the Postback and View State 116
   8. Practical 4(a) Part 4: The Same Form in ASP.NET Core, Which You Can Run 122
   9. Practical 4(b): The Validation Controls 128
   10. Practical 4(b) Part 2: The Same Validation in ASP.NET Core, Run 133
   11. Practical 4(c): The AdRotator Control 139
   12. Practical 5(a): Cookies and All of Their Kinds 145
   13. Practical 5(b) Part 1: A Product Table, the Model, the Context and the Migration 151
   14. Practical 5(b) Part 2: The Insert Through EF Core, and What SQL Server Does Differently 158

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Write the program for the following

   1. Practical 5(c) Part 1: CRUD on an Employee Table, Create and Read 164
   2. Practical 5(c) Part 2: Update, Delete, and What Change Tracking Does for You 170
   3. Practical 5(d) Part 1: Authentication in ASP.NET Core 178
   4. Practical 5(d) Part 2: Authorization, Roles, Policies and the Authorize Attribute 185
   5. Module 1 in One Sitting: the Thirteen-Mark Question 191

   Module II PWA

   1. The PWA Laboratory: Serving the Site over HTTPS and the Tools You Are Marked On 196
   2. Practical 6(a) Part 1: A College Information Portal, the Site Itself 202
   3. Practical 6(a) Part 2: Turning It into a Progressive Web Application 208
   4. Practical 6(b): A Custom Offline Page 214
   5. Practical 7(a): A PWA That Works Offline Through a Service Worker 219
   6. Practical 7(a) Part 2: The Caching Strategies, and Which One Each File Wants 225
   7. Practical 7(b) Part 1: A Student Record Management PWA, the Records and the Form 231
   8. Practical 7(b) Part 2: Storing Records Offline with IndexedDB, and Syncing Later 237

   Contents continued

   Module II continued PWA

   1. Practical 8(a): The Start Page and the Link to manifest.json 244
   2. Practical 8(b): A Web API That Returns Student Data as JSON 249
   3. Practical 9(a) Part 1: CRUD Through an ASP.NET Core Web API and EF Core, GET and POST 255
   4. Practical 9(a) Part 2: PUT, DELETE, Status Codes and Validation 261
   5. Practical 9(b): A Factorial Endpoint, and Testing It with Postman 268
   6. Practical 10(a) Part 1: The Web App Manifest, Name, Icons, Start URL and Display Mode 275
   7. Practical 10(a) Part 2: Push Notifications in a PWA 281
   8. Practical 10(b) Part 1: An E-Commerce PWA, the Product Listing 288
   9. Practical 10(b) Part 2: The Offline Cart 294
   10. Measuring a PWA: Lighthouse, the Install Criteria and the Audit to Show the Examiner 301
   11. Module 2 in One Sitting: the Twelve-Mark Question 307
   12. The Journal and the Viva: the Five Marks Nobody Studies For 312

   Page 1 onwards

   321 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 321 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 55 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Write the program for the following 35 chapters

   1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal, the Weekly Marks and the Two-Hour Slip pages 1–5
   2. 2 The .NET Laboratory from Zero: the SDK, Your First Program and Where the Files Go pages 6–10
   3. 3 The Project File, the Build, and the Warning You Must Not Ignore pages 11–15
   4. 4 Practical 1(a) Part 1: An MVC Application for the Four Arithmetic Operations pages 16–19
   5. 5 Practical 1(a) Part 2: The Controller, the View and the Four Operations Running pages 20–24
   6. 6 Practical 1(a) Part 3: Divide by Zero, Bad Input and the Validation That Holds pages 25–30
   7. 7 Practical 1(b): Floyd's Triangle till n Rows pages 31–34
   8. 8 Practical 1(c): Ten City Names Read In and Sorted pages 35–39
   9. 9 Practical 2(a): Function Overloading pages 40–44
   10. 10 Practical 2(b) Part 1: Inheritance, Single and Multilevel pages 45–49
   11. 11 Practical 2(b) Part 2: Hierarchical Inheritance, and the Multiple Kind C# Refuses pages 50–54
   12. 12 Practical 2(b) Part 3: Polymorphism, virtual, override, and the Method That Only Hides pages 55–59
   13. 13 Practical 2(c): Constructor Overloading pages 60–64
   14. 14 Practical 2(d): Interfaces pages 65–70
   15. 15 Practical 2(e): Delegates and Events pages 71–75
   16. 16 Practical 2(f): Exception Handling pages 76–82
   17. 17 Practical 3(a): Four Arithmetic Methods Called Through One Delegate pages 83–87
   18. 18 Practical 3(b): A Multicast Delegate pages 88–93
   19. 19 Practical 3(c): A BankAccount Whose Balance Cannot Go Negative pages 94–99
   20. 20 What Runs Where: Web Forms, SQL Server, and the Honest Line in This Book pages 100–104
   21. 21 Practical 4(a) Part 1: A Student Registration Form, the Page, the Label and the TextBox pages 105–109
   22. 22 Practical 4(a) Part 2: The DropDownList, the CheckBox, the Calendar and the Button pages 110–115
   23. 23 Practical 4(a) Part 3: The Output Label, the Postback and View State pages 116–121
   24. 24 Practical 4(a) Part 4: The Same Form in ASP.NET Core, Which You Can Run pages 122–127
   25. 25 Practical 4(b): The Validation Controls pages 128–132
   26. 26 Practical 4(b) Part 2: The Same Validation in ASP.NET Core, Run pages 133–138
   27. 27 Practical 4(c): The AdRotator Control pages 139–144
   28. 28 Practical 5(a): Cookies and All of Their Kinds pages 145–150
   29. 29 Practical 5(b) Part 1: A Product Table, the Model, the Context and the Migration pages 151–157
   30. 30 Practical 5(b) Part 2: The Insert Through EF Core, and What SQL Server Does Differently pages 158–163
   31. 31 Practical 5(c) Part 1: CRUD on an Employee Table, Create and Read pages 164–169
   32. 32 Practical 5(c) Part 2: Update, Delete, and What Change Tracking Does for You pages 170–177
   33. 33 Practical 5(d) Part 1: Authentication in ASP.NET Core pages 178–184
   34. 34 Practical 5(d) Part 2: Authorization, Roles, Policies and the Authorize Attribute pages 185–190
   35. 35 Module 1 in One Sitting: the Thirteen-Mark Question pages 191–195

   Module II PWA 20 chapters

   1. 36 The PWA Laboratory: Serving the Site over HTTPS and the Tools You Are Marked On pages 196–201
   2. 37 Practical 6(a) Part 1: A College Information Portal, the Site Itself pages 202–207
   3. 38 Practical 6(a) Part 2: Turning It into a Progressive Web Application pages 208–213
   4. 39 Practical 6(b): A Custom Offline Page pages 214–218
   5. 40 Practical 7(a): A PWA That Works Offline Through a Service Worker pages 219–224
   6. 41 Practical 7(a) Part 2: The Caching Strategies, and Which One Each File Wants pages 225–230
   7. 42 Practical 7(b) Part 1: A Student Record Management PWA, the Records and the Form pages 231–236
   8. 43 Practical 7(b) Part 2: Storing Records Offline with IndexedDB, and Syncing Later pages 237–243
   9. 44 Practical 8(a): The Start Page and the Link to manifest.json pages 244–248
   10. 45 Practical 8(b): A Web API That Returns Student Data as JSON pages 249–254
   11. 46 Practical 9(a) Part 1: CRUD Through an ASP.NET Core Web API and EF Core, GET and POST pages 255–260
   12. 47 Practical 9(a) Part 2: PUT, DELETE, Status Codes and Validation pages 261–267
   13. 48 Practical 9(b): A Factorial Endpoint, and Testing It with Postman pages 268–274
   14. 49 Practical 10(a) Part 1: The Web App Manifest, Name, Icons, Start URL and Display Mode pages 275–280
   15. 50 Practical 10(a) Part 2: Push Notifications in a PWA pages 281–287
   16. 51 Practical 10(b) Part 1: An E-Commerce PWA, the Product Listing pages 288–293
   17. 52 Practical 10(b) Part 2: The Offline Cart pages 294–300
   18. 53 Measuring a PWA: Lighthouse, the Install Criteria and the Audit to Show the Examiner pages 301–306
   19. 54 Module 2 in One Sitting: the Twelve-Mark Question pages 307–311
   20. 55 The Journal and the Viva: the Five Marks Nobody Studies For pages 312–321

9. Enterprise Java Practical

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Enterprise Java Practical

   B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 5

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

   For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Enterprise Java Practical

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I 1. Implement the following Simple Servlet applications.

   1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal, the Marks a Session and the Two-Hour Paper 1
   2. The Enterprise Java Laboratory from Zero: the JDK, Maven, Tomcat and MySQL 5
   3. What a Servlet Is, and What the Container Does With It 9
   4. Your First Servlet, Start to Finish 14
   5. jakarta or javax: the One Rename That Breaks Every Old Example 18
   6. Reading the Request: Parameters, Forms, GET and POST 22
   7. Writing the Response: Content Type, the Writer and the Status Code 26
   8. JDBC from Zero: the Driver, the Connection and the Prepared Statement 30
   9. The Database This Book Uses, and the Tables Every Exercise Needs 36
   10. Practical 1(a): A Calculator Servlet 40
   11. Practical 1(b): A Login Servlet That Greets by Name or Refuses 45
   12. Practical 1(c): A Registration Servlet That Stores the Row with JDBC 48
   13. Practical 2(a): Forwarding to a Welcome Servlet with RequestDispatcher 53
   14. Practical 2(b): Counting Visits with a Cookie 57
   15. Practical 2(c): Session Creation and Destruction, and Whether This Is a First Visit 61

   Contents continued

   Module I continued 1. Implement the following Simple Servlet applications.

   1. Practical 3(a): Uploading and Downloading a File 65
   2. Practical 3(b): A Question and Answer Application on the Database 70
   3. Practical 3(c): A Non-Blocking Read with ReadListener 74
   4. JSP from Zero: How a Page Becomes a Servlet 78
   5. Practical 4(a): The Implicit Objects, Shown and Explained 82
   6. Practical 4(b): Passing Values Between Pages, with Validation 86
   7. Practical 4(c): Registration and Login in JSP with JDBC 90
   8. Practical 5(a): Upload and Download Taken Further 95
   9. Practical 5(b): The Question and Answer Application Taken Further 100
   10. Practical 5(c): The Non-Blocking Read Taken Further 105
   11. Practical 6(a): A Form That Updates the Employee Row by eno 109
   12. Practical 6(b): Expression Language on a JSP Page 113
   13. Practical 6(c): JSTL: the Core Tags, the Formatting Tags and the SQL Tags 118

   Module II 7. Implement the following EJB Applications

   1. Enterprise Java Beans from Zero, and the Server a Bean Needs 123
   2. The Application Server in the Laboratory: Installing and Starting WildFly 128

   Contents continued

   Module II continued 7. Implement the following EJB Applications

   1. The Three Session Beans: Stateless, Stateful and Singleton 132
   2. Practical 7(a): A Currency Converter on a Stateless Session Bean 136
   3. Practical 7(b): A Room Reservation System on EJB 140
   4. Practical 7(c): A Shopping Cart on a Stateful Session Bean 145
   5. Practical 8(a): A Servlet Hit Count on a Singleton Session Bean 150
   6. Message Driven Beans and the Queue They Listen To 154
   7. Practical 8(b): Visitor Statistics on a Message Driven Bean 158
   8. Practical 8(c): A Marks Entry Application Reaching the Database from an EJB 163
   9. Persistence and JPA from Zero: the Entity, the Unit and the Entity Manager 169
   10. Practical 9(a): An Inventory Application in JPA 175
   11. Practical 9(b): A Guestbook in JPA 179
   12. Practical 9(c): Storing and Retrieving Book Details in JPA 183
   13. Practical 10(a): ORM Associations in JPA 187
   14. Hibernate from Zero: the Configuration, the Session Factory and What It Adds to JPA 193
   15. Practical 10(b): Website Visitor Feedback Stored by Hibernate in MySQL 197
   16. Practical 10(c): Employee Details Stored and Retrieved by Hibernate in MySQL 201

   Contents continued

   Module II continued 7. Implement the following EJB Applications

   1. Practical 11(a): Hibernate One to One Mapping with Annotations 206
   2. Practical 11(b): Course Details Entered and Retrieved with ORM Mapping 211
   3. Practical 11(c): A Five Page Web Application on Two or Three Java EE Technologies 217
   4. The Spring Framework from Zero: the Container, the Bean and Dependency Injection 225
   5. Practical 12(a): A Web Application in Spring Boot 3 230
   6. Practical 12(b): Lightweight Containers and Dependency Injection with Spring 236
   7. The Journal: What to Write for Each Practical, and What the Examiner Looks For 243
   8. The Viva: the Questions That Come Up, and How to Answer Them 247

   Page 1 onwards

   251 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 251 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 54 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Servlets, Cookies and Sessions, Servlet IO, JSP, EL and JSTL 28 chapters

   1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal, the Marks a Session and the Two-Hour Paper pages 1–4
   2. 2 The Enterprise Java Laboratory from Zero: the JDK, Maven, Tomcat and MySQL pages 5–8
   3. 3 What a Servlet Is, and What the Container Does With It pages 9–13
   4. 4 Your First Servlet, Start to Finish pages 14–17
   5. 5 jakarta or javax: the One Rename That Breaks Every Old Example pages 18–21
   6. 6 Reading the Request: Parameters, Forms, GET and POST pages 22–25
   7. 7 Writing the Response: Content Type, the Writer and the Status Code pages 26–29
   8. 8 JDBC from Zero: the Driver, the Connection and the Prepared Statement pages 30–35
   9. 9 The Database This Book Uses, and the Tables Every Exercise Needs pages 36–39
   10. 10 Practical 1(a): A Calculator Servlet pages 40–44
   11. 11 Practical 1(b): A Login Servlet That Greets by Name or Refuses pages 45–47
   12. 12 Practical 1(c): A Registration Servlet That Stores the Row with JDBC pages 48–52
   13. 13 Practical 2(a): Forwarding to a Welcome Servlet with RequestDispatcher pages 53–56
   14. 14 Practical 2(b): Counting Visits with a Cookie pages 57–60
   15. 15 Practical 2(c): Session Creation and Destruction, and Whether This Is a First Visit pages 61–64
   16. 16 Practical 3(a): Uploading and Downloading a File pages 65–69
   17. 17 Practical 3(b): A Question and Answer Application on the Database pages 70–73
   18. 18 Practical 3(c): A Non-Blocking Read with ReadListener pages 74–77
   19. 19 JSP from Zero: How a Page Becomes a Servlet pages 78–81
   20. 20 Practical 4(a): The Implicit Objects, Shown and Explained pages 82–85
   21. 21 Practical 4(b): Passing Values Between Pages, with Validation pages 86–89
   22. 22 Practical 4(c): Registration and Login in JSP with JDBC pages 90–94
   23. 23 Practical 5(a): Upload and Download Taken Further pages 95–99
   24. 24 Practical 5(b): The Question and Answer Application Taken Further pages 100–104
   25. 25 Practical 5(c): The Non-Blocking Read Taken Further pages 105–108
   26. 26 Practical 6(a): A Form That Updates the Employee Row by eno pages 109–112
   27. 27 Practical 6(b): Expression Language on a JSP Page pages 113–117
   28. 28 Practical 6(c): JSTL: the Core Tags, the Formatting Tags and the SQL Tags pages 118–122

   Module II Enterprise Java Beans, JPA, Hibernate and Spring 26 chapters

   1. 29 Enterprise Java Beans from Zero, and the Server a Bean Needs pages 123–127
   2. 30 The Application Server in the Laboratory: Installing and Starting WildFly pages 128–131
   3. 31 The Three Session Beans: Stateless, Stateful and Singleton pages 132–135
   4. 32 Practical 7(a): A Currency Converter on a Stateless Session Bean pages 136–139
   5. 33 Practical 7(b): A Room Reservation System on EJB pages 140–144
   6. 34 Practical 7(c): A Shopping Cart on a Stateful Session Bean pages 145–149
   7. 35 Practical 8(a): A Servlet Hit Count on a Singleton Session Bean pages 150–153
   8. 36 Message Driven Beans and the Queue They Listen To pages 154–157
   9. 37 Practical 8(b): Visitor Statistics on a Message Driven Bean pages 158–162
   10. 38 Practical 8(c): A Marks Entry Application Reaching the Database from an EJB pages 163–168
   11. 39 Persistence and JPA from Zero: the Entity, the Unit and the Entity Manager pages 169–174
   12. 40 Practical 9(a): An Inventory Application in JPA pages 175–178
   13. 41 Practical 9(b): A Guestbook in JPA pages 179–182
   14. 42 Practical 9(c): Storing and Retrieving Book Details in JPA pages 183–186
   15. 43 Practical 10(a): ORM Associations in JPA pages 187–192
   16. 44 Hibernate from Zero: the Configuration, the Session Factory and What It Adds to JPA pages 193–196
   17. 45 Practical 10(b): Website Visitor Feedback Stored by Hibernate in MySQL pages 197–200
   18. 46 Practical 10(c): Employee Details Stored and Retrieved by Hibernate in MySQL pages 201–205
   19. 47 Practical 11(a): Hibernate One to One Mapping with Annotations pages 206–210
   20. 48 Practical 11(b): Course Details Entered and Retrieved with ORM Mapping pages 211–216
   21. 49 Practical 11(c): A Five Page Web Application on Two or Three Java EE Technologies pages 217–224
   22. 50 The Spring Framework from Zero: the Container, the Bean and Dependency Injection pages 225–229
   23. 51 Practical 12(a): A Web Application in Spring Boot 3 pages 230–235
   24. 52 Practical 12(b): Lightweight Containers and Dependency Injection with Spring pages 236–242
   25. 53 The Journal: What to Write for Each Practical, and What the Examiner Looks For pages 243–246
   26. 54 The Viva: the Questions That Come Up, and How to Answer Them pages 247–251

10. Internet of Things Practical

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Internet of Things Practical

    B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 5

    Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

    For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

    munotes.in Third Year

    Internet of Things Practical

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    Contents

    Module I Interfacing: LEDs and patterns, a Telegram bot, the TM1637 display, GPS, the ADS1115 and an oscilloscope, a 16x2 LCD over I2C, RFID, a fingerprint sensor, the camera, and a home automation system

    1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Slip, the Journal and the Viva 1
    2. The Laboratory from Zero: Raspberry Pi OS, Python, and Switching the Interfaces On 5
    3. The Bench: the Forty Pin Header, Voltages, and Wiring Without Damage 12
    4. Running and Testing a Pi Program When You Have No Pi in Front of You 18
    5. Practical 1: One LED, and the Blink That Is Not a Loop 22
    6. Practical 1 continued: Four Blinking Patterns, and Fading with PWM 26
    7. Practical 2: a Telegram Bot That Switches the GPIO 30
    8. Practical 2 continued: Keeping the Bot and the Token Safe 34
    9. Practical 3: Driving the TM1637 Four Digit Display 38
    10. Practical 3 continued: Showing the Current Time, and the Colon 44
    11. Practical 4: the GPS Module, the Serial Port, and the NMEA Sentence 48
    12. Practical 4 continued: Position, Fix Quality, and What Goes Wrong 53
    13. Practical 5: the ADS1115, I2C, and Reading a Voltage 58
    14. Practical 5 continued: Making the Pi Act as an Oscilloscope 64
    15. Practical 6: the Sixteen by Two LCD Behind an I2C Backpack 69
    16. Practical 7: the MFRC522 RFID Reader, and a Card's UID 76

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Interfacing: LEDs and patterns, a Telegram bot, the TM1637 display, GPS, the ADS1115 and an oscilloscope, a 16x2 LCD over I2C, RFID, a fingerprint sensor, the camera, and a home automation system

    1. Practical 7 continued: Writing to a Block, and the Keys That Guard It 81
    2. Practical 8: the Fingerprint Sensor, Enrolling and Matching 86
    3. Practical 9: the Pi Camera, a Still, a Video, and Picamera2 92
    4. Practical 10: a Home Automation System on the Pi 97
    5. Practical 10 continued: Schedules, Safe States, and the Whole Build 102

    Module II Systems: matching on the LCD, a door lock, MQTT, a Flask dashboard, two factor authentication, motion detection, Node-RED, the Pi's own health, an auditable access control prototype, and Windows 10 IoT Core

    1. Practical 11: Matched or Unmatched on the LCD 107
    2. Practical 12: a Door Lock from a Fingerprint and a Relay 111
    3. Practical 13: MQTT, a Broker, and Publisher and Subscriber 115
    4. Practical 13 continued: Controlling the LED, QoS, Retain and the Last Will 120
    5. Practical 14: a Flask Dashboard That Switches the Relay 125
    6. Practical 14 continued: Making the Dashboard Safe on a Network 129
    7. Practical 15: Two Factor Authentication at the Door 134
    8. Practical 16: a Motion Detector with the Camera and the LCD 138
    9. Practical 17: a Node-RED Flow, the Dashboard and the Push Button 143
    10. Practical 17 continued: the Five Second Override and the Last State 147

    Contents continued

    Module II continued Systems: matching on the LCD, a door lock, MQTT, a Flask dashboard, two factor authentication, motion detection, Node-RED, the Pi's own health, an auditable access control prototype, and Windows 10 IoT Core

    1. Practical 18: Reading the Pi's Own CPU, Memory and Temperature 151
    2. Practical 19: the Access Control Prototype, End to End 156
    3. Practical 19 continued: the Event Log and the Audit 162
    4. Practical 20: Windows 10 IoT Core, and What You Can Really Install 167
    5. Keeping the Journal, and What Goes on the Page 171
    6. A Worked Practical Slip: Q1, Q2 and Q3 175

    Page 1 onwards

    178 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes

    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 178 pages.

    Every chapter in the notes: 37 chapters across 2 modules

    Module I Interfacing: LEDs and patterns, a Telegram bot, the TM1637 display, GPS, the ADS1115 and an oscilloscope, a 16x2 LCD over I2C, RFID, a fingerprint sensor, the camera, and a home automation system 21 chapters

    1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Slip, the Journal and the Viva pages 1–4
    2. 2 The Laboratory from Zero: Raspberry Pi OS, Python, and Switching the Interfaces On pages 5–11
    3. 3 The Bench: the Forty Pin Header, Voltages, and Wiring Without Damage pages 12–17
    4. 4 Running and Testing a Pi Program When You Have No Pi in Front of You pages 18–21
    5. 5 Practical 1: One LED, and the Blink That Is Not a Loop pages 22–25
    6. 6 Practical 1 continued: Four Blinking Patterns, and Fading with PWM pages 26–29
    7. 7 Practical 2: a Telegram Bot That Switches the GPIO pages 30–33
    8. 8 Practical 2 continued: Keeping the Bot and the Token Safe pages 34–37
    9. 9 Practical 3: Driving the TM1637 Four Digit Display pages 38–43
    10. 10 Practical 3 continued: Showing the Current Time, and the Colon pages 44–47
    11. 11 Practical 4: the GPS Module, the Serial Port, and the NMEA Sentence pages 48–52
    12. 12 Practical 4 continued: Position, Fix Quality, and What Goes Wrong pages 53–57
    13. 13 Practical 5: the ADS1115, I2C, and Reading a Voltage pages 58–63
    14. 14 Practical 5 continued: Making the Pi Act as an Oscilloscope pages 64–68
    15. 15 Practical 6: the Sixteen by Two LCD Behind an I2C Backpack pages 69–75
    16. 16 Practical 7: the MFRC522 RFID Reader, and a Card's UID pages 76–80
    17. 17 Practical 7 continued: Writing to a Block, and the Keys That Guard It pages 81–85
    18. 18 Practical 8: the Fingerprint Sensor, Enrolling and Matching pages 86–91
    19. 19 Practical 9: the Pi Camera, a Still, a Video, and Picamera2 pages 92–96
    20. 20 Practical 10: a Home Automation System on the Pi pages 97–101
    21. 21 Practical 10 continued: Schedules, Safe States, and the Whole Build pages 102–106

    Module II Systems: matching on the LCD, a door lock, MQTT, a Flask dashboard, two factor authentication, motion detection, Node-RED, the Pi's own health, an auditable access control prototype, and Windows 10 IoT Core 16 chapters

    1. 22 Practical 11: Matched or Unmatched on the LCD pages 107–110
    2. 23 Practical 12: a Door Lock from a Fingerprint and a Relay pages 111–114
    3. 24 Practical 13: MQTT, a Broker, and Publisher and Subscriber pages 115–119
    4. 25 Practical 13 continued: Controlling the LED, QoS, Retain and the Last Will pages 120–124
    5. 26 Practical 14: a Flask Dashboard That Switches the Relay pages 125–128
    6. 27 Practical 14 continued: Making the Dashboard Safe on a Network pages 129–133
    7. 28 Practical 15: Two Factor Authentication at the Door pages 134–137
    8. 29 Practical 16: a Motion Detector with the Camera and the LCD pages 138–142
    9. 30 Practical 17: a Node-RED Flow, the Dashboard and the Push Button pages 143–146
    10. 31 Practical 17 continued: the Five Second Override and the Last State pages 147–150
    11. 32 Practical 18: Reading the Pi's Own CPU, Memory and Temperature pages 151–155
    12. 33 Practical 19: the Access Control Prototype, End to End pages 156–161
    13. 34 Practical 19 continued: the Event Log and the Audit pages 162–166
    14. 35 Practical 20: Windows 10 IoT Core, and What You Can Really Install pages 167–170
    15. 36 Keeping the Journal, and What Goes on the Page pages 171–174
    16. 37 A Worked Practical Slip: Q1, Q2 and Q3 pages 175–178