B.Sc. (Information Technology) Semester 6 Notes 2026

What do you get

The notes of the Semester 6 subjects written so far, as per the latest syllabus 2026: Cloud Computing Fundamentals; Computer Security; Project Management; AI Ethics; IT Service Management; Enterprise Network Practical; Cyber Law and Digital Policy; Green IT Practices and Sustainability; Data Analytics and Business Intelligence; Digital Forensics Practical; Data Analytics and Business Intelligence and Computer Security.
The other Semester 6 subjects are being written. Each one comes into this same pass when it is finished.
The practical subjects too, worked out exercise by exercise: 2 practical books of 117 chapters, beside 9 theory books of 753.
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Priority access in our MU B.Sc. (Information Technology) student group. The groups are open, so you can send a message any time.
Valid for one year, 365 days from the day you pay.
If the University revises the syllabus while your year is running, the notes are rewritten to match and you read the new version at no extra cost. You are never asked to buy the same semester twice.

Cloud Computing Fundamentals
Official Notes munotes.in

Cloud Computing Fundamentals

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

Cloud Computing Fundamentals

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges
1. The Vision of Cloud Computing 1
2. The Dynamic Provisioning Model 5
3. Defining a Cloud 9
4. Everything as a Service (XaaS) 13
5. The Cloud Computing Reference Model 17
6. Characteristics of Cloud Computing 21
7. Elasticity and On-Demand Provisioning 25
8. Multi-Tenancy 30
9. Pay-Per-Use Billing 35
10. Benefits of Cloud Computing 39
11. Challenges Ahead: Interoperability, Scalability and Fault Tolerance 43
12. Challenges Ahead: Security, Trust and Privacy 47
13. From Distributed Systems to the Cloud 51
14. Virtualization and Web 2.0 55
15. Service-Oriented and Utility-Oriented Computing 59
16. Building Cloud Computing Environments 63
17. Computing Platforms and Technologies 67
18. The Eras of Computing 71
19. Parallel and Distributed Computing 75
20. What Parallel Processing Is 79
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges
1. Hardware Architectures for Parallel Processing 83
2. Levels of Parallelism 87
3. Amdahl's Law 91
4. Gustafson's Law 95
5. Elements of Distributed Computing 99
6. The Client-Server Architecture 104
7. Three-Tier and N-Tier Architectures 108
8. Peer-to-Peer Architecture 112
9. Message Passing 117
10. Shared Memory 121
11. Remote Procedure Call 125
12. RPC Mechanisms 130
13. Distributed Object Frameworks and CORBA 134
14. Java RMI 138
15. Service-Oriented Computing and Web Services 142
16. SOAP and WSDL 146
17. REST 150
18. Introduction to Virtualization 156
19. Characteristics of Virtualized Environments 161
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges
1. Managed Execution 166
2. Portability of Virtual Machines 171
3. A Taxonomy of Virtualization Techniques 176
4. Execution Virtualization and Hypervisors 180
5. Full Virtualization 185
6. Para-Virtualization 190
7. Hardware-Assisted Virtualization 194
8. Operating-System-Level Virtualization 198
9. Containers and Docker 203
10. Application-Level Virtualization 208
11. Storage Virtualization 212
12. Network Virtualization 217
13. Virtualization and Cloud Elasticity 222
14. Live Migration 226
15. Advantages of Virtualization 231
16. Disadvantages of Virtualization 235
17. Xen: Para-Virtualization 239
18. VMware: Full Virtualization 244
19. Microsoft Hyper-V 248
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges
1. The Cloud Reference Model in Depth 252
2. The NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture 256
3. Infrastructure as a Service 260
4. IaaS Examples: Amazon EC2, RightScale and vCloud 264
5. Platform as a Service 268
6. PaaS Examples: Azure, Hadoop, App Engine and Aneka 272
7. Software as a Service 276
8. SaaS Examples: Google Docs, Facebook, Flickr and Salesforce 280
9. Public Clouds 284
10. Private Clouds 288
11. Hybrid Clouds 292
12. Community Clouds 296
13. Choosing a Deployment Model 300
14. The Economics of the Cloud 304
15. Pricing Strategies and Billing Models 308
16. Open Challenges: Cloud Definition, Interoperability and Standards 312
17. Open Challenges: Scalability and Fault Tolerance 316
18. Availability and Load Balancing 320
19. Open Challenges: Security, Trust and Privacy 324
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges
1. The Shared Responsibility Model 329
2. Cloud Security Frameworks and Compliance 333
3. Open Challenges: Organisational Aspects 337
Module II Data-intensive computing and MapReduce, cloud platforms (AWS, App Engine, Azure), energy efficiency, market-oriented clouds, federation and future directions
1. What Data-Intensive Computing Is 341
2. From Data Warehousing to Big Data 345
3. The Four Vs of Big Data 349
4. Challenges in Data-Intensive Computing 353
5. Storage Systems for Data-Intensive Computing 357
6. Distributed File Systems 361
7. Key-Value Stores 365
8. NoSQL Databases 370
9. Object Storage 374
10. The Google File System 378
11. Bigtable 382
12. Hadoop HDFS 386
13. The MapReduce Programming Model 390
14. Map, Shuffle and Reduce 394
15. Fault Tolerance in MapReduce 399
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Data-intensive computing and MapReduce, cloud platforms (AWS, App Engine, Azure), energy efficiency, market-oriented clouds, federation and future directions
1. MapReduce Word Count, Step by Step 404
2. More MapReduce Examples 408
3. Cloud Platforms in Industry 412
4. Amazon Web Services: An Overview 415
5. Amazon EC2: Instance Types and AMIs 419
6. Auto Scaling and Elastic Load Balancing 424
7. Amazon S3: Buckets and Objects 430
8. Amazon EBS and S3 Glacier 435
9. AWS Communication Services: SQS, SNS and SES 440
10. Additional AWS Services 445
11. Google App Engine: Architecture and Core Concepts 449
12. The App Engine Sandbox, Datastore and Memcache 454
13. The App Engine Application Life Cycle 459
14. App Engine: Cost Model, Scaling and Limitations 464
15. Microsoft Azure: Core Concepts 469
16. SQL Azure 474
17. The Windows Azure Platform Appliance 478
18. Google Cloud Platform 482
19. Comparing AWS, App Engine and Azure 486
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Data-intensive computing and MapReduce, cloud platforms (AWS, App Engine, Azure), energy efficiency, market-oriented clouds, federation and future directions
1. Choosing a Cloud Provider 490
2. Cloud Cost Management and Governance 494
3. Energy Efficiency in Clouds 498
4. Green Cloud Computing Architecture 502
5. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling 507
6. VM Consolidation Strategies 512
7. Market-Oriented Cloud Computing 517
8. A Reference Model for Market-Oriented Cloud Computing 521
9. Technologies and Initiatives Supporting MOCC 526
10. Cloud Federation and the InterCloud 531
11. The Cloud Federation Stack 535
12. Aspects of Cloud Federation 539
13. Technologies for Cloud Federations 543
14. MetaCDN 547
15. SpotCloud 551
16. Autonomic Cloud Management 555
17. Cloud Standards 559
18. Hybrid and Multi-Cloud Strategies 563
19. Serverless Computing 567
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Data-intensive computing and MapReduce, cloud platforms (AWS, App Engine, Azure), energy efficiency, market-oriented clouds, federation and future directions
1. Edge Computing 572
2. AI and ML Cloud Services 576
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
579 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 579 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 135 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges 80 chapters
1. 1 The Vision of Cloud Computing pages 1 to 4
2. 2 The Dynamic Provisioning Model pages 5 to 8
3. 3 Defining a Cloud pages 9 to 12
4. 4 Everything as a Service (XaaS) pages 13 to 16
5. 5 The Cloud Computing Reference Model pages 17 to 20
6. 6 Characteristics of Cloud Computing pages 21 to 24
7. 7 Elasticity and On-Demand Provisioning pages 25 to 29
8. 8 Multi-Tenancy pages 30 to 34
9. 9 Pay-Per-Use Billing pages 35 to 38
10. 10 Benefits of Cloud Computing pages 39 to 42
11. 11 Challenges Ahead: Interoperability, Scalability and Fault Tolerance pages 43 to 46
12. 12 Challenges Ahead: Security, Trust and Privacy pages 47 to 50
13. 13 From Distributed Systems to the Cloud pages 51 to 54
14. 14 Virtualization and Web 2.0 pages 55 to 58
15. 15 Service-Oriented and Utility-Oriented Computing pages 59 to 62
16. 16 Building Cloud Computing Environments pages 63 to 66
17. 17 Computing Platforms and Technologies pages 67 to 70
18. 18 The Eras of Computing pages 71 to 74
19. 19 Parallel and Distributed Computing pages 75 to 78
20. 20 What Parallel Processing Is pages 79 to 82
21. 21 Hardware Architectures for Parallel Processing pages 83 to 86
22. 22 Levels of Parallelism pages 87 to 90
23. 23 Amdahl's Law pages 91 to 94
24. 24 Gustafson's Law pages 95 to 98
25. 25 Elements of Distributed Computing pages 99 to 103
26. 26 The Client-Server Architecture pages 104 to 107
27. 27 Three-Tier and N-Tier Architectures pages 108 to 111
28. 28 Peer-to-Peer Architecture pages 112 to 116
29. 29 Message Passing pages 117 to 120
30. 30 Shared Memory pages 121 to 124
31. 31 Remote Procedure Call pages 125 to 129
32. 32 RPC Mechanisms pages 130 to 133
33. 33 Distributed Object Frameworks and CORBA pages 134 to 137
34. 34 Java RMI pages 138 to 141
35. 35 Service-Oriented Computing and Web Services pages 142 to 145
36. 36 SOAP and WSDL pages 146 to 149
37. 37 REST pages 150 to 155
38. 38 Introduction to Virtualization pages 156 to 160
39. 39 Characteristics of Virtualized Environments pages 161 to 165
40. 40 Managed Execution pages 166 to 170
41. 41 Portability of Virtual Machines pages 171 to 175
42. 42 A Taxonomy of Virtualization Techniques pages 176 to 179
43. 43 Execution Virtualization and Hypervisors pages 180 to 184
44. 44 Full Virtualization pages 185 to 189
45. 45 Para-Virtualization pages 190 to 193
46. 46 Hardware-Assisted Virtualization pages 194 to 197
47. 47 Operating-System-Level Virtualization pages 198 to 202
48. 48 Containers and Docker pages 203 to 207
49. 49 Application-Level Virtualization pages 208 to 211
50. 50 Storage Virtualization pages 212 to 216
51. 51 Network Virtualization pages 217 to 221
52. 52 Virtualization and Cloud Elasticity pages 222 to 225
53. 53 Live Migration pages 226 to 230
54. 54 Advantages of Virtualization pages 231 to 234
55. 55 Disadvantages of Virtualization pages 235 to 238
56. 56 Xen: Para-Virtualization pages 239 to 243
57. 57 VMware: Full Virtualization pages 244 to 247
58. 58 Microsoft Hyper-V pages 248 to 251
59. 59 The Cloud Reference Model in Depth pages 252 to 255
60. 60 The NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture pages 256 to 259
61. 61 Infrastructure as a Service pages 260 to 263
62. 62 IaaS Examples: Amazon EC2, RightScale and vCloud pages 264 to 267
63. 63 Platform as a Service pages 268 to 271
64. 64 PaaS Examples: Azure, Hadoop, App Engine and Aneka pages 272 to 275
65. 65 Software as a Service pages 276 to 279
66. 66 SaaS Examples: Google Docs, Facebook, Flickr and Salesforce pages 280 to 283
67. 67 Public Clouds pages 284 to 287
68. 68 Private Clouds pages 288 to 291
69. 69 Hybrid Clouds pages 292 to 295
70. 70 Community Clouds pages 296 to 299
71. 71 Choosing a Deployment Model pages 300 to 303
72. 72 The Economics of the Cloud pages 304 to 307
73. 73 Pricing Strategies and Billing Models pages 308 to 311
74. 74 Open Challenges: Cloud Definition, Interoperability and Standards pages 312 to 315
75. 75 Open Challenges: Scalability and Fault Tolerance pages 316 to 319
76. 76 Availability and Load Balancing pages 320 to 323
77. 77 Open Challenges: Security, Trust and Privacy pages 324 to 328
78. 78 The Shared Responsibility Model pages 329 to 332
79. 79 Cloud Security Frameworks and Compliance pages 333 to 336
80. 80 Open Challenges: Organisational Aspects pages 337 to 340
Module II Data-intensive computing and MapReduce, cloud platforms (AWS, App Engine, Azure), energy efficiency, market-oriented clouds, federation and future directions 55 chapters
1. 81 What Data-Intensive Computing Is pages 341 to 344
2. 82 From Data Warehousing to Big Data pages 345 to 348
3. 83 The Four Vs of Big Data pages 349 to 352
4. 84 Challenges in Data-Intensive Computing pages 353 to 356
5. 85 Storage Systems for Data-Intensive Computing pages 357 to 360
6. 86 Distributed File Systems pages 361 to 364
7. 87 Key-Value Stores pages 365 to 369
8. 88 NoSQL Databases pages 370 to 373
9. 89 Object Storage pages 374 to 377
10. 90 The Google File System pages 378 to 381
11. 91 Bigtable pages 382 to 385
12. 92 Hadoop HDFS pages 386 to 389
13. 93 The MapReduce Programming Model pages 390 to 393
14. 94 Map, Shuffle and Reduce pages 394 to 398
15. 95 Fault Tolerance in MapReduce pages 399 to 403
16. 96 MapReduce Word Count, Step by Step pages 404 to 407
17. 97 More MapReduce Examples pages 408 to 411
18. 98 Cloud Platforms in Industry pages 412 to 414
19. 99 Amazon Web Services: An Overview pages 415 to 418
20. 100 Amazon EC2: Instance Types and AMIs pages 419 to 423
21. 101 Auto Scaling and Elastic Load Balancing pages 424 to 429
22. 102 Amazon S3: Buckets and Objects pages 430 to 434
23. 103 Amazon EBS and S3 Glacier pages 435 to 439
24. 104 AWS Communication Services: SQS, SNS and SES pages 440 to 444
25. 105 Additional AWS Services pages 445 to 448
26. 106 Google App Engine: Architecture and Core Concepts pages 449 to 453
27. 107 The App Engine Sandbox, Datastore and Memcache pages 454 to 458
28. 108 The App Engine Application Life Cycle pages 459 to 463
29. 109 App Engine: Cost Model, Scaling and Limitations pages 464 to 468
30. 110 Microsoft Azure: Core Concepts pages 469 to 473
31. 111 SQL Azure pages 474 to 477
32. 112 The Windows Azure Platform Appliance pages 478 to 481
33. 113 Google Cloud Platform pages 482 to 485
34. 114 Comparing AWS, App Engine and Azure pages 486 to 489
35. 115 Choosing a Cloud Provider pages 490 to 493
36. 116 Cloud Cost Management and Governance pages 494 to 497
37. 117 Energy Efficiency in Clouds pages 498 to 501
38. 118 Green Cloud Computing Architecture pages 502 to 506
39. 119 Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling pages 507 to 511
40. 120 VM Consolidation Strategies pages 512 to 516
41. 121 Market-Oriented Cloud Computing pages 517 to 520
42. 122 A Reference Model for Market-Oriented Cloud Computing pages 521 to 525
43. 123 Technologies and Initiatives Supporting MOCC pages 526 to 530
44. 124 Cloud Federation and the InterCloud pages 531 to 534
45. 125 The Cloud Federation Stack pages 535 to 538
46. 126 Aspects of Cloud Federation pages 539 to 542
47. 127 Technologies for Cloud Federations pages 543 to 546
48. 128 MetaCDN pages 547 to 550
49. 129 SpotCloud pages 551 to 554
50. 130 Autonomic Cloud Management pages 555 to 558
51. 131 Cloud Standards pages 559 to 562
52. 132 Hybrid and Multi-Cloud Strategies pages 563 to 566
53. 133 Serverless Computing pages 567 to 571
54. 134 Edge Computing pages 572 to 575
55. 135 AI and ML Cloud Services pages 576 to 579
Computer Security
Official Notes munotes.in

Computer Security

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

Computer Security

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Information security, risk, secure design, authentication, encryption, database and network security, firewalls
1. Why Information Needs Protecting 1
2. How Information Security Grew Up 8
3. Justifying Security Investment 14
4. A Security Methodology 21
5. Building a Security Program 26
6. Policies, Standards, Procedures and Guidelines 31
7. The Impossible Job 36
8. The Weakest Link 40
9. Social Engineering, and the Awareness That Answers It 45
10. Strategy and Tactics 51
11. Business Processes Against Technical Controls 56
12. Kinds of Control: By Nature and By Purpose 62
13. Threat Definition: Threats, Vulnerabilities and Risk 70
14. Types of Attacks: Passive and Active 79
15. Malicious Software 87
16. Attacks on Networks 97
17. Attacks on Applications and Passwords 105
18. Risk Analysis: The Process 114
19. Quantitative Risk Analysis 120
20. Qualitative Risk Analysis 126
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Information security, risk, secure design, authentication, encryption, database and network security, firewalls
1. Treating Risk 132
2. Secure Design Principles 139
3. The CIA Triad 147
4. Other Models: Beyond the Triad 153
5. Defense Models 159
6. Zones of Trust 165
7. Best Practices for Network Defense 171
8. Authentication: Proving Who You Are 177
9. Passwords Done Properly 183
10. Tokens, Certificates and Biometrics 190
11. Multi-Factor Authentication and Single Sign-On 197
12. Network Authentication: Kerberos, RADIUS and TACACS+ 203
13. Authorization: Deciding What You May Do 211
14. Access Control Models 217
15. A Brief History of Encryption 223
16. The Words of Encryption 229
17. Symmetric-Key Cryptography 235
18. DES and Triple DES 241
19. The Advanced Encryption Standard 247
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Information security, risk, secure design, authentication, encryption, database and network security, firewalls
1. Block Ciphers, Stream Ciphers and Modes of Operation 253
2. Public Key Cryptography 259
3. RSA, Worked Small 265
4. Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange 272
5. Hash Functions and Digital Signatures 278
6. Public Key Infrastructure 284
7. Certificates, Chains and Revocation 291
8. General Database Security Concepts 297
9. Understanding Database Security Layers 306
10. Understanding Database-Level Security 314
11. Views, Procedures and Row-Level Security 322
12. Using Application Security 330
13. SQL Injection, and the Parameterised Query 337
14. Database Backup and Recovery 348
15. Keeping Your Servers Up to Date 356
16. Database Auditing and Monitoring 363
17. Switch and Router Basics 370
18. Attacks on Switches 377
19. Securing Switches 387
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Information security, risk, secure design, authentication, encryption, database and network security, firewalls
1. Securing Routers 396
2. Network Hardening 403
3. Access Control Lists on a Router 414
4. Firewalls: An Overview 423
5. The Evolution of Firewalls 431
6. Core Firewall Functions 440
7. Additional Firewall Capabilities 449
8. Virtual Private Networks and IPsec 457
9. Firewall Design 468
10. The Zone-Based Policy Firewall 478
Module II Intrusion detection and prevention, VoIP and PBX security, operating system security, virtual machines and cloud, secure applications, physical security
1. IDS Concepts 485
2. Network-Based and Host-Based IDS 492
3. Detection Models: Signature and Anomaly 499
4. False Alarms and the Base Rate 507
5. IDS Features, and Intrusion Prevention 513
6. IDS Deployment Considerations 520
7. Seeing the Network as a Defender 527
8. Logs and Log Management 535
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Intrusion detection and prevention, VoIP and PBX security, operating system security, virtual machines and cloud, secure applications, physical security
1. Security Information and Event Management 541
2. VoIP and PBX: The Background 548
3. VoIP Components 553
4. VoIP Vulnerabilities 559
5. VoIP Countermeasures 565
6. PBX Security 571
7. Telecom Expense Management 577
8. Operating System Models 582
9. Classic Security Models: Bell-LaPadula 587
10. Biba and Clark-Wilson 592
11. The Reference Monitor 597
12. Trustworthy Computing 603
13. International Standards for Operating System Security 610
14. Virtual Machines 616
15. Virtualization Security 622
16. Cloud Computing 629
17. Cloud Security 635
18. The Secure Development Lifecycle 641
19. Application Security Practices 646
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Intrusion detection and prevention, VoIP and PBX security, operating system security, virtual machines and cloud, secure applications, physical security
1. Web Application Security 652
2. Injection and Cross-Site Scripting 658
3. Client Application Security 664
4. Remote Administration Security 670
5. Classification of Assets 675
6. Physical Vulnerability Assessment 680
7. Choosing a Site Location for Security 685
8. Securing Assets: Locks and Entry Controls 690
9. Physical Intrusion Detection 695
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
699 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 699 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 104 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Information security, risk, secure design, authentication, encryption, database and network security, firewalls 68 chapters
1. 1 Why Information Needs Protecting pages 1 to 7
2. 2 How Information Security Grew Up pages 8 to 13
3. 3 Justifying Security Investment pages 14 to 20
4. 4 A Security Methodology pages 21 to 25
5. 5 Building a Security Program pages 26 to 30
6. 6 Policies, Standards, Procedures and Guidelines pages 31 to 35
7. 7 The Impossible Job pages 36 to 39
8. 8 The Weakest Link pages 40 to 44
9. 9 Social Engineering, and the Awareness That Answers It pages 45 to 50
10. 10 Strategy and Tactics pages 51 to 55
11. 11 Business Processes Against Technical Controls pages 56 to 61
12. 12 Kinds of Control: By Nature and By Purpose pages 62 to 69
13. 13 Threat Definition: Threats, Vulnerabilities and Risk pages 70 to 78
14. 14 Types of Attacks: Passive and Active pages 79 to 86
15. 15 Malicious Software pages 87 to 96
16. 16 Attacks on Networks pages 97 to 104
17. 17 Attacks on Applications and Passwords pages 105 to 113
18. 18 Risk Analysis: The Process pages 114 to 119
19. 19 Quantitative Risk Analysis pages 120 to 125
20. 20 Qualitative Risk Analysis pages 126 to 131
21. 21 Treating Risk pages 132 to 138
22. 22 Secure Design Principles pages 139 to 146
23. 23 The CIA Triad pages 147 to 152
24. 24 Other Models: Beyond the Triad pages 153 to 158
25. 25 Defense Models pages 159 to 164
26. 26 Zones of Trust pages 165 to 170
27. 27 Best Practices for Network Defense pages 171 to 176
28. 28 Authentication: Proving Who You Are pages 177 to 182
29. 29 Passwords Done Properly pages 183 to 189
30. 30 Tokens, Certificates and Biometrics pages 190 to 196
31. 31 Multi-Factor Authentication and Single Sign-On pages 197 to 202
32. 32 Network Authentication: Kerberos, RADIUS and TACACS+ pages 203 to 210
33. 33 Authorization: Deciding What You May Do pages 211 to 216
34. 34 Access Control Models pages 217 to 222
35. 35 A Brief History of Encryption pages 223 to 228
36. 36 The Words of Encryption pages 229 to 234
37. 37 Symmetric-Key Cryptography pages 235 to 240
38. 38 DES and Triple DES pages 241 to 246
39. 39 The Advanced Encryption Standard pages 247 to 252
40. 40 Block Ciphers, Stream Ciphers and Modes of Operation pages 253 to 258
41. 41 Public Key Cryptography pages 259 to 264
42. 42 RSA, Worked Small pages 265 to 271
43. 43 Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange pages 272 to 277
44. 44 Hash Functions and Digital Signatures pages 278 to 283
45. 45 Public Key Infrastructure pages 284 to 290
46. 46 Certificates, Chains and Revocation pages 291 to 296
47. 47 General Database Security Concepts pages 297 to 305
48. 48 Understanding Database Security Layers pages 306 to 313
49. 49 Understanding Database-Level Security pages 314 to 321
50. 50 Views, Procedures and Row-Level Security pages 322 to 329
51. 51 Using Application Security pages 330 to 336
52. 52 SQL Injection, and the Parameterised Query pages 337 to 347
53. 53 Database Backup and Recovery pages 348 to 355
54. 54 Keeping Your Servers Up to Date pages 356 to 362
55. 55 Database Auditing and Monitoring pages 363 to 369
56. 56 Switch and Router Basics pages 370 to 376
57. 57 Attacks on Switches pages 377 to 386
58. 58 Securing Switches pages 387 to 395
59. 59 Securing Routers pages 396 to 402
60. 60 Network Hardening pages 403 to 413
61. 61 Access Control Lists on a Router pages 414 to 422
62. 62 Firewalls: An Overview pages 423 to 430
63. 63 The Evolution of Firewalls pages 431 to 439
64. 64 Core Firewall Functions pages 440 to 448
65. 65 Additional Firewall Capabilities pages 449 to 456
66. 66 Virtual Private Networks and IPsec pages 457 to 467
67. 67 Firewall Design pages 468 to 477
68. 68 The Zone-Based Policy Firewall pages 478 to 484
Module II Intrusion detection and prevention, VoIP and PBX security, operating system security, virtual machines and cloud, secure applications, physical security 36 chapters
1. 69 IDS Concepts pages 485 to 491
2. 70 Network-Based and Host-Based IDS pages 492 to 498
3. 71 Detection Models: Signature and Anomaly pages 499 to 506
4. 72 False Alarms and the Base Rate pages 507 to 512
5. 73 IDS Features, and Intrusion Prevention pages 513 to 519
6. 74 IDS Deployment Considerations pages 520 to 526
7. 75 Seeing the Network as a Defender pages 527 to 534
8. 76 Logs and Log Management pages 535 to 540
9. 77 Security Information and Event Management pages 541 to 547
10. 78 VoIP and PBX: The Background pages 548 to 552
11. 79 VoIP Components pages 553 to 558
12. 80 VoIP Vulnerabilities pages 559 to 564
13. 81 VoIP Countermeasures pages 565 to 570
14. 82 PBX Security pages 571 to 576
15. 83 Telecom Expense Management pages 577 to 581
16. 84 Operating System Models pages 582 to 586
17. 85 Classic Security Models: Bell-LaPadula pages 587 to 591
18. 86 Biba and Clark-Wilson pages 592 to 596
19. 87 The Reference Monitor pages 597 to 602
20. 88 Trustworthy Computing pages 603 to 609
21. 89 International Standards for Operating System Security pages 610 to 615
22. 90 Virtual Machines pages 616 to 621
23. 91 Virtualization Security pages 622 to 628
24. 92 Cloud Computing pages 629 to 634
25. 93 Cloud Security pages 635 to 640
26. 94 The Secure Development Lifecycle pages 641 to 645
27. 95 Application Security Practices pages 646 to 651
28. 96 Web Application Security pages 652 to 657
29. 97 Injection and Cross-Site Scripting pages 658 to 663
30. 98 Client Application Security pages 664 to 669
31. 99 Remote Administration Security pages 670 to 674
32. 100 Classification of Assets pages 675 to 679
33. 101 Physical Vulnerability Assessment pages 680 to 684
34. 102 Choosing a Site Location for Security pages 685 to 689
35. 103 Securing Assets: Locks and Entry Controls pages 690 to 694
36. 104 Physical Intrusion Detection pages 695 to 699
Project Management
Official Notes munotes.in

Project Management

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

Project Management

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Software Project Management, Evaluation & Planning
1. Software Project Management: An Introduction 1
2. Why Software Project Management Matters 5
3. What a Project Is 9
4. Software Projects and Other Projects 13
5. Contract Management and Technical Project Management 17
6. Activities Covered by Software Project Management 21
7. Plans, Methods and Methodologies 25
8. Categories of Software Projects 29
9. The Project Charter 33
10. Stakeholders 37
11. Setting Objectives 41
12. The Business Case 45
13. Project Success and Failure 49
14. What Management Is 53
15. Management Control 56
16. The Project Management Life Cycle 60
17. Traditional and Modern Project Management Practices 64
18. Project Portfolio Management 68
19. Evaluating Individual Projects and Cash Flow Forecasting 72
20. Net Profit, Payback and Return on Investment 77
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Software Project Management, Evaluation & Planning
1. Net Present Value 82
2. Internal Rate of Return 87
3. Risk Evaluation 92
4. Decision Trees 96
5. Programme Management 100
6. Strategic Programme Management 104
7. Benefits Management 108
8. Reservations about Programme Management 112
9. Step Wise Project Planning: An Overview 116
10. Selecting the Project, and Its Scope and Objectives 120
11. Identifying the Project Infrastructure 123
12. Analysing Project Characteristics 126
13. Products: Product Breakdown and Product Flow 130
14. From Products to Activities 134
15. Estimating Effort for Each Activity 138
16. Identifying Activity Risks 142
17. Allocating Resources 145
18. Reviewing and Executing the Plan 148
19. Build or Buy 152
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Software Project Management, Evaluation & Planning
1. Choosing Methodologies and Technologies 156
2. Software Processes 159
3. Choosing a Process Model 162
4. Structure versus Speed of Delivery 165
Module II Estimation, Risk, Quality & Project Closure
1. Why Software Estimation Is Hard 169
2. Over-Estimation and Under-Estimation 173
3. The Basis for Software Estimating 177
4. Bottom-up and Top-down Estimating 181
5. Parametric Models 185
6. Expert Judgment 189
7. Estimating by Analogy 193
8. Albrecht Function Point Analysis 197
9. Mark II Function Points 202
10. COSMIC Function Points 206
11. COCOMO II: The Model 210
12. COCOMO II: A Worked Estimate 215
13. Cost Estimation 219
14. Staffing Patterns 222
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Estimation, Risk, Quality & Project Closure
1. Schedule Compression 226
2. Capers Jones Estimation Rules 229
3. The Waterfall Model 234
4. The Spiral Model 238
5. Prototyping 242
6. Incremental Delivery 246
7. Rapid Application Development 250
8. Agile Methods 255
9. Extreme Programming 259
10. Scrum 264
11. Lean Software Development 269
12. Managing Iterative Processes 273
13. Selecting an Appropriate Process Model 278
14. Project Scheduling 282
15. Network Planning Models 286
16. The Critical Path Method 290
17. Activity Float 295
18. Reducing the Project Duration 299
19. Activity-on-Arrow Networks 304
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Estimation, Risk, Quality & Project Closure
1. Risk and Its Categories 309
2. Identifying Risks 313
3. Assessing Risks 317
4. Planning for Risk 323
5. Boehm's Top Ten Risks 329
6. The PERT Technique 334
7. Monte Carlo Simulation 339
8. Critical Chain Concepts 345
9. Identifying Resources 351
10. Scheduling Resources 355
11. Cost Schedules 360
12. Earned Value Analysis 364
13. Earned Value: Performance Indices and Forecasts 368
14. Change Control 373
15. Software Configuration Management 378
16. Managing People: Motivation 383
17. Working in Teams 388
18. Leadership 393
19. Communication in Projects 397
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Estimation, Risk, Quality & Project Closure
1. Software Quality Concepts 401
2. The ISO 9126 Quality Model 405
3. Quality Planning 409
4. Testing 414
5. Software Reliability 419
6. The Project Closure Process 424
7. Financial Closure 429
8. The Project Closeout Report 433
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
436 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 436 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 103 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Software Project Management, Evaluation & Planning 43 chapters
1. 1 Software Project Management: An Introduction pages 1 to 4
2. 2 Why Software Project Management Matters pages 5 to 8
3. 3 What a Project Is pages 9 to 12
4. 4 Software Projects and Other Projects pages 13 to 16
5. 5 Contract Management and Technical Project Management pages 17 to 20
6. 6 Activities Covered by Software Project Management pages 21 to 24
7. 7 Plans, Methods and Methodologies pages 25 to 28
8. 8 Categories of Software Projects pages 29 to 32
9. 9 The Project Charter pages 33 to 36
10. 10 Stakeholders pages 37 to 40
11. 11 Setting Objectives pages 41 to 44
12. 12 The Business Case pages 45 to 48
13. 13 Project Success and Failure pages 49 to 52
14. 14 What Management Is pages 53 to 55
15. 15 Management Control pages 56 to 59
16. 16 The Project Management Life Cycle pages 60 to 63
17. 17 Traditional and Modern Project Management Practices pages 64 to 67
18. 18 Project Portfolio Management pages 68 to 71
19. 19 Evaluating Individual Projects and Cash Flow Forecasting pages 72 to 76
20. 20 Net Profit, Payback and Return on Investment pages 77 to 81
21. 21 Net Present Value pages 82 to 86
22. 22 Internal Rate of Return pages 87 to 91
23. 23 Risk Evaluation pages 92 to 95
24. 24 Decision Trees pages 96 to 99
25. 25 Programme Management pages 100 to 103
26. 26 Strategic Programme Management pages 104 to 107
27. 27 Benefits Management pages 108 to 111
28. 28 Reservations about Programme Management pages 112 to 115
29. 29 Step Wise Project Planning: An Overview pages 116 to 119
30. 30 Selecting the Project, and Its Scope and Objectives pages 120 to 122
31. 31 Identifying the Project Infrastructure pages 123 to 125
32. 32 Analysing Project Characteristics pages 126 to 129
33. 33 Products: Product Breakdown and Product Flow pages 130 to 133
34. 34 From Products to Activities pages 134 to 137
35. 35 Estimating Effort for Each Activity pages 138 to 141
36. 36 Identifying Activity Risks pages 142 to 144
37. 37 Allocating Resources pages 145 to 147
38. 38 Reviewing and Executing the Plan pages 148 to 151
39. 39 Build or Buy pages 152 to 155
40. 40 Choosing Methodologies and Technologies pages 156 to 158
41. 41 Software Processes pages 159 to 161
42. 42 Choosing a Process Model pages 162 to 164
43. 43 Structure versus Speed of Delivery pages 165 to 168
Module II Estimation, Risk, Quality & Project Closure 60 chapters
1. 44 Why Software Estimation Is Hard pages 169 to 172
2. 45 Over-Estimation and Under-Estimation pages 173 to 176
3. 46 The Basis for Software Estimating pages 177 to 180
4. 47 Bottom-up and Top-down Estimating pages 181 to 184
5. 48 Parametric Models pages 185 to 188
6. 49 Expert Judgment pages 189 to 192
7. 50 Estimating by Analogy pages 193 to 196
8. 51 Albrecht Function Point Analysis pages 197 to 201
9. 52 Mark II Function Points pages 202 to 205
10. 53 COSMIC Function Points pages 206 to 209
11. 54 COCOMO II: The Model pages 210 to 214
12. 55 COCOMO II: A Worked Estimate pages 215 to 218
13. 56 Cost Estimation pages 219 to 221
14. 57 Staffing Patterns pages 222 to 225
15. 58 Schedule Compression pages 226 to 228
16. 59 Capers Jones Estimation Rules pages 229 to 233
17. 60 The Waterfall Model pages 234 to 237
18. 61 The Spiral Model pages 238 to 241
19. 62 Prototyping pages 242 to 245
20. 63 Incremental Delivery pages 246 to 249
21. 64 Rapid Application Development pages 250 to 254
22. 65 Agile Methods pages 255 to 258
23. 66 Extreme Programming pages 259 to 263
24. 67 Scrum pages 264 to 268
25. 68 Lean Software Development pages 269 to 272
26. 69 Managing Iterative Processes pages 273 to 277
27. 70 Selecting an Appropriate Process Model pages 278 to 281
28. 71 Project Scheduling pages 282 to 285
29. 72 Network Planning Models pages 286 to 289
30. 73 The Critical Path Method pages 290 to 294
31. 74 Activity Float pages 295 to 298
32. 75 Reducing the Project Duration pages 299 to 303
33. 76 Activity-on-Arrow Networks pages 304 to 308
34. 77 Risk and Its Categories pages 309 to 312
35. 78 Identifying Risks pages 313 to 316
36. 79 Assessing Risks pages 317 to 322
37. 80 Planning for Risk pages 323 to 328
38. 81 Boehm's Top Ten Risks pages 329 to 333
39. 82 The PERT Technique pages 334 to 338
40. 83 Monte Carlo Simulation pages 339 to 344
41. 84 Critical Chain Concepts pages 345 to 350
42. 85 Identifying Resources pages 351 to 354
43. 86 Scheduling Resources pages 355 to 359
44. 87 Cost Schedules pages 360 to 363
45. 88 Earned Value Analysis pages 364 to 367
46. 89 Earned Value: Performance Indices and Forecasts pages 368 to 372
47. 90 Change Control pages 373 to 377
48. 91 Software Configuration Management pages 378 to 382
49. 92 Managing People: Motivation pages 383 to 387
50. 93 Working in Teams pages 388 to 392
51. 94 Leadership pages 393 to 396
52. 95 Communication in Projects pages 397 to 400
53. 96 Software Quality Concepts pages 401 to 404
54. 97 The ISO 9126 Quality Model pages 405 to 408
55. 98 Quality Planning pages 409 to 413
56. 99 Testing pages 414 to 418
57. 100 Software Reliability pages 419 to 423
58. 101 The Project Closure Process pages 424 to 428
59. 102 Financial Closure pages 429 to 432
60. 103 The Project Closeout Report pages 433 to 436
AI Ethics
Official Notes munotes.in

AI Ethics

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

AI Ethics

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Foundations of AI Ethics and Philosophical Perspectives
1. What Artificial Intelligence Is 1
2. The Ethical Landscape of AI 7
3. Symbolic AI: Intelligence as Rules and Logic 12
4. Expert Systems and the AI Winters 16
5. Machine Learning: Learning from Data 20
6. Neural Networks and Deep Learning 24
7. Generative AI and Large Language Models 28
8. The Evolution of AI: A Timeline 32
9. AI in Society: Real-World Applications 36
10. AI in Indian Healthcare, Agriculture and Finance 40
11. The Impacts of AI on Society 44
12. Ethics, Morality and Law 48
13. Ethical Theories Applied to AI 52
14. The Five Principles of AI Ethics 56
15. Trustworthy AI 60
16. AI Hype versus Reality 64
17. What AI Can and Cannot Do 68
18. Human-AI Interaction 72
19. Automation Bias and Human Oversight 76
20. AI and Technological Transformation 80
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Foundations of AI Ethics and Philosophical Perspectives
1. What Is Intelligence? 84
2. Can Machines Think? The Turing Test 88
3. The Chinese Room 92
4. Human and Artificial Intelligence Compared 96
5. Superintelligence 99
6. The Technological Singularity 103
7. Transhumanism 107
8. Existential Risk and the AI Safety Debate 111
9. AI and the Concept of Humanity 115
10. Moral Agency: Can a Machine Be a Moral Agent? 119
11. Machine Responsibility and the Responsibility Gap 123
12. Robot Rights and Electronic Personhood 127
13. The Frankenstein Complex 131
14. Ethical Narratives: How Stories Shape AI 137
15. The Ethical Risks of AI: A Map 143
16. Algorithmic Bias 148
17. Where Bias Enters the AI Life Cycle 153
18. Discrimination by Algorithm 158
19. Case Study: COMPAS and Risk Scores 163
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Foundations of AI Ethics and Philosophical Perspectives
1. Case Study: Gender Shades 168
2. Data Ethics 172
3. What Fairness Means 177
4. Measuring Fairness: A Worked Example 182
5. Why Fairness Measures Conflict 187
6. Reducing Bias 191
7. Privacy and AI 196
8. Surveillance and Facial Recognition 201
9. Surveillance Capitalism and the Data Economy 206
10. Explainability 211
11. How AI Decisions Are Explained: LIME, SHAP and Counterfactuals 216
12. Transparency 221
13. Responsibility in AI Systems 226
14. Accountability in AI Systems 231
Module II Governance, Regulation and Responsible AI Implementation
1. AI in Research, Academia and Professional Practice 236
2. Generative AI in Research 240
3. Responsible Generative AI in Research: The Living Guidelines 244
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Governance, Regulation and Responsible AI Implementation
1. AI in Writing 248
2. AI in Publishing and Peer Review 252
3. Academic Integrity and Plagiarism 256
4. Using AI Honestly as a Student 261
5. Copyright and AI-Generated Works 265
6. Can AI Be an Author? 270
7. AI as Inventor: The DABUS Cases 274
8. Training Data and Copyright 279
9. Data Management in Research 284
10. Ethical Data Handling 288
11. AI in Professional Practice: Codes and Duties 293
12. Responsible AI Adoption in Institutions 298
13. Writing an Institutional AI Policy 302
14. AI Governance, Policy and Regulation 306
15. The EU AI Act: A Risk-Based Law 310
16. The EU AI Act: High-Risk Systems 315
17. The EU AI Act: General-Purpose AI and Transparency 320
18. AI Regulation in the United States, the United Kingdom and China 325
19. International AI Frameworks 330
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Governance, Regulation and Responsible AI Implementation
1. AI Governance in India 335
2. India's Rules on Deepfakes and Synthetic Content 339
3. Data Protection Law and AI: The GDPR 346
4. Data Protection Law and AI: India's DPDP Act 352
5. Ethical Guidelines for AI 359
6. Compliance: From Principles to Practice 364
7. AI Risk Assessment: The NIST AI Risk Management Framework 370
8. Algorithmic Impact Assessment 375
9. AI Audits 381
10. A Bias Audit Worked Through 386
11. Institutional Governance of AI 391
12. Policy Proposals for Responsible AI 396
13. Future Challenges and Sustainable AI 401
14. AI and the Future of Work 405
15. Jobs Created and Jobs Displaced 410
16. Societal Transformations 414
17. Economic Transformations 418
18. The Environmental Cost of AI 422
19. Water, Hardware and the AI Life Cycle 426
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Governance, Regulation and Responsible AI Implementation
1. AI for Climate 430
2. Green AI 434
3. Open Science and AI 438
4. Open-Source AI 442
5. Responsible Innovation 446
6. Human-Centered AI 450
7. Assessing an AI System: A Worked Case 454
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
457 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 457 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 101 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Foundations of AI Ethics and Philosophical Perspectives 53 chapters
1. 1 What Artificial Intelligence Is pages 1 to 6
2. 2 The Ethical Landscape of AI pages 7 to 11
3. 3 Symbolic AI: Intelligence as Rules and Logic pages 12 to 15
4. 4 Expert Systems and the AI Winters pages 16 to 19
5. 5 Machine Learning: Learning from Data pages 20 to 23
6. 6 Neural Networks and Deep Learning pages 24 to 27
7. 7 Generative AI and Large Language Models pages 28 to 31
8. 8 The Evolution of AI: A Timeline pages 32 to 35
9. 9 AI in Society: Real-World Applications pages 36 to 39
10. 10 AI in Indian Healthcare, Agriculture and Finance pages 40 to 43
11. 11 The Impacts of AI on Society pages 44 to 47
12. 12 Ethics, Morality and Law pages 48 to 51
13. 13 Ethical Theories Applied to AI pages 52 to 55
14. 14 The Five Principles of AI Ethics pages 56 to 59
15. 15 Trustworthy AI pages 60 to 63
16. 16 AI Hype versus Reality pages 64 to 67
17. 17 What AI Can and Cannot Do pages 68 to 71
18. 18 Human-AI Interaction pages 72 to 75
19. 19 Automation Bias and Human Oversight pages 76 to 79
20. 20 AI and Technological Transformation pages 80 to 83
21. 21 What Is Intelligence? pages 84 to 87
22. 22 Can Machines Think? The Turing Test pages 88 to 91
23. 23 The Chinese Room pages 92 to 95
24. 24 Human and Artificial Intelligence Compared pages 96 to 98
25. 25 Superintelligence pages 99 to 102
26. 26 The Technological Singularity pages 103 to 106
27. 27 Transhumanism pages 107 to 110
28. 28 Existential Risk and the AI Safety Debate pages 111 to 114
29. 29 AI and the Concept of Humanity pages 115 to 118
30. 30 Moral Agency: Can a Machine Be a Moral Agent? pages 119 to 122
31. 31 Machine Responsibility and the Responsibility Gap pages 123 to 126
32. 32 Robot Rights and Electronic Personhood pages 127 to 130
33. 33 The Frankenstein Complex pages 131 to 136
34. 34 Ethical Narratives: How Stories Shape AI pages 137 to 142
35. 35 The Ethical Risks of AI: A Map pages 143 to 147
36. 36 Algorithmic Bias pages 148 to 152
37. 37 Where Bias Enters the AI Life Cycle pages 153 to 157
38. 38 Discrimination by Algorithm pages 158 to 162
39. 39 Case Study: COMPAS and Risk Scores pages 163 to 167
40. 40 Case Study: Gender Shades pages 168 to 171
41. 41 Data Ethics pages 172 to 176
42. 42 What Fairness Means pages 177 to 181
43. 43 Measuring Fairness: A Worked Example pages 182 to 186
44. 44 Why Fairness Measures Conflict pages 187 to 190
45. 45 Reducing Bias pages 191 to 195
46. 46 Privacy and AI pages 196 to 200
47. 47 Surveillance and Facial Recognition pages 201 to 205
48. 48 Surveillance Capitalism and the Data Economy pages 206 to 210
49. 49 Explainability pages 211 to 215
50. 50 How AI Decisions Are Explained: LIME, SHAP and Counterfactuals pages 216 to 220
51. 51 Transparency pages 221 to 225
52. 52 Responsibility in AI Systems pages 226 to 230
53. 53 Accountability in AI Systems pages 231 to 235
Module II Governance, Regulation and Responsible AI Implementation 48 chapters
1. 54 AI in Research, Academia and Professional Practice pages 236 to 239
2. 55 Generative AI in Research pages 240 to 243
3. 56 Responsible Generative AI in Research: The Living Guidelines pages 244 to 247
4. 57 AI in Writing pages 248 to 251
5. 58 AI in Publishing and Peer Review pages 252 to 255
6. 59 Academic Integrity and Plagiarism pages 256 to 260
7. 60 Using AI Honestly as a Student pages 261 to 264
8. 61 Copyright and AI-Generated Works pages 265 to 269
9. 62 Can AI Be an Author? pages 270 to 273
10. 63 AI as Inventor: The DABUS Cases pages 274 to 278
11. 64 Training Data and Copyright pages 279 to 283
12. 65 Data Management in Research pages 284 to 287
13. 66 Ethical Data Handling pages 288 to 292
14. 67 AI in Professional Practice: Codes and Duties pages 293 to 297
15. 68 Responsible AI Adoption in Institutions pages 298 to 301
16. 69 Writing an Institutional AI Policy pages 302 to 305
17. 70 AI Governance, Policy and Regulation pages 306 to 309
18. 71 The EU AI Act: A Risk-Based Law pages 310 to 314
19. 72 The EU AI Act: High-Risk Systems pages 315 to 319
20. 73 The EU AI Act: General-Purpose AI and Transparency pages 320 to 324
21. 74 AI Regulation in the United States, the United Kingdom and China pages 325 to 329
22. 75 International AI Frameworks pages 330 to 334
23. 76 AI Governance in India pages 335 to 338
24. 77 India's Rules on Deepfakes and Synthetic Content pages 339 to 345
25. 78 Data Protection Law and AI: The GDPR pages 346 to 351
26. 79 Data Protection Law and AI: India's DPDP Act pages 352 to 358
27. 80 Ethical Guidelines for AI pages 359 to 363
28. 81 Compliance: From Principles to Practice pages 364 to 369
29. 82 AI Risk Assessment: The NIST AI Risk Management Framework pages 370 to 374
30. 83 Algorithmic Impact Assessment pages 375 to 380
31. 84 AI Audits pages 381 to 385
32. 85 A Bias Audit Worked Through pages 386 to 390
33. 86 Institutional Governance of AI pages 391 to 395
34. 87 Policy Proposals for Responsible AI pages 396 to 400
35. 88 Future Challenges and Sustainable AI pages 401 to 404
36. 89 AI and the Future of Work pages 405 to 409
37. 90 Jobs Created and Jobs Displaced pages 410 to 413
38. 91 Societal Transformations pages 414 to 417
39. 92 Economic Transformations pages 418 to 421
40. 93 The Environmental Cost of AI pages 422 to 425
41. 94 Water, Hardware and the AI Life Cycle pages 426 to 429
42. 95 AI for Climate pages 430 to 433
43. 96 Green AI pages 434 to 437
44. 97 Open Science and AI pages 438 to 441
45. 98 Open-Source AI pages 442 to 445
46. 99 Responsible Innovation pages 446 to 449
47. 100 Human-Centered AI pages 450 to 453
48. 101 Assessing an AI System: A Worked Case pages 454 to 457
IT Service Management
Official Notes munotes.in

IT Service Management

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

IT Service Management

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Introduction: IT service management in the modern world, About ITIL 4, The structure
1. IT Service Management in the Modern World 1
2. About ITIL 4 6
3. The Structure of the ITIL 4 Framework 11
4. The Benefits of ITIL 4 16
5. The ITIL V3 Service Lifecycle 20
6. Service Strategy in ITIL V3 25
7. Service Design in ITIL V3 32
8. Service Transition in ITIL V3 39
9. Service Operation in ITIL V3 45
10. Continual Service Improvement in ITIL V3 51
11. Value and Value Co-Creation 57
12. Organizations, Service Providers and Service Consumers 61
13. Customers, Users, Sponsors and Other Stakeholders 65
14. Products and Services 69
15. Service Offerings 73
16. Service Relationships 76
17. Outputs and Outcomes 80
18. Costs and Risks 83
19. Utility and Warranty 87
20. The Four Dimensions of Service Management 91
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Introduction: IT service management in the modern world, About ITIL 4, The structure
1. Organizations and People 95
2. Information and Technology 98
3. Partners and Suppliers 101
4. Value Streams and Processes 105
5. External Factors and the PESTLE Model 109
6. The Service Value System: An Overview 113
7. Opportunity, Demand and Value 117
8. The ITIL Guiding Principles 121
9. Focus on Value 125
10. Start Where You Are 129
11. Progress Iteratively with Feedback 132
12. Collaborate and Promote Visibility 135
13. Think and Work Holistically 138
14. Keep It Simple and Practical 141
15. Optimize and Automate 144
16. Governance 148
17. The Service Value Chain 152
18. Plan, Improve and Engage 156
19. Design and Transition, Obtain or Build, Deliver and Support 160
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Introduction: IT service management in the modern world, About ITIL 4, The structure
1. Continual Improvement 164
2. The Continual Improvement Model 168
3. What a Practice Is 172
4. General Management Practices 176
5. Service Management Practices 180
6. Technical Management Practices 184
Module II Drive Stakeholder Value: Introduction, The customer journey, Step 1: Explore, Step 2
1. Drive Stakeholder Value: Introduction 187
2. The Customer Journey 191
3. Step 1: Explore 195
4. Step 2: Engage 198
5. Step 3: Offer 201
6. Step 4: Agree 204
7. Step 5: Onboard 207
8. Step 6: Co-create 210
9. Step 7: Realize 213
10. Create, Deliver and Support: Key Concepts and Challenges 216
11. Using a Shift-Left Approach 220
12. Planning and Managing Resources in the Service Value System 224
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Drive Stakeholder Value: Introduction, The customer journey, Step 1: Explore, Step 2
1. The Use and Value of Technology Across the Service Value System 228
2. Service Value Chains, Value Streams and Value Stream Mapping 232
3. The Value Stream for a New Service 236
4. Change Enablement 240
5. Service Design 244
6. Software Development and Management 248
7. Service Validation and Testing 252
8. Release Management and Deployment Management 256
9. The Value Stream for User Support 259
10. Service Desk 263
11. Incident Management 267
12. Problem Management 273
13. Knowledge Management 278
14. Service Level Management 282
15. Monitoring and Event Management 287
16. How to Create, Deliver and Support Services 291
17. High-Velocity IT: Introduction 295
18. High-Velocity IT: Key Concepts 299
19. High-Velocity IT: Culture 303
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Drive Stakeholder Value: Introduction, The customer journey, Step 1: Explore, Step 2
1. Techniques for Valuable Investments and Fast Development 307
2. Techniques for Resilient Operations, Co-Created Value and Assured Conformance 311
3. Continual Improvement in High-Velocity IT 316
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
319 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 319 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 79 chapters across 2 modules
Module I ITIL 4 foundations: key concepts, the four dimensions, the service value system, the guiding principles, the value chain and the practices; the ITIL V3 lifecycle 45 chapters
1. 1 IT Service Management in the Modern World pages 1 to 5
2. 2 About ITIL 4 pages 6 to 10
3. 3 The Structure of the ITIL 4 Framework pages 11 to 15
4. 4 The Benefits of ITIL 4 pages 16 to 19
5. 5 The ITIL V3 Service Lifecycle pages 20 to 24
6. 6 Service Strategy in ITIL V3 pages 25 to 31
7. 7 Service Design in ITIL V3 pages 32 to 38
8. 8 Service Transition in ITIL V3 pages 39 to 44
9. 9 Service Operation in ITIL V3 pages 45 to 50
10. 10 Continual Service Improvement in ITIL V3 pages 51 to 56
11. 11 Value and Value Co-Creation pages 57 to 60
12. 12 Organizations, Service Providers and Service Consumers pages 61 to 64
13. 13 Customers, Users, Sponsors and Other Stakeholders pages 65 to 68
14. 14 Products and Services pages 69 to 72
15. 15 Service Offerings pages 73 to 75
16. 16 Service Relationships pages 76 to 79
17. 17 Outputs and Outcomes pages 80 to 82
18. 18 Costs and Risks pages 83 to 86
19. 19 Utility and Warranty pages 87 to 90
20. 20 The Four Dimensions of Service Management pages 91 to 94
21. 21 Organizations and People pages 95 to 97
22. 22 Information and Technology pages 98 to 100
23. 23 Partners and Suppliers pages 101 to 104
24. 24 Value Streams and Processes pages 105 to 108
25. 25 External Factors and the PESTLE Model pages 109 to 112
26. 26 The Service Value System: An Overview pages 113 to 116
27. 27 Opportunity, Demand and Value pages 117 to 120
28. 28 The ITIL Guiding Principles pages 121 to 124
29. 29 Focus on Value pages 125 to 128
30. 30 Start Where You Are pages 129 to 131
31. 31 Progress Iteratively with Feedback pages 132 to 134
32. 32 Collaborate and Promote Visibility pages 135 to 137
33. 33 Think and Work Holistically pages 138 to 140
34. 34 Keep It Simple and Practical pages 141 to 143
35. 35 Optimize and Automate pages 144 to 147
36. 36 Governance pages 148 to 151
37. 37 The Service Value Chain pages 152 to 155
38. 38 Plan, Improve and Engage pages 156 to 159
39. 39 Design and Transition, Obtain or Build, Deliver and Support pages 160 to 163
40. 40 Continual Improvement pages 164 to 167
41. 41 The Continual Improvement Model pages 168 to 171
42. 42 What a Practice Is pages 172 to 175
43. 43 General Management Practices pages 176 to 179
44. 44 Service Management Practices pages 180 to 183
45. 45 Technical Management Practices pages 184 to 186
Module II Drive Stakeholder Value, Create, Deliver and Support, value streams for new services and for user support, and High-velocity IT 34 chapters
1. 46 Drive Stakeholder Value: Introduction pages 187 to 190
2. 47 The Customer Journey pages 191 to 194
3. 48 Step 1: Explore pages 195 to 197
4. 49 Step 2: Engage pages 198 to 200
5. 50 Step 3: Offer pages 201 to 203
6. 51 Step 4: Agree pages 204 to 206
7. 52 Step 5: Onboard pages 207 to 209
8. 53 Step 6: Co-create pages 210 to 212
9. 54 Step 7: Realize pages 213 to 215
10. 55 Create, Deliver and Support: Key Concepts and Challenges pages 216 to 219
11. 56 Using a Shift-Left Approach pages 220 to 223
12. 57 Planning and Managing Resources in the Service Value System pages 224 to 227
13. 58 The Use and Value of Technology Across the Service Value System pages 228 to 231
14. 59 Service Value Chains, Value Streams and Value Stream Mapping pages 232 to 235
15. 60 The Value Stream for a New Service pages 236 to 239
16. 61 Change Enablement pages 240 to 243
17. 62 Service Design pages 244 to 247
18. 63 Software Development and Management pages 248 to 251
19. 64 Service Validation and Testing pages 252 to 255
20. 65 Release Management and Deployment Management pages 256 to 258
21. 66 The Value Stream for User Support pages 259 to 262
22. 67 Service Desk pages 263 to 266
23. 68 Incident Management pages 267 to 272
24. 69 Problem Management pages 273 to 277
25. 70 Knowledge Management pages 278 to 281
26. 71 Service Level Management pages 282 to 286
27. 72 Monitoring and Event Management pages 287 to 290
28. 73 How to Create, Deliver and Support Services pages 291 to 294
29. 74 High-Velocity IT: Introduction pages 295 to 298
30. 75 High-Velocity IT: Key Concepts pages 299 to 302
31. 76 High-Velocity IT: Culture pages 303 to 306
32. 77 Techniques for Valuable Investments and Fast Development pages 307 to 310
33. 78 Techniques for Resilient Operations, Co-Created Value and Assured Conformance pages 311 to 315
34. 79 Continual Improvement in High-Velocity IT pages 316 to 319
Enterprise Network Practical
Official Notes munotes.in

Enterprise Network Practical

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

Enterprise Network Practical

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I 1. Campus network architecture
1. The Enterprise Campus Network: Access, Distribution and Core 1
2. The Laboratory: Packet Tracer, GNS3 and the Devices This Book Uses 6
3. The Cisco IOS Command Line: Modes, Help and the Two Configurations 11
4. Addressing the Lab: IPv4 Subnets, IPv6 Prefixes and the Addressing Table 15
5. Interfaces, Loopbacks and the First Checks: show, ping and traceroute 20
6. Troubleshooting a Network Systematically 24
7. Ethernet Switching, Broadcast Domains and Why VLANs Exist 28
8. Trunks: 802.1Q Tagging, the Native VLAN and DTP 33
9. VTP: Domains, Modes and the Revision Number 38
10. Practical 1a: Static VLANs, Trunking and VTP 43
11. EtherChannel: LACP, PAgP and Load Balancing 50
12. Practical 1b: EtherChannel 55
13. Spanning Tree: Loops, BPDUs and the Root Bridge Election 61
14. Port Roles, Path Cost and Rapid PVST+ 66
15. PortFast, BPDU Guard, Root Guard and Loop Guard 71
16. Practical 2a: Implement Spanning Tree Protocols 76
17. Multiple Spanning Tree: Regions, Instances and the CIST 83
18. Practical 2b: Multiple Spanning Tree 88
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued 1. Campus network architecture
1. Inter-VLAN Routing: Router on a Stick and Switched Virtual Interfaces 93
2. Practical 3a: Inter-VLAN Routing 97
3. DHCP for IPv4: the Four Messages, the Pool and the Relay Agent 102
4. IPv6 Address Assignment: SLAAC, Stateless and Stateful DHCPv6 106
5. Practical 3b: DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 111
6. First Hop Redundancy and HSRP 117
7. VRRP: the Open Standard 122
8. Practical 4a: HSRP and VRRP 127
9. Practical 4b: HSRP for IPv6 133
10. GLBP: One Virtual Address, Several Forwarders 138
11. Practical 4c: Gateway Load Balancing Protocol 143
12. IP SLA: Probes, Schedules and Statistics 148
13. SPAN and Remote SPAN 152
14. Practical 5a: IP SLA and Remote SPAN in a Campus 156
15. Layer 2 Attacks and Port Security 161
16. DHCP Snooping, Dynamic ARP Inspection and IP Source Guard 165
17. Practical 5b: Securing Layer 2 Switches 170
18. VLAN Hopping, Private VLANs and VLAN Access Maps 175
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued 1. Campus network architecture
1. Practical 5c: Securing VLANs 180
Module II 6. Basic Network and Routing Concepts
1. The Routing Table: Connected, Static and Default Routes, Distance and Metric 185
2. RIPng for IPv6 189
3. Practical 6a: Basic RIPng and Default Gateway Configuration 193
4. OSPF: Neighbours, the Link-State Database and SPF 197
5. OSPF Areas, Router Types and LSA Types 202
6. OSPF Virtual Links 206
7. Practical 7a: OSPF Virtual Links 210
8. Stub, Totally Stubby and Not-So-Stubby Areas 215
9. OSPFv3 for IPv6 219
10. Practical 7b: Multi-Area OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 with a Stub Area 223
11. OSPFv3 Address Families 228
12. Practical 7c: OSPFv3 Address Families 232
13. Route Redistribution: Seed Metrics, Loops and Distance 236
14. Practical 8a: Redistribution Between RIP and OSPF 240
15. Practical 8b: Redistribution Between RIPng and OSPFv3 244
16. Controlling Routing Updates: Distribute Lists, Prefix Lists and Route Maps 248
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued 6. Basic Network and Routing Concepts
1. Practical 8c: Controlling Routing Updates 252
2. Path Control and Policy-Based Routing 256
3. Practical 9a: Path Control Using PBR 260
4. IP SLA Tracking and Reliable Static Routes 264
5. Practical 9b: IP SLA Tracking and Path Control 268
6. NAT: Static NAT, Dynamic NAT and PAT 272
7. Practical 10a: Configure NAT Services 276
8. BGP: Autonomous Systems, Sessions and Path Attributes 280
9. Practical 11a: BGP with Default Routing 284
10. The AS_PATH Attribute: Loop Prevention, Prepending and Filters 288
11. Practical 11b: Using the AS_PATH Attribute 292
12. IBGP, EBGP and the Best Path: Local Preference and MED 297
13. Practical 11c: IBGP and EBGP Sessions, Local Preference and MED 302
14. IBGP Next Hop, the Full Mesh and Synchronization 307
15. Practical 11d: IBGP, Next Hop and Synchronization 312
Module J The journal and the practical examination
1. The Practical Examination: Two Hours, Thirty Marks 318
2. Writing the Journal 322
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Contents continued

Module J continued The journal and the practical examination
1. Practice Slips for Module 1, Worked 325
2. Practice Slips for Module 2, Worked 329
3. The Viva: Questions and How to Answer Them 334
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
339 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 339 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 73 chapters across 3 modules
Module I Module 1 37 chapters
1. 1 The Enterprise Campus Network: Access, Distribution and Core pages 1 to 5
2. 2 The Laboratory: Packet Tracer, GNS3 and the Devices This Book Uses pages 6 to 10
3. 3 The Cisco IOS Command Line: Modes, Help and the Two Configurations pages 11 to 14
4. 4 Addressing the Lab: IPv4 Subnets, IPv6 Prefixes and the Addressing Table pages 15 to 19
5. 5 Interfaces, Loopbacks and the First Checks: show, ping and traceroute pages 20 to 23
6. 6 Troubleshooting a Network Systematically pages 24 to 27
7. 7 Ethernet Switching, Broadcast Domains and Why VLANs Exist pages 28 to 32
8. 8 Trunks: 802.1Q Tagging, the Native VLAN and DTP pages 33 to 37
9. 9 VTP: Domains, Modes and the Revision Number pages 38 to 42
10. 10 Practical 1a: Static VLANs, Trunking and VTP pages 43 to 49
11. 11 EtherChannel: LACP, PAgP and Load Balancing pages 50 to 54
12. 12 Practical 1b: EtherChannel pages 55 to 60
13. 13 Spanning Tree: Loops, BPDUs and the Root Bridge Election pages 61 to 65
14. 14 Port Roles, Path Cost and Rapid PVST+ pages 66 to 70
15. 15 PortFast, BPDU Guard, Root Guard and Loop Guard pages 71 to 75
16. 16 Practical 2a: Implement Spanning Tree Protocols pages 76 to 82
17. 17 Multiple Spanning Tree: Regions, Instances and the CIST pages 83 to 87
18. 18 Practical 2b: Multiple Spanning Tree pages 88 to 92
19. 19 Inter-VLAN Routing: Router on a Stick and Switched Virtual Interfaces pages 93 to 96
20. 20 Practical 3a: Inter-VLAN Routing pages 97 to 101
21. 21 DHCP for IPv4: the Four Messages, the Pool and the Relay Agent pages 102 to 105
22. 22 IPv6 Address Assignment: SLAAC, Stateless and Stateful DHCPv6 pages 106 to 110
23. 23 Practical 3b: DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 pages 111 to 116
24. 24 First Hop Redundancy and HSRP pages 117 to 121
25. 25 VRRP: the Open Standard pages 122 to 126
26. 26 Practical 4a: HSRP and VRRP pages 127 to 132
27. 27 Practical 4b: HSRP for IPv6 pages 133 to 137
28. 28 GLBP: One Virtual Address, Several Forwarders pages 138 to 142
29. 29 Practical 4c: Gateway Load Balancing Protocol pages 143 to 147
30. 30 IP SLA: Probes, Schedules and Statistics pages 148 to 151
31. 31 SPAN and Remote SPAN pages 152 to 155
32. 32 Practical 5a: IP SLA and Remote SPAN in a Campus pages 156 to 160
33. 33 Layer 2 Attacks and Port Security pages 161 to 164
34. 34 DHCP Snooping, Dynamic ARP Inspection and IP Source Guard pages 165 to 169
35. 35 Practical 5b: Securing Layer 2 Switches pages 170 to 174
36. 36 VLAN Hopping, Private VLANs and VLAN Access Maps pages 175 to 179
37. 37 Practical 5c: Securing VLANs pages 180 to 184
Module II Module 2 31 chapters
1. 38 The Routing Table: Connected, Static and Default Routes, Distance and Metric pages 185 to 188
2. 39 RIPng for IPv6 pages 189 to 192
3. 40 Practical 6a: Basic RIPng and Default Gateway Configuration pages 193 to 196
4. 41 OSPF: Neighbours, the Link-State Database and SPF pages 197 to 201
5. 42 OSPF Areas, Router Types and LSA Types pages 202 to 205
6. 43 OSPF Virtual Links pages 206 to 209
7. 44 Practical 7a: OSPF Virtual Links pages 210 to 214
8. 45 Stub, Totally Stubby and Not-So-Stubby Areas pages 215 to 218
9. 46 OSPFv3 for IPv6 pages 219 to 222
10. 47 Practical 7b: Multi-Area OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 with a Stub Area pages 223 to 227
11. 48 OSPFv3 Address Families pages 228 to 231
12. 49 Practical 7c: OSPFv3 Address Families pages 232 to 235
13. 50 Route Redistribution: Seed Metrics, Loops and Distance pages 236 to 239
14. 51 Practical 8a: Redistribution Between RIP and OSPF pages 240 to 243
15. 52 Practical 8b: Redistribution Between RIPng and OSPFv3 pages 244 to 247
16. 53 Controlling Routing Updates: Distribute Lists, Prefix Lists and Route Maps pages 248 to 251
17. 54 Practical 8c: Controlling Routing Updates pages 252 to 255
18. 55 Path Control and Policy-Based Routing pages 256 to 259
19. 56 Practical 9a: Path Control Using PBR pages 260 to 263
20. 57 IP SLA Tracking and Reliable Static Routes pages 264 to 267
21. 58 Practical 9b: IP SLA Tracking and Path Control pages 268 to 271
22. 59 NAT: Static NAT, Dynamic NAT and PAT pages 272 to 275
23. 60 Practical 10a: Configure NAT Services pages 276 to 279
24. 61 BGP: Autonomous Systems, Sessions and Path Attributes pages 280 to 283
25. 62 Practical 11a: BGP with Default Routing pages 284 to 287
26. 63 The AS_PATH Attribute: Loop Prevention, Prepending and Filters pages 288 to 291
27. 64 Practical 11b: Using the AS_PATH Attribute pages 292 to 296
28. 65 IBGP, EBGP and the Best Path: Local Preference and MED pages 297 to 301
29. 66 Practical 11c: IBGP and EBGP Sessions, Local Preference and MED pages 302 to 306
30. 67 IBGP Next Hop, the Full Mesh and Synchronization pages 307 to 311
31. 68 Practical 11d: IBGP, Next Hop and Synchronization pages 312 to 317
Module J The journal and the practical examination 5 chapters
1. 69 The Practical Examination: Two Hours, Thirty Marks pages 318 to 321
2. 70 Writing the Journal pages 322 to 324
3. 71 Practice Slips for Module 1, Worked pages 325 to 328
4. 72 Practice Slips for Module 2, Worked pages 329 to 333
5. 73 The Viva: Questions and How to Answer Them pages 334 to 339
Cyber Law and Digital Policy
Official Notes munotes.in

Cyber Law and Digital Policy

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

Cyber Law and Digital Policy

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Statutory Framework & Data Policy
1. What Cyber Law Is 1
2. Why Cyberspace Needs Its Own Law 6
3. The Components of Cyber Law in India 12
4. The Information Technology Act 2000: Objects, Structure and Reach 17
5. Key Definitions of the Information Technology Act 23
6. Digital Signatures and Electronic Signatures 28
7. Legal Recognition of Electronic Records and Electronic Governance 34
8. Attribution, Acknowledgment and Secure Electronic Records 40
9. Certifying Authorities and the Controller 46
10. Electronic Signature Certificates and the Duties of Subscribers 52
11. Adjudication and the Appellate Tribunal 58
12. The Closing Provisions of the Act 65
13. How the Information Technology Act Came to Be 71
14. The Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008 77
15. Rules Made Under the Act 83
16. The Courts and the Act: Landmark Judgments 88
17. The Act Since 2017: Tribunals, Penalties and New Codes 92
18. Twenty-Five Years of the IT Act: A Timeline 98
19. Freedom of Speech and Expression Online 103
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Statutory Framework & Data Policy
1. Section 66A and Shreya Singhal v. Union of India 108
2. Blocking Online Content: Section 69A 113
3. Internet Shutdowns and Access to the Internet 119
4. Misinformation, the Fact Check Unit and Online Defamation 124
5. Who Is an Intermediary 129
6. The Safe Harbour: Section 79 133
7. Intermediary Liability in the Courts 138
8. Due Diligence Under the IT Rules 2021 144
9. Significant Social Media Intermediaries and Grievance Appeals 150
10. Safe Harbour Elsewhere: the United States and the European Union 155
11. Privacy as a Fundamental Right: Puttaswamy 160
12. Online Data Before the DPDP Act: Sections 43A, 72 and 72A 164
13. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023: Scope and Key Terms 169
14. Notice, Consent and Legitimate Uses 174
15. Duties of a Data Fiduciary 180
16. Children's Data and Significant Data Fiduciaries 185
17. Rights and Duties of a Data Principal 190
18. Transfers Abroad and Exemptions 195
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Statutory Framework & Data Policy
1. The Data Protection Board, Penalties and Appeals 200
2. The DPDP Rules 2025 and When the Act Takes Effect 206
3. The Right to Be Forgotten 210
4. The Right to Be Forgotten in Indian Courts 216
5. Artificial Intelligence and Personal Data 222
Module II Cyber Crimes, Forensics & Digital IPR
1. Cyber Crimes and Cyber Contraventions 227
2. Contraventions: Sections 43 to 45 232
3. Computer Related Offences: Sections 65, 66 and 66B 237
4. Identity Theft and Cheating by Personation: Sections 66C and 66D 242
5. Privacy and Obscenity Offences: Sections 66E, 67, 67A and 67B 246
6. Cyber Terrorism: Section 66F 252
7. Offences Tied to Government Powers and Certificates: Sections 68 to 74 257
8. Cyber Crimes Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 262
9. Investigation, Cognizance, Bail and Compounding 267
10. Phishing and Its Variants 272
11. Identity Theft in Practice 277
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Cyber Crimes, Forensics & Digital IPR
1. Payment Frauds and Other Online Scams 282
2. Investigating a Cyber Fraud 287
3. Electronic Evidence: What It Is 293
4. Computer Forensics: The Investigation Process 297
5. Imaging, Hash Values and the Chain of Custody 301
6. Admissibility of Electronic Records: Sections 61 to 63 of the BSA 306
7. The Certificate Cases: From Navjot Sandhu to Arjun Panditrao 311
8. Presumptions, Expert Opinion and the Examiner of Electronic Evidence 317
9. Intellectual Property in the Digital Age 322
10. The International Framework: Berne, TRIPS and the WIPO Internet Treaties 326
11. Indian Copyright Law and the Digital Medium 331
12. Copyright in Software and Databases 337
13. Online Infringement, Piracy and Website Blocking 342
14. Patents and Software: Computer Related Inventions 347
15. Domain Names and Cybersquatting 352
16. Resolving Domain Name Disputes: UDRP and INDRP 357
17. Trade Marks Online: Keywords, Meta Tags and Marketplaces 362
18. Artificial Intelligence and Copyright: Authorship 367
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Cyber Crimes, Forensics & Digital IPR
1. AI Training Data, Deepfakes and Personality Rights 372
2. Artificial Intelligence and Patents 379
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
383 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 383 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 73 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Statutory Framework & Data Policy 42 chapters
1. 1 What Cyber Law Is pages 1 to 5
2. 2 Why Cyberspace Needs Its Own Law pages 6 to 11
3. 3 The Components of Cyber Law in India pages 12 to 16
4. 4 The Information Technology Act 2000: Objects, Structure and Reach pages 17 to 22
5. 5 Key Definitions of the Information Technology Act pages 23 to 27
6. 6 Digital Signatures and Electronic Signatures pages 28 to 33
7. 7 Legal Recognition of Electronic Records and Electronic Governance pages 34 to 39
8. 8 Attribution, Acknowledgment and Secure Electronic Records pages 40 to 45
9. 9 Certifying Authorities and the Controller pages 46 to 51
10. 10 Electronic Signature Certificates and the Duties of Subscribers pages 52 to 57
11. 11 Adjudication and the Appellate Tribunal pages 58 to 64
12. 12 The Closing Provisions of the Act pages 65 to 70
13. 13 How the Information Technology Act Came to Be pages 71 to 76
14. 14 The Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008 pages 77 to 82
15. 15 Rules Made Under the Act pages 83 to 87
16. 16 The Courts and the Act: Landmark Judgments pages 88 to 91
17. 17 The Act Since 2017: Tribunals, Penalties and New Codes pages 92 to 97
18. 18 Twenty-Five Years of the IT Act: A Timeline pages 98 to 102
19. 19 Freedom of Speech and Expression Online pages 103 to 107
20. 20 Section 66A and Shreya Singhal v. Union of India pages 108 to 112
21. 21 Blocking Online Content: Section 69A pages 113 to 118
22. 22 Internet Shutdowns and Access to the Internet pages 119 to 123
23. 23 Misinformation, the Fact Check Unit and Online Defamation pages 124 to 128
24. 24 Who Is an Intermediary pages 129 to 132
25. 25 The Safe Harbour: Section 79 pages 133 to 137
26. 26 Intermediary Liability in the Courts pages 138 to 143
27. 27 Due Diligence Under the IT Rules 2021 pages 144 to 149
28. 28 Significant Social Media Intermediaries and Grievance Appeals pages 150 to 154
29. 29 Safe Harbour Elsewhere: the United States and the European Union pages 155 to 159
30. 30 Privacy as a Fundamental Right: Puttaswamy pages 160 to 163
31. 31 Online Data Before the DPDP Act: Sections 43A, 72 and 72A pages 164 to 168
32. 32 The Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023: Scope and Key Terms pages 169 to 173
33. 33 Notice, Consent and Legitimate Uses pages 174 to 179
34. 34 Duties of a Data Fiduciary pages 180 to 184
35. 35 Children's Data and Significant Data Fiduciaries pages 185 to 189
36. 36 Rights and Duties of a Data Principal pages 190 to 194
37. 37 Transfers Abroad and Exemptions pages 195 to 199
38. 38 The Data Protection Board, Penalties and Appeals pages 200 to 205
39. 39 The DPDP Rules 2025 and When the Act Takes Effect pages 206 to 209
40. 40 The Right to Be Forgotten pages 210 to 215
41. 41 The Right to Be Forgotten in Indian Courts pages 216 to 221
42. 42 Artificial Intelligence and Personal Data pages 222 to 226
Module II Cyber Crimes, Forensics & Digital IPR 31 chapters
1. 43 Cyber Crimes and Cyber Contraventions pages 227 to 231
2. 44 Contraventions: Sections 43 to 45 pages 232 to 236
3. 45 Computer Related Offences: Sections 65, 66 and 66B pages 237 to 241
4. 46 Identity Theft and Cheating by Personation: Sections 66C and 66D pages 242 to 245
5. 47 Privacy and Obscenity Offences: Sections 66E, 67, 67A and 67B pages 246 to 251
6. 48 Cyber Terrorism: Section 66F pages 252 to 256
7. 49 Offences Tied to Government Powers and Certificates: Sections 68 to 74 pages 257 to 261
8. 50 Cyber Crimes Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita pages 262 to 266
9. 51 Investigation, Cognizance, Bail and Compounding pages 267 to 271
10. 52 Phishing and Its Variants pages 272 to 276
11. 53 Identity Theft in Practice pages 277 to 281
12. 54 Payment Frauds and Other Online Scams pages 282 to 286
13. 55 Investigating a Cyber Fraud pages 287 to 292
14. 56 Electronic Evidence: What It Is pages 293 to 296
15. 57 Computer Forensics: The Investigation Process pages 297 to 300
16. 58 Imaging, Hash Values and the Chain of Custody pages 301 to 305
17. 59 Admissibility of Electronic Records: Sections 61 to 63 of the BSA pages 306 to 310
18. 60 The Certificate Cases: From Navjot Sandhu to Arjun Panditrao pages 311 to 316
19. 61 Presumptions, Expert Opinion and the Examiner of Electronic Evidence pages 317 to 321
20. 62 Intellectual Property in the Digital Age pages 322 to 325
21. 63 The International Framework: Berne, TRIPS and the WIPO Internet Treaties pages 326 to 330
22. 64 Indian Copyright Law and the Digital Medium pages 331 to 336
23. 65 Copyright in Software and Databases pages 337 to 341
24. 66 Online Infringement, Piracy and Website Blocking pages 342 to 346
25. 67 Patents and Software: Computer Related Inventions pages 347 to 351
26. 68 Domain Names and Cybersquatting pages 352 to 356
27. 69 Resolving Domain Name Disputes: UDRP and INDRP pages 357 to 361
28. 70 Trade Marks Online: Keywords, Meta Tags and Marketplaces pages 362 to 366
29. 71 Artificial Intelligence and Copyright: Authorship pages 367 to 371
30. 72 AI Training Data, Deepfakes and Personality Rights pages 372 to 378
31. 73 Artificial Intelligence and Patents pages 379 to 383
Green IT Practices and Sustainability
Official Notes munotes.in

Green IT Practices and Sustainability

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

Green IT Practices and Sustainability

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Green ICT -History, Agenda, and Challenges Ahead: Introduction, Industrial
1. What Green ICT Is 1
2. Sustainability and Sustainable Development 6
3. Energy, Power and Carbon: The Units of Green IT 10
4. The Industrial Revolution 15
5. From Coal to Climate Change 19
6. The Emergence of Information and Communication Technologies 24
7. The Internet and the Networked World 28
8. The Environmental Footprint of ICT 32
9. The Green ICT Agenda 36
10. The Challenges Ahead for Green ICT 41
11. The Rebound Effect 45
12. Emerging Technologies and Their Environmental Impact 49
13. The Number of Connected Devices 53
14. Networked Standby: The Energy of Staying Connected 57
15. Increased Functionality 62
16. Increased Number of Separate Functions 66
17. Increased Demand for Speed and Reliability 70
18. Redundancy, Availability and Their Energy Cost 74
19. Obsolescence and the Problem of Backward Compatibility 78
20. E-Waste: Where Obsolete ICT Goes 82
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Green ICT -History, Agenda, and Challenges Ahead: Introduction, Industrial
1. The Other Side of the Balance Sheet 87
2. Videoconferencing as an Alternative to Business Travel 94
3. Dematerialisation of the Product Chain 99
4. Travel Advice and Road Traffic Control 104
5. Intelligent Energy Metering 108
6. Building Management Systems 112
7. Saving IT: Power Management on the Desktop 117
8. Saving IT: Servers, Storage and the Server Room 122
9. Measurements and Sustainability 127
10. Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) and DCiE 131
11. Beyond PUE: Water, Carbon, Energy Reuse and Renewables 136
12. Measuring IT Equipment: Utilisation and Energy Proportionality 141
13. Carbon Footprints and the Three Scopes 145
14. Scope 2: Location-Based and Market-Based Emissions 149
15. Life Cycle Assessment of ICT 153
16. Ethical Considerations in Green ICT 157
17. Greenwashing and Honest Environmental Claims 161
18. Systems Engineering for Designing Sustainable ICT-Based Architectures 166
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Green ICT -History, Agenda, and Challenges Ahead: Introduction, Industrial
1. Designing a Sustainable ICT Architecture: A Worked Case 171
Module II Sustainable Cloud Computing: Introduction, Challenges in the Use of Cloud
1. What Cloud Computing Is 176
2. Sustainable Cloud Computing: Why the Cloud Can Be Greener 180
3. Challenges in the Use of Cloud Computing as Green Technology 184
4. Rebound and Growing Demand in the Cloud 188
5. Cloud Computing and Sustainability 192
6. Measuring the Footprint of Cloud Workloads 196
7. Sustainable Applications of Cloud Computing 200
8. Virtualisation and Server Consolidation 204
9. Containers, Serverless and Autoscaling 208
10. Cooling and Power in Cloud Data Centres 212
11. Renewable Energy and Carbon-Aware Computing 216
12. Future Prospects of Sustainable Cloud Computing 220
13. Reflections on Sustainable Cloud Computing Applications 224
14. Comparing the Parameters of Sustainable Cloud Computing 228
15. Sustainable Software Design: Overview and Scope 232
16. The Principles of Green Software 236
17. Evaluating Sustainability Effects 240
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Sustainable Cloud Computing: Introduction, Challenges in the Use of Cloud
1. The Software Carbon Intensity (SCI) Score 244
2. Sustainability and the Product Life Cycle 248
3. Direct Effects: Sustainability During Use 252
4. Runtime Energy Consumption Basics 256
5. How a Processor Spends Energy: Active, Idle and Sleep 261
6. Analysing the Energy Consumption of an Application 266
7. Energy, Language and Algorithm 270
8. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling 274
9. Clock Gating, Power Gating and Sleep States 278
10. Compiler Techniques for Lower Energy 283
11. Loop Unrolling, Vectorisation and Other Optimisations 287
12. Runtime Approaches: Governors and Energy-Aware Scheduling 292
13. Runtime Approaches in the Application 297
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
300 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 300 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 69 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Green ICT, Emerging Technologies and Measurement 39 chapters
1. 1 What Green ICT Is pages 1 to 5
2. 2 Sustainability and Sustainable Development pages 6 to 9
3. 3 Energy, Power and Carbon: The Units of Green IT pages 10 to 14
4. 4 The Industrial Revolution pages 15 to 18
5. 5 From Coal to Climate Change pages 19 to 23
6. 6 The Emergence of Information and Communication Technologies pages 24 to 27
7. 7 The Internet and the Networked World pages 28 to 31
8. 8 The Environmental Footprint of ICT pages 32 to 35
9. 9 The Green ICT Agenda pages 36 to 40
10. 10 The Challenges Ahead for Green ICT pages 41 to 44
11. 11 The Rebound Effect pages 45 to 48
12. 12 Emerging Technologies and Their Environmental Impact pages 49 to 52
13. 13 The Number of Connected Devices pages 53 to 56
14. 14 Networked Standby: The Energy of Staying Connected pages 57 to 61
15. 15 Increased Functionality pages 62 to 65
16. 16 Increased Number of Separate Functions pages 66 to 69
17. 17 Increased Demand for Speed and Reliability pages 70 to 73
18. 18 Redundancy, Availability and Their Energy Cost pages 74 to 77
19. 19 Obsolescence and the Problem of Backward Compatibility pages 78 to 81
20. 20 E-Waste: Where Obsolete ICT Goes pages 82 to 86
21. 21 The Other Side of the Balance Sheet pages 87 to 93
22. 22 Videoconferencing as an Alternative to Business Travel pages 94 to 98
23. 23 Dematerialisation of the Product Chain pages 99 to 103
24. 24 Travel Advice and Road Traffic Control pages 104 to 107
25. 25 Intelligent Energy Metering pages 108 to 111
26. 26 Building Management Systems pages 112 to 116
27. 27 Saving IT: Power Management on the Desktop pages 117 to 121
28. 28 Saving IT: Servers, Storage and the Server Room pages 122 to 126
29. 29 Measurements and Sustainability pages 127 to 130
30. 30 Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) and DCiE pages 131 to 135
31. 31 Beyond PUE: Water, Carbon, Energy Reuse and Renewables pages 136 to 140
32. 32 Measuring IT Equipment: Utilisation and Energy Proportionality pages 141 to 144
33. 33 Carbon Footprints and the Three Scopes pages 145 to 148
34. 34 Scope 2: Location-Based and Market-Based Emissions pages 149 to 152
35. 35 Life Cycle Assessment of ICT pages 153 to 156
36. 36 Ethical Considerations in Green ICT pages 157 to 160
37. 37 Greenwashing and Honest Environmental Claims pages 161 to 165
38. 38 Systems Engineering for Designing Sustainable ICT-Based Architectures pages 166 to 170
39. 39 Designing a Sustainable ICT Architecture: A Worked Case pages 171 to 175
Module II Sustainable Cloud Computing and Sustainable Software Design 30 chapters
1. 40 What Cloud Computing Is pages 176 to 179
2. 41 Sustainable Cloud Computing: Why the Cloud Can Be Greener pages 180 to 183
3. 42 Challenges in the Use of Cloud Computing as Green Technology pages 184 to 187
4. 43 Rebound and Growing Demand in the Cloud pages 188 to 191
5. 44 Cloud Computing and Sustainability pages 192 to 195
6. 45 Measuring the Footprint of Cloud Workloads pages 196 to 199
7. 46 Sustainable Applications of Cloud Computing pages 200 to 203
8. 47 Virtualisation and Server Consolidation pages 204 to 207
9. 48 Containers, Serverless and Autoscaling pages 208 to 211
10. 49 Cooling and Power in Cloud Data Centres pages 212 to 215
11. 50 Renewable Energy and Carbon-Aware Computing pages 216 to 219
12. 51 Future Prospects of Sustainable Cloud Computing pages 220 to 223
13. 52 Reflections on Sustainable Cloud Computing Applications pages 224 to 227
14. 53 Comparing the Parameters of Sustainable Cloud Computing pages 228 to 231
15. 54 Sustainable Software Design: Overview and Scope pages 232 to 235
16. 55 The Principles of Green Software pages 236 to 239
17. 56 Evaluating Sustainability Effects pages 240 to 243
18. 57 The Software Carbon Intensity (SCI) Score pages 244 to 247
19. 58 Sustainability and the Product Life Cycle pages 248 to 251
20. 59 Direct Effects: Sustainability During Use pages 252 to 255
21. 60 Runtime Energy Consumption Basics pages 256 to 260
22. 61 How a Processor Spends Energy: Active, Idle and Sleep pages 261 to 265
23. 62 Analysing the Energy Consumption of an Application pages 266 to 269
24. 63 Energy, Language and Algorithm pages 270 to 273
25. 64 Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling pages 274 to 277
26. 65 Clock Gating, Power Gating and Sleep States pages 278 to 282
27. 66 Compiler Techniques for Lower Energy pages 283 to 286
28. 67 Loop Unrolling, Vectorisation and Other Optimisations pages 287 to 291
29. 68 Runtime Approaches: Governors and Energy-Aware Scheduling pages 292 to 296
30. 69 Runtime Approaches in the Application pages 297 to 300
Data Analytics and Business Intelligence
Official Notes munotes.in

Data Analytics and Business Intelligence

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

Data Analytics and Business Intelligence

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Foundations of Business Analytics & Data Analysis
1. What Business Analytics Is 1
2. Why Business Analytics Matters 5
3. Business Intelligence and Business Analytics 9
4. The Four Types of Analytics 14
5. Descriptive Analytics 17
6. Diagnostic Analytics 21
7. Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics 24
8. Analytics in Marketing 28
9. Analytics in Finance 32
10. Analytics in Human Resources 36
11. Analytics in Operations 40
12. Sources of Business Data 44
13. Structured and Unstructured Data 48
14. Data Quality, and Why Cleaning Comes First 52
15. Data Cleaning 56
16. Data Transformation 62
17. Handling Missing Values 66
18. Normalization 71
19. Standardization 75
20. What Exploratory Data Analysis Is 79
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Foundations of Business Analytics & Data Analysis
1. The Mean 83
2. The Median and the Mode 87
3. Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency 91
4. Range, Variance and Standard Deviation 95
5. Covariance 99
6. Correlation 103
7. Data Visualization: Choosing a Chart 107
8. Bar Charts and Pie Charts 111
9. Histograms and Line Graphs 115
10. Excel for Analytics 120
11. Excel's Statistical Functions 125
12. Lookups in Excel: VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP 130
13. Pivot Tables 135
14. Pivot Charts and What-If Analysis 140
15. Data Warehouses, Cubes and OLAP 145
16. Power BI 150
17. Tableau 155
Module II Predictive Analytics & Business Applications
1. The Concept of Prediction 160
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Predictive Analytics & Business Applications
1. Simple Linear Regression: The Model 164
2. Fitting the Line by Least Squares 168
3. Reading a Regression: Prediction, Residuals and R-squared 172
4. Logistic Regression in Brief 177
5. Time Series Basics 181
6. Moving Averages and Simple Forecasts 186
7. The Concept of Classification 190
8. Decision Trees: The Basic Idea 194
9. Choosing a Split: Entropy, Information Gain and Gini 199
10. k-Nearest Neighbours 203
11. Evaluating a Classifier 207
12. Clustering, and How It Differs from Classification 211
13. K-Means Clustering: The Steps 215
14. K-Means Worked Through 219
15. Market Basket Analysis and Association Rules 223
16. Support, Confidence and Lift 227
17. Finding Frequent Itemsets: The Apriori Idea 231
18. Market Basket Analysis in Retail and E-commerce 235
19. Interpreting Analytical Results 239
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Predictive Analytics & Business Applications
1. Communicating Findings to Decision Makers 243
2. Case Studies in Business Analytics 247
3. Ethical Issues in Data Analytics 251
4. Data Protection Law and Analytics in India 255
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
259 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 259 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 61 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Foundations of Business Analytics & Data Analysis 37 chapters
1. 1 What Business Analytics Is pages 1 to 4
2. 2 Why Business Analytics Matters pages 5 to 8
3. 3 Business Intelligence and Business Analytics pages 9 to 13
4. 4 The Four Types of Analytics pages 14 to 16
5. 5 Descriptive Analytics pages 17 to 20
6. 6 Diagnostic Analytics pages 21 to 23
7. 7 Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics pages 24 to 27
8. 8 Analytics in Marketing pages 28 to 31
9. 9 Analytics in Finance pages 32 to 35
10. 10 Analytics in Human Resources pages 36 to 39
11. 11 Analytics in Operations pages 40 to 43
12. 12 Sources of Business Data pages 44 to 47
13. 13 Structured and Unstructured Data pages 48 to 51
14. 14 Data Quality, and Why Cleaning Comes First pages 52 to 55
15. 15 Data Cleaning pages 56 to 61
16. 16 Data Transformation pages 62 to 65
17. 17 Handling Missing Values pages 66 to 70
18. 18 Normalization pages 71 to 74
19. 19 Standardization pages 75 to 78
20. 20 What Exploratory Data Analysis Is pages 79 to 82
21. 21 The Mean pages 83 to 86
22. 22 The Median and the Mode pages 87 to 90
23. 23 Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency pages 91 to 94
24. 24 Range, Variance and Standard Deviation pages 95 to 98
25. 25 Covariance pages 99 to 102
26. 26 Correlation pages 103 to 106
27. 27 Data Visualization: Choosing a Chart pages 107 to 110
28. 28 Bar Charts and Pie Charts pages 111 to 114
29. 29 Histograms and Line Graphs pages 115 to 119
30. 30 Excel for Analytics pages 120 to 124
31. 31 Excel's Statistical Functions pages 125 to 129
32. 32 Lookups in Excel: VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP pages 130 to 134
33. 33 Pivot Tables pages 135 to 139
34. 34 Pivot Charts and What-If Analysis pages 140 to 144
35. 35 Data Warehouses, Cubes and OLAP pages 145 to 149
36. 36 Power BI pages 150 to 154
37. 37 Tableau pages 155 to 159
Module II Predictive Analytics & Business Applications 24 chapters
1. 38 The Concept of Prediction pages 160 to 163
2. 39 Simple Linear Regression: The Model pages 164 to 167
3. 40 Fitting the Line by Least Squares pages 168 to 171
4. 41 Reading a Regression: Prediction, Residuals and R-squared pages 172 to 176
5. 42 Logistic Regression in Brief pages 177 to 180
6. 43 Time Series Basics pages 181 to 185
7. 44 Moving Averages and Simple Forecasts pages 186 to 189
8. 45 The Concept of Classification pages 190 to 193
9. 46 Decision Trees: The Basic Idea pages 194 to 198
10. 47 Choosing a Split: Entropy, Information Gain and Gini pages 199 to 202
11. 48 k-Nearest Neighbours pages 203 to 206
12. 49 Evaluating a Classifier pages 207 to 210
13. 50 Clustering, and How It Differs from Classification pages 211 to 214
14. 51 K-Means Clustering: The Steps pages 215 to 218
15. 52 K-Means Worked Through pages 219 to 222
16. 53 Market Basket Analysis and Association Rules pages 223 to 226
17. 54 Support, Confidence and Lift pages 227 to 230
18. 55 Finding Frequent Itemsets: The Apriori Idea pages 231 to 234
19. 56 Market Basket Analysis in Retail and E-commerce pages 235 to 238
20. 57 Interpreting Analytical Results pages 239 to 242
21. 58 Communicating Findings to Decision Makers pages 243 to 246
22. 59 Case Studies in Business Analytics pages 247 to 250
23. 60 Ethical Issues in Data Analytics pages 251 to 254
24. 61 Data Protection Law and Analytics in India pages 255 to 259
Digital Forensics Practical
Official Notes munotes.in

Digital Forensics Practical

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

Digital Forensics Practical

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I Study of cyber forensics tools, creating and verifying disk images, recovering deleted files, file metadata analysis, and password recovery techniques
1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal, the Marks and the Two-Hour Paper 1
2. What Cyber Forensics Is, and the Journey of a Piece of Digital Evidence 5
3. The Hash: a Fingerprint for a File, and Why Forensics Rests on It 10
4. The Forensics Laboratory on Your Own Machine, and the Evidence Image Every Practical Uses 14
5. Practical 1: Study of Cyber Forensics Tools 17
6. Practical 1: Autopsy and The Sleuth Kit 19
7. Practical 1: FTK Imager, What It Is and Who Makes It 22
8. Practical 1: EnCase, Wireshark, and Open Source Against Commercial 25
9. Practical 2: Creating and Verifying Disk Images 28
10. Practical 2: What a Forensic Image Is, raw (dd) and E01 30
11. Practical 2: Verifying Integrity with MD5 and SHA-1 33
12. Practical 2: the Write Blocker and Never Altering the Original 35
13. Practical 3: Recovering Deleted Files 38
14. Practical 3: What "Deleted" Really Means, Unallocated Space and Slack 40
15. Practical 3: File Carving by Signature, When the Entry Is Gone 43
16. Practical 3: Recovery with Recuva and Autopsy 46
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module I continued Study of cyber forensics tools, creating and verifying disk images, recovering deleted files, file metadata analysis, and password recovery techniques
1. Practical 4: Analysis of File Metadata 48
2. Practical 4: EXIF in a Photograph, the Camera, the Settings and the GPS Tag 50
3. Practical 4: the Metadata Inside a Document, Its Author and Its History 52
4. Practical 4: the File System's Own Timestamps, MAC Times 54
5. Practical 5: Password Recovery Techniques 57
6. Practical 5: Hashing Against Encryption, and What Can Be Recovered 59
7. Practical 5: John the Ripper on Your Own Hash 61
8. Practical 5: Hashcat and the GPU, on Your Own Files 63
Module II Email forensics, network traffic analysis, log file analysis, browser forensics, and mobile device forensics
1. Practical 6: Email Forensics 66
2. Practical 6: Reading the Headers, and the Received Lines From the Bottom Up 68
3. Practical 6: SPF, DKIM and DMARC, and the Signs of a Forged Sender 70
4. Practical 6: Tracing the Originating Address, and What a Header Proves 72
5. Practical 7: Network Traffic Analysis 74
6. Practical 7: Capturing Packets to a File, and What a pcap Is 76
7. Practical 7: Display Filters and Following a Stream 78
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued Email forensics, network traffic analysis, log file analysis, browser forensics, and mobile device forensics
1. Practical 7: Spotting Suspicious Traffic, Plaintext Credentials and Odd Ports 80
2. Practical 8: Log File Analysis 82
3. Practical 8: the Linux Logs, auth.log and syslog 84
4. Practical 8: the Windows Event Log and Application Logs 86
5. Practical 8: Detecting Unauthorized Access, and Building a Timeline 88
6. Practical 9: Browser Forensics 91
7. Practical 9: Where a Browser Keeps Its Profile, and the SQLite Databases in It 93
8. Practical 9: Reading History and Cookies with sqlite3 95
9. Practical 9: the Cache, and What Cached Data Shows 97
10. Practical 10: Mobile Device Forensics (Basic Study) 99
11. Practical 10: the Three Kinds of Acquisition, Logical, File System and Physical 101
12. Practical 10: an Android Backup Over ADB, on Your Own Phone 103
13. Practical 10: What Is and Is Not Possible Without Specialist Tools 106
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
108 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 108 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 44 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Study of cyber forensics tools, creating and verifying disk images, recovering deleted files, file metadata analysis, and password recovery techniques 24 chapters
1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal, the Marks and the Two-Hour Paper pages 1 to 4
2. 2 What Cyber Forensics Is, and the Journey of a Piece of Digital Evidence pages 5 to 9
3. 3 The Hash: a Fingerprint for a File, and Why Forensics Rests on It pages 10 to 13
4. 4 The Forensics Laboratory on Your Own Machine, and the Evidence Image Every Practical Uses pages 14 to 16
5. 5 Practical 1: Study of Cyber Forensics Tools pages 17 to 18
6. 6 Practical 1: Autopsy and The Sleuth Kit pages 19 to 21
7. 7 Practical 1: FTK Imager, What It Is and Who Makes It pages 22 to 24
8. 8 Practical 1: EnCase, Wireshark, and Open Source Against Commercial pages 25 to 27
9. 9 Practical 2: Creating and Verifying Disk Images pages 28 to 29
10. 10 Practical 2: What a Forensic Image Is, raw (dd) and E01 pages 30 to 32
11. 11 Practical 2: Verifying Integrity with MD5 and SHA-1 pages 33 to 34
12. 12 Practical 2: the Write Blocker and Never Altering the Original pages 35 to 37
13. 13 Practical 3: Recovering Deleted Files pages 38 to 39
14. 14 Practical 3: What "Deleted" Really Means, Unallocated Space and Slack pages 40 to 42
15. 15 Practical 3: File Carving by Signature, When the Entry Is Gone pages 43 to 45
16. 16 Practical 3: Recovery with Recuva and Autopsy pages 46 to 47
17. 17 Practical 4: Analysis of File Metadata pages 48 to 49
18. 18 Practical 4: EXIF in a Photograph, the Camera, the Settings and the GPS Tag pages 50 to 51
19. 19 Practical 4: the Metadata Inside a Document, Its Author and Its History pages 52 to 53
20. 20 Practical 4: the File System's Own Timestamps, MAC Times pages 54 to 56
21. 21 Practical 5: Password Recovery Techniques pages 57 to 58
22. 22 Practical 5: Hashing Against Encryption, and What Can Be Recovered pages 59 to 60
23. 23 Practical 5: John the Ripper on Your Own Hash pages 61 to 62
24. 24 Practical 5: Hashcat and the GPU, on Your Own Files pages 63 to 65
Module II Email forensics, network traffic analysis, log file analysis, browser forensics, and mobile device forensics 20 chapters
1. 25 Practical 6: Email Forensics pages 66 to 67
2. 26 Practical 6: Reading the Headers, and the Received Lines From the Bottom Up pages 68 to 69
3. 27 Practical 6: SPF, DKIM and DMARC, and the Signs of a Forged Sender pages 70 to 71
4. 28 Practical 6: Tracing the Originating Address, and What a Header Proves pages 72 to 73
5. 29 Practical 7: Network Traffic Analysis pages 74 to 75
6. 30 Practical 7: Capturing Packets to a File, and What a pcap Is pages 76 to 77
7. 31 Practical 7: Display Filters and Following a Stream pages 78 to 79
8. 32 Practical 7: Spotting Suspicious Traffic, Plaintext Credentials and Odd Ports pages 80 to 81
9. 33 Practical 8: Log File Analysis pages 82 to 83
10. 34 Practical 8: the Linux Logs, auth.log and syslog pages 84 to 85
11. 35 Practical 8: the Windows Event Log and Application Logs pages 86 to 87
12. 36 Practical 8: Detecting Unauthorized Access, and Building a Timeline pages 88 to 90
13. 37 Practical 9: Browser Forensics pages 91 to 92
14. 38 Practical 9: Where a Browser Keeps Its Profile, and the SQLite Databases in It pages 93 to 94
15. 39 Practical 9: Reading History and Cookies with sqlite3 pages 95 to 96
16. 40 Practical 9: the Cache, and What Cached Data Shows pages 97 to 98
17. 41 Practical 10: Mobile Device Forensics (Basic Study) pages 99 to 100
18. 42 Practical 10: the Three Kinds of Acquisition, Logical, File System and Physical pages 101 to 102
19. 43 Practical 10: an Android Backup Over ADB, on Your Own Phone pages 103 to 105
20. 44 Practical 10: What Is and Is Not Possible Without Specialist Tools pages 106 to 108
Data Analytics and Business Intelligence and Computer Security
Official Notes munotes.in

Data Analytics and Business Intelligence and Computer Security

B.SC. (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) · SEMESTER 6

Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Information Technology)

For B.Sc. (Information Technology) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

munotes.in Third Year

Data Analytics and Business Intelligence and Computer Security

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module I 1. Perform the analysis for the following:
1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal, the Marks and the Two-Hour Paper 1
2. The Analytics Laboratory: Excel, Python or R, and Power BI on Your Own Machine 5
3. Practical 1: the Data Warehouse in Excel, Pivot Tables and Charts 13
4. Practical 2: What-If Analysis and Reports in Excel 22
5. Practical 3: Data Classification in R or Python 31
6. Practical 4: Data Clustering in R or Python 37
7. Practical 5: Linear Regression in R or Python 43
8. Practical 6: Logistic Regression in R or Python 49
9. Practical 7: Lookups in Excel, VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP 55
10. Practical 8: Cubes with ROLAP, MOLAP and HOLAP 63
11. Practical 9: a Power BI Dashboard of Sales Data 70
12. Practical 10: a Power BI Dashboard of the Netflix Dataset 77
Module II 21. Configure Routers for
1. The Security Laboratory: Your Own Simulated Network and the Linux Stand-Ins 85
2. Practical 21: Hardening a Router, Syslog, NTP, SSH and OSPF Authentication 88
3. Practical 22: AAA Authentication on the Router 91
4. Practical 23: Extended ACLs 96
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module II continued 21. Configure Routers for
1. Practical 24: IPv6 ACLs 101
2. Practical 25: ACLs to Mitigate Attacks 105
3. Practical 26: a Zone-Based Policy Firewall 110
4. Practical 27: DHCP Snooping and Dynamic ARP Inspection 115
5. Practical 28: the IOS Intrusion Prevention System 119
6. Practical 29: Layer 2 Security, STP and Port Security 123
7. Practical 30: VLAN Security and Trunk Hardening 128
8. Practical 31: a Site-to-Site IPsec VPN 133
9. Practical 32: the Cisco ASA Basic Firewall 138
10. Practical 33: Host Security, Processes, Handles and the Registry 142
11. Practical 34: Finding Open Ports with Nmap 146
12. Practical 35: Reading Traffic with Wireshark 150
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
153 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 153 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 28 chapters across 2 modules
Module I Data analytics and business intelligence: the data warehouse in Excel, What-If analysis, classification, clustering, linear and logistic regression, lookups, OLAP cubes and Power BI dashboards 12 chapters
1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal, the Marks and the Two-Hour Paper pages 1 to 4
2. 2 The Analytics Laboratory: Excel, Python or R, and Power BI on Your Own Machine pages 5 to 12
3. 3 Practical 1: the Data Warehouse in Excel, Pivot Tables and Charts pages 13 to 21
4. 4 Practical 2: What-If Analysis and Reports in Excel pages 22 to 30
5. 5 Practical 3: Data Classification in R or Python pages 31 to 36
6. 6 Practical 4: Data Clustering in R or Python pages 37 to 42
7. 7 Practical 5: Linear Regression in R or Python pages 43 to 48
8. 8 Practical 6: Logistic Regression in R or Python pages 49 to 54
9. 9 Practical 7: Lookups in Excel, VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP pages 55 to 62
10. 10 Practical 8: Cubes with ROLAP, MOLAP and HOLAP pages 63 to 69
11. 11 Practical 9: a Power BI Dashboard of Sales Data pages 70 to 76
12. 12 Practical 10: a Power BI Dashboard of the Netflix Dataset pages 77 to 84
Module II Computer security: router hardening, AAA, ACLs, a zone-based firewall, DHCP snooping and ARP inspection, IPS, Layer 2 and VLAN security, a site-to-site VPN, the ASA firewall, host security, Nmap and Wireshark 16 chapters
1. 13 The Security Laboratory: Your Own Simulated Network and the Linux Stand-Ins pages 85 to 87
2. 14 Practical 21: Hardening a Router, Syslog, NTP, SSH and OSPF Authentication pages 88 to 90
3. 15 Practical 22: AAA Authentication on the Router pages 91 to 95
4. 16 Practical 23: Extended ACLs pages 96 to 100
5. 17 Practical 24: IPv6 ACLs pages 101 to 104
6. 18 Practical 25: ACLs to Mitigate Attacks pages 105 to 109
7. 19 Practical 26: a Zone-Based Policy Firewall pages 110 to 114
8. 20 Practical 27: DHCP Snooping and Dynamic ARP Inspection pages 115 to 118
9. 21 Practical 28: the IOS Intrusion Prevention System pages 119 to 122
10. 22 Practical 29: Layer 2 Security, STP and Port Security pages 123 to 127
11. 23 Practical 30: VLAN Security and Trunk Hardening pages 128 to 132
12. 24 Practical 31: a Site-to-Site IPsec VPN pages 133 to 137
13. 25 Practical 32: the Cisco ASA Basic Firewall pages 138 to 141
14. 26 Practical 33: Host Security, Processes, Handles and the Registry pages 142 to 145
15. 27 Practical 34: Finding Open Ports with Nmap pages 146 to 149
16. 28 Practical 35: Reading Traffic with Wireshark pages 150 to 153

Not written yet, and included the day each one lands: Cloud Computing and Testing Tools Practical; Geographical Information System Practical.

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Bhaskar Waman Thakur College of Science, VIVA College D.G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce Lords Universal College ST. ANDREWS COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE B. N. N. College Arts, Science & Commerce K.M. Agrawal College of Arts, Commerce and Science A E Kalsekar Degree College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Mumbra Maharashtra College of Arts, Science & Commerce N.G. Acharya & D.K. Marathe College of Arts, Science & Commerce VIDYAVARDHINIS ANNASAHEB VARTAK COLLEGE ARTS, KEDARNATH MALHOTRA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE, E.S.ANDRADES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE and 211 more

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Contents

Module I Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges

Contents continued

Module I continued Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges

Contents continued

Module I continued Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges

Contents continued

Module I continued Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges

Contents continued

Module I continued Cloud computing foundations: the vision, reference model, parallel and distributed computing, virtualization, cloud architecture and open challenges

Module II Data-intensive computing and MapReduce, cloud platforms (AWS, App Engine, Azure), energy efficiency, market-oriented clouds, federation and future directions

Contents continued

Module II continued Data-intensive computing and MapReduce, cloud platforms (AWS, App Engine, Azure), energy efficiency, market-oriented clouds, federation and future directions

Contents continued

Module II continued Data-intensive computing and MapReduce, cloud platforms (AWS, App Engine, Azure), energy efficiency, market-oriented clouds, federation and future directions

Contents continued

Module II continued Data-intensive computing and MapReduce, cloud platforms (AWS, App Engine, Azure), energy efficiency, market-oriented clouds, federation and future directions

Contents

Module I Information security, risk, secure design, authentication, encryption, database and network security, firewalls

Contents continued

Module I continued Information security, risk, secure design, authentication, encryption, database and network security, firewalls

Contents continued

Module I continued Information security, risk, secure design, authentication, encryption, database and network security, firewalls

Contents continued

Module I continued Information security, risk, secure design, authentication, encryption, database and network security, firewalls

Module II Intrusion detection and prevention, VoIP and PBX security, operating system security, virtual machines and cloud, secure applications, physical security

Contents continued

Module II continued Intrusion detection and prevention, VoIP and PBX security, operating system security, virtual machines and cloud, secure applications, physical security

Contents continued

Module II continued Intrusion detection and prevention, VoIP and PBX security, operating system security, virtual machines and cloud, secure applications, physical security

Contents

Module I Software Project Management, Evaluation & Planning

Contents continued

Module I continued Software Project Management, Evaluation & Planning

Contents continued

Module I continued Software Project Management, Evaluation & Planning

Module II Estimation, Risk, Quality & Project Closure

Contents continued

Module II continued Estimation, Risk, Quality & Project Closure

Contents continued

Module II continued Estimation, Risk, Quality & Project Closure

Contents continued

Module II continued Estimation, Risk, Quality & Project Closure

Contents

Module I Foundations of AI Ethics and Philosophical Perspectives

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Module I continued Foundations of AI Ethics and Philosophical Perspectives

Contents continued

Module I continued Foundations of AI Ethics and Philosophical Perspectives

Module II Governance, Regulation and Responsible AI Implementation

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Module II continued Governance, Regulation and Responsible AI Implementation

Contents continued

Module II continued Governance, Regulation and Responsible AI Implementation

Contents continued

Module II continued Governance, Regulation and Responsible AI Implementation

Contents

Module I Introduction: IT service management in the modern world, About ITIL 4, The structure

Contents continued

Module I continued Introduction: IT service management in the modern world, About ITIL 4, The structure

Contents continued

Module I continued Introduction: IT service management in the modern world, About ITIL 4, The structure

Module II Drive Stakeholder Value: Introduction, The customer journey, Step 1: Explore, Step 2

Contents continued

Module II continued Drive Stakeholder Value: Introduction, The customer journey, Step 1: Explore, Step 2

Contents continued

Module II continued Drive Stakeholder Value: Introduction, The customer journey, Step 1: Explore, Step 2

Contents

Module I 1. Campus network architecture

Contents continued

Module I continued 1. Campus network architecture

Contents continued

Module I continued 1. Campus network architecture

Module II 6. Basic Network and Routing Concepts

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Module II continued 6. Basic Network and Routing Concepts

Module J The journal and the practical examination

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Module J continued The journal and the practical examination