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B.L.S. LL.B. 5 Years Semester 3: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

For students of Mumbai University and all its affiliated colleges.

As per latest University of Mumbai syllabus

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  1. Sociology

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Sociology

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    Sociology

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I Introduction to Sociology

    1. What Sociology Is 1
    2. The Nature and Scope of Sociology 7
    3. Why a Law Student Studies Sociology 12
    4. The Evolutionary Perspective 17
    5. The Functionalist Perspective 22
    6. The Conflict Perspective 26
    7. Social Exchange Theory 30
    8. Symbolic Interactionism 34
    9. Post Modernism 38
    10. Society: Meaning, Characteristics and Types 43
    11. The Pluralistic Nature of Indian Society 47
    12. Social Groups: Meaning and Characteristics 52
    13. Primary and Secondary Groups 56
    14. In-groups, Out-groups and Reference Groups 60
    15. Organized and Unorganized Groups 64
    16. Norms and Values 68
    17. Community, Association and Institution 73
    18. Status and Role 77
    19. Socialization 81
    20. Culture 86
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Introduction to Sociology

    1. Purusharthas, Ashramas and Indian Social Thought 90
    2. Social Structure and Social System 95
    3. Marriage: Meaning and Functions 99
    4. Forms of Marriage 103
    5. Recent Trends in Marriage 108
    6. The Family: Meaning and Functions 113
    7. Theories of the Origin of the Family 117
    8. Types of Family 122
    9. Changing Patterns of the Family 126
    10. Kinship 130
    11. Political Parties and Voting Behaviour 135
    12. Pressure Groups 140
    13. The Welfare State 144
    14. The Economic System, Work and Occupation 149
    15. Property 154
    16. The Division of Labour 159
    17. Work and Alienation 164
    18. Capitalism and Socialism as Forms of Economy 168
    19. The Jajmani System 172
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Introduction to Sociology

    1. Social Determinants of Economic Development 176
    2. Religion: Definition, Characteristics and Functions 181
    3. The Structure of Religion and Theories of Its Origin 186
    4. Church, Denomination, Sect and Cult 190
    5. Superstition, Godmen and the Law 195
    6. Media: Meaning, Characteristics and Functions 200
    7. Mass Media and Its Impact 205
    8. Social Stratification 211
    9. Caste 216
    10. Class 221
    11. Sex and Gender 226
    12. Race and Ethnicity 231

    Module II Crime, Deviance, Disorganization and Social Control

    1. Crime and Social Deviance 236
    2. Criminology, Penology and Victimology 241
    3. Explaining Deviance: The Sociological Theories 245
    4. Social Disorganization 250
    5. Social Control: Meaning and Purpose 255
    6. Formal and Informal Social Control 259
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III Social Processes and Change

    1. Social Processes 263
    2. Cooperation 266
    3. Competition 270
    4. Conflict 273
    5. Accommodation 277
    6. Assimilation 281
    7. Tolerance and Compromise 285
    8. Super-ordination and Subordination 289
    9. Integration and Isolation 293
    10. Communalism, Casteism and Regionalism 297
    11. Social Change: Meaning and Characteristics 302
    12. Factors and Causes of Social Change 306
    13. Population, Food and Hunger 310
    14. Sanskritisation and Westernization 315
    15. Modernization and Industrialization 319
    16. Liberalization and Globalization 323
    17. Theories of Social Change 328
    18. Social Research: Nature and Purpose 333
    19. Types of Methodology 337
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued Social Processes and Change

    1. Research Methods: Documentary, Empirical and Survey 342
    2. Observation 347
    3. The Interview 351
    4. The Questionnaire and the Schedule 356
    5. The Case Study 360
    6. Sampling 365
    7. The Stages of Data Collection 370

    Module IV Law, Society and Social Thought

    1. The Relation of Law and Society 375
    2. Law and Social Change 380
    3. Sociology of the Legal Profession 386
    4. Legal Pluralism 391
    5. Auguste Comte 396
    6. Durkheim: The Theory of Religion 401
    7. Durkheim: The Theory of Suicide 406
    8. Durkheim: Division of Labour and Social Solidarity 411
    9. Marx: Historical and Dialectical Materialism 416
    10. Marx: Theory of Social Class and Social Conflict 421
    11. Marx: Alienation 426
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued Law, Society and Social Thought

    1. Weber: Social Action and Its Types 431
    2. Weber: Power and Authority 437
    3. Weber: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 442
    4. Weber: Bureaucracy 447
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    451 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 451 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 98 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 51 chapters

    1. 1 What Sociology Is pages 1 to 6
    2. 2 The Nature and Scope of Sociology pages 7 to 11
    3. 3 Why a Law Student Studies Sociology pages 12 to 16
    4. 4 The Evolutionary Perspective pages 17 to 21
    5. 5 The Functionalist Perspective pages 22 to 25
    6. 6 The Conflict Perspective pages 26 to 29
    7. 7 Social Exchange Theory pages 30 to 33
    8. 8 Symbolic Interactionism pages 34 to 37
    9. 9 Post Modernism pages 38 to 42
    10. 10 Society: Meaning, Characteristics and Types pages 43 to 46
    11. 11 The Pluralistic Nature of Indian Society pages 47 to 51
    12. 12 Social Groups: Meaning and Characteristics pages 52 to 55
    13. 13 Primary and Secondary Groups pages 56 to 59
    14. 14 In-groups, Out-groups and Reference Groups pages 60 to 63
    15. 15 Organized and Unorganized Groups pages 64 to 67
    16. 16 Norms and Values pages 68 to 72
    17. 17 Community, Association and Institution pages 73 to 76
    18. 18 Status and Role pages 77 to 80
    19. 19 Socialization pages 81 to 85
    20. 20 Culture pages 86 to 89
    21. 21 Purusharthas, Ashramas and Indian Social Thought pages 90 to 94
    22. 22 Social Structure and Social System pages 95 to 98
    23. 23 Marriage: Meaning and Functions pages 99 to 102
    24. 24 Forms of Marriage pages 103 to 107
    25. 25 Recent Trends in Marriage pages 108 to 112
    26. 26 The Family: Meaning and Functions pages 113 to 116
    27. 27 Theories of the Origin of the Family pages 117 to 121
    28. 28 Types of Family pages 122 to 125
    29. 29 Changing Patterns of the Family pages 126 to 129
    30. 30 Kinship pages 130 to 134
    31. 31 Political Parties and Voting Behaviour pages 135 to 139
    32. 32 Pressure Groups pages 140 to 143
    33. 33 The Welfare State pages 144 to 148
    34. 34 The Economic System, Work and Occupation pages 149 to 153
    35. 35 Property pages 154 to 158
    36. 36 The Division of Labour pages 159 to 163
    37. 37 Work and Alienation pages 164 to 167
    38. 38 Capitalism and Socialism as Forms of Economy pages 168 to 171
    39. 39 The Jajmani System pages 172 to 175
    40. 40 Social Determinants of Economic Development pages 176 to 180
    41. 41 Religion: Definition, Characteristics and Functions pages 181 to 185
    42. 42 The Structure of Religion and Theories of Its Origin pages 186 to 189
    43. 43 Church, Denomination, Sect and Cult pages 190 to 194
    44. 44 Superstition, Godmen and the Law pages 195 to 199
    45. 45 Media: Meaning, Characteristics and Functions pages 200 to 204
    46. 46 Mass Media and Its Impact pages 205 to 210
    47. 47 Social Stratification pages 211 to 215
    48. 48 Caste pages 216 to 220
    49. 49 Class pages 221 to 225
    50. 50 Sex and Gender pages 226 to 230
    51. 51 Race and Ethnicity pages 231 to 235

    Module II 6 chapters

    1. 52 Crime and Social Deviance pages 236 to 240
    2. 53 Criminology, Penology and Victimology pages 241 to 244
    3. 54 Explaining Deviance: The Sociological Theories pages 245 to 249
    4. 55 Social Disorganization pages 250 to 254
    5. 56 Social Control: Meaning and Purpose pages 255 to 258
    6. 57 Formal and Informal Social Control pages 259 to 262

    Module III 26 chapters

    1. 58 Social Processes pages 263 to 265
    2. 59 Cooperation pages 266 to 269
    3. 60 Competition pages 270 to 272
    4. 61 Conflict pages 273 to 276
    5. 62 Accommodation pages 277 to 280
    6. 63 Assimilation pages 281 to 284
    7. 64 Tolerance and Compromise pages 285 to 288
    8. 65 Super-ordination and Subordination pages 289 to 292
    9. 66 Integration and Isolation pages 293 to 296
    10. 67 Communalism, Casteism and Regionalism pages 297 to 301
    11. 68 Social Change: Meaning and Characteristics pages 302 to 305
    12. 69 Factors and Causes of Social Change pages 306 to 309
    13. 70 Population, Food and Hunger pages 310 to 314
    14. 71 Sanskritisation and Westernization pages 315 to 318
    15. 72 Modernization and Industrialization pages 319 to 322
    16. 73 Liberalization and Globalization pages 323 to 327
    17. 74 Theories of Social Change pages 328 to 332
    18. 75 Social Research: Nature and Purpose pages 333 to 336
    19. 76 Types of Methodology pages 337 to 341
    20. 77 Research Methods: Documentary, Empirical and Survey pages 342 to 346
    21. 78 Observation pages 347 to 350
    22. 79 The Interview pages 351 to 355
    23. 80 The Questionnaire and the Schedule pages 356 to 359
    24. 81 The Case Study pages 360 to 364
    25. 82 Sampling pages 365 to 369
    26. 83 The Stages of Data Collection pages 370 to 374

    Module IV 15 chapters

    1. 84 The Relation of Law and Society pages 375 to 379
    2. 85 Law and Social Change pages 380 to 385
    3. 86 Sociology of the Legal Profession pages 386 to 390
    4. 87 Legal Pluralism pages 391 to 395
    5. 88 Auguste Comte pages 396 to 400
    6. 89 Durkheim: The Theory of Religion pages 401 to 405
    7. 90 Durkheim: The Theory of Suicide pages 406 to 410
    8. 91 Durkheim: Division of Labour and Social Solidarity pages 411 to 415
    9. 92 Marx: Historical and Dialectical Materialism pages 416 to 420
    10. 93 Marx: Theory of Social Class and Social Conflict pages 421 to 425
    11. 94 Marx: Alienation pages 426 to 430
    12. 95 Weber: Social Action and Its Types pages 431 to 436
    13. 96 Weber: Power and Authority pages 437 to 441
    14. 97 Weber: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism pages 442 to 446
    15. 98 Weber: Bureaucracy pages 447 to 451
    Every paper that is solved: 16 papers
    • 2025-26 - 60/40
    • 2025-26 - 75/25
    • 2025-26 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2024-25
    • 2024-25 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2024-25 - ATKT 75/25
    • 2024-25 - ATKT Set 2 75/25
    • 2023-24
    • 2023-24 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2023-24 - ATKT 75/25
    • 2022-23
    • 2022-23 - ATKT
    • 2021-22
    • 2019-20
    • 2018-19
    • 2017-18

  2. Political Science II

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Political Science II

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    Political Science II

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I Power, Authority and Legitimacy

    1. What Power Is, and Why Political Science Begins With It 1
    2. The Definitions of Power, and the Three Faces of It 6
    3. Power, Force, Coercion and Influence: The Family of Words That Get Confused 11
    4. How Political Power Is Actually Exercised 15
    5. The Role of the Government in Decision Making 20
    6. External Influences on the Exercise of Political Power 24
    7. Interest Groups and Pressure Groups 28
    8. Lobbying as a Technique 33
    9. Lobbying in India and in the United States 38
    10. The Elite Theory of Power 44
    11. The Marxist Theory of Power 50
    12. The Elite Theory and the Marxist Theory Compared 56
    13. What Authority Is 61
    14. The Features of Authority 66
    15. De Jure and De Facto Authority 70
    16. Max Weber's Classification of Authority 75
    17. Traditional Authority 79
    18. Charismatic Authority 84
    19. Legal Rational Authority 89
    20. The Sources of Authority: How Power Is Legalised 94
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Power, Authority and Legitimacy

    1. Power and Authority Compared 99
    2. Legitimacy: The Concept 103
    3. The Relevance of Legitimacy in the Exercise of Political Power 108

    Module II Political Obligation - State Authority and Citizen

    1. What Political Obligation Is 113
    2. The Command and Obedience Relationship 118
    3. Why People Obey Laws: The Grounds of Political Obligation 123
    4. D. D. Raphael on Political Obligation 128
    5. The Theories of Political Obligation: A Map 133
    6. The Divine Right Theory of Kings 137
    7. The Social Contract and Consent Theory 142
    8. Hobbes: The Contract Into Absolute Sovereignty 147
    9. Locke: The Contract as a Trust 153
    10. Rousseau: The General Will 158
    11. Consent Theory and Its Critics 163
    12. The Theory of Force 168
    13. The Theory of Prescriptive Possession 173
    14. Karl Marx on Political Obligation 178
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued Political Obligation - State Authority and Citizen

    1. What an Unjust Law Is 184
    2. The Right to Resistance and Dissent 190
    3. T. H. Green on Resistance 196
    4. Harold Laski on Resistance 201
    5. M. K. Gandhi on Resistance 207
    6. Martin Luther King Jr on Resistance 212
    7. Nelson Mandela on Resistance 218
    8. Satyagraha: The Gandhian Technique of Resistance 224
    9. Punishment: Why the State Does It at All 230
    10. Kant's Retributivism 235
    11. Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian Theory of Punishment 241
    12. The Justification of Punishment 247
    13. The Deterrent and Preventive Approaches 253
    14. Gandhi and the Reformative Approach to Punishment 259
    15. Implicit Bias in the Justice Delivery System 266
    16. Social Injustice and Social Inequality in Punishment 271
    17. Ethnic Profiling in the European Union and the United States 276
    18. Black Lives Matter: A Case Study 282
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III Political Ideologies

    1. What a Political Ideology Is 288
    2. Liberalism: Meaning and Basic Principles 293
    3. Classical and Modern Liberalism 298
    4. The Shift From Negative Liberty to Positive Liberty 303
    5. Liberalism: The Arguments For and Against 309
    6. J. S. Mill on Liberty: The Harm Principle 315
    7. Mill's Influence on the Indian Constitution 321
    8. Utilitarianism: Meaning and Basic Principles 326
    9. Bentham's Utilitarianism and the Felicific Calculus 331
    10. J. S. Mill's Modification of Benthamite Utilitarianism 337
    11. Utilitarianism: The Arguments For and Against 343
    12. Sarvodaya, Compared With Utilitarianism 349
    13. Socialism: Meaning and Basic Principles 355
    14. The Kinds of Socialism 360
    15. Socialism: The Arguments For and Against 365
    16. Socialism's Influence on the Indian Constitution 371
    17. Communism: The Basic Principles 377
    18. An Evaluation of Communism 383
    19. Socialism and Communism Compared 388
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued Political Ideologies

    1. Gandhism and Communism Compared 393

    Module IV Indian Democracy at Work

    1. What a Political Party Is 399
    2. Political Parties and Interest Groups Distinguished 404
    3. The Significance of Political Parties in India 409
    4. The Features of Political Parties in India 414
    5. Coalition Politics in India 419
    6. The Future of the Multi-Party System in India 424
    7. Democracy and the Consent of the Governed 429
    8. The Conditions Essential for the Success of Democracy 434
    9. The Ethical Decay of Democracy 439
    10. The Old Challenges to Indian Democracy 444
    11. The New Challenges to Indian Democracy 450
    12. Gandhian Gram Swaraj 456
    13. Dr Ambedkar's Views on Decentralisation 461
    14. Article 40, and the Road to the 73rd and 74th Amendments 466
    15. The 73rd Amendment: Panchayats 472
    16. The 74th Amendment: Municipalities 479
    17. The Gram Sabha and Participatory Democracy 486
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued Indian Democracy at Work

    1. Gender in Local Government: The Promise and the Limits 493
    2. Social Inclusion in Local Government: The Promise and the Limits 501
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    508 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 508 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 94 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 23 chapters

    1. 1 What Power Is, and Why Political Science Begins With It pages 1 to 5
    2. 2 The Definitions of Power, and the Three Faces of It pages 6 to 10
    3. 3 Power, Force, Coercion and Influence: The Family of Words That Get Confused pages 11 to 14
    4. 4 How Political Power Is Actually Exercised pages 15 to 19
    5. 5 The Role of the Government in Decision Making pages 20 to 23
    6. 6 External Influences on the Exercise of Political Power pages 24 to 27
    7. 7 Interest Groups and Pressure Groups pages 28 to 32
    8. 8 Lobbying as a Technique pages 33 to 37
    9. 9 Lobbying in India and in the United States pages 38 to 43
    10. 10 The Elite Theory of Power pages 44 to 49
    11. 11 The Marxist Theory of Power pages 50 to 55
    12. 12 The Elite Theory and the Marxist Theory Compared pages 56 to 60
    13. 13 What Authority Is pages 61 to 65
    14. 14 The Features of Authority pages 66 to 69
    15. 15 De Jure and De Facto Authority pages 70 to 74
    16. 16 Max Weber's Classification of Authority pages 75 to 78
    17. 17 Traditional Authority pages 79 to 83
    18. 18 Charismatic Authority pages 84 to 88
    19. 19 Legal Rational Authority pages 89 to 93
    20. 20 The Sources of Authority: How Power Is Legalised pages 94 to 98
    21. 21 Power and Authority Compared pages 99 to 102
    22. 22 Legitimacy: The Concept pages 103 to 107
    23. 23 The Relevance of Legitimacy in the Exercise of Political Power pages 108 to 112

    Module II 32 chapters

    1. 24 What Political Obligation Is pages 113 to 117
    2. 25 The Command and Obedience Relationship pages 118 to 122
    3. 26 Why People Obey Laws: The Grounds of Political Obligation pages 123 to 127
    4. 27 D. D. Raphael on Political Obligation pages 128 to 132
    5. 28 The Theories of Political Obligation: A Map pages 133 to 136
    6. 29 The Divine Right Theory of Kings pages 137 to 141
    7. 30 The Social Contract and Consent Theory pages 142 to 146
    8. 31 Hobbes: The Contract Into Absolute Sovereignty pages 147 to 152
    9. 32 Locke: The Contract as a Trust pages 153 to 157
    10. 33 Rousseau: The General Will pages 158 to 162
    11. 34 Consent Theory and Its Critics pages 163 to 167
    12. 35 The Theory of Force pages 168 to 172
    13. 36 The Theory of Prescriptive Possession pages 173 to 177
    14. 37 Karl Marx on Political Obligation pages 178 to 183
    15. 38 What an Unjust Law Is pages 184 to 189
    16. 39 The Right to Resistance and Dissent pages 190 to 195
    17. 40 T. H. Green on Resistance pages 196 to 200
    18. 41 Harold Laski on Resistance pages 201 to 206
    19. 42 M. K. Gandhi on Resistance pages 207 to 211
    20. 43 Martin Luther King Jr on Resistance pages 212 to 217
    21. 44 Nelson Mandela on Resistance pages 218 to 223
    22. 45 Satyagraha: The Gandhian Technique of Resistance pages 224 to 229
    23. 46 Punishment: Why the State Does It at All pages 230 to 234
    24. 47 Kant's Retributivism pages 235 to 240
    25. 48 Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian Theory of Punishment pages 241 to 246
    26. 49 The Justification of Punishment pages 247 to 252
    27. 50 The Deterrent and Preventive Approaches pages 253 to 258
    28. 51 Gandhi and the Reformative Approach to Punishment pages 259 to 265
    29. 52 Implicit Bias in the Justice Delivery System pages 266 to 270
    30. 53 Social Injustice and Social Inequality in Punishment pages 271 to 275
    31. 54 Ethnic Profiling in the European Union and the United States pages 276 to 281
    32. 55 Black Lives Matter: A Case Study pages 282 to 287

    Module III 20 chapters

    1. 56 What a Political Ideology Is pages 288 to 292
    2. 57 Liberalism: Meaning and Basic Principles pages 293 to 297
    3. 58 Classical and Modern Liberalism pages 298 to 302
    4. 59 The Shift From Negative Liberty to Positive Liberty pages 303 to 308
    5. 60 Liberalism: The Arguments For and Against pages 309 to 314
    6. 61 J. S. Mill on Liberty: The Harm Principle pages 315 to 320
    7. 62 Mill's Influence on the Indian Constitution pages 321 to 325
    8. 63 Utilitarianism: Meaning and Basic Principles pages 326 to 330
    9. 64 Bentham's Utilitarianism and the Felicific Calculus pages 331 to 336
    10. 65 J. S. Mill's Modification of Benthamite Utilitarianism pages 337 to 342
    11. 66 Utilitarianism: The Arguments For and Against pages 343 to 348
    12. 67 Sarvodaya, Compared With Utilitarianism pages 349 to 354
    13. 68 Socialism: Meaning and Basic Principles pages 355 to 359
    14. 69 The Kinds of Socialism pages 360 to 364
    15. 70 Socialism: The Arguments For and Against pages 365 to 370
    16. 71 Socialism's Influence on the Indian Constitution pages 371 to 376
    17. 72 Communism: The Basic Principles pages 377 to 382
    18. 73 An Evaluation of Communism pages 383 to 387
    19. 74 Socialism and Communism Compared pages 388 to 392
    20. 75 Gandhism and Communism Compared pages 393 to 398

    Module IV 19 chapters

    1. 76 What a Political Party Is pages 399 to 403
    2. 77 Political Parties and Interest Groups Distinguished pages 404 to 408
    3. 78 The Significance of Political Parties in India pages 409 to 413
    4. 79 The Features of Political Parties in India pages 414 to 418
    5. 80 Coalition Politics in India pages 419 to 423
    6. 81 The Future of the Multi-Party System in India pages 424 to 428
    7. 82 Democracy and the Consent of the Governed pages 429 to 433
    8. 83 The Conditions Essential for the Success of Democracy pages 434 to 438
    9. 84 The Ethical Decay of Democracy pages 439 to 443
    10. 85 The Old Challenges to Indian Democracy pages 444 to 449
    11. 86 The New Challenges to Indian Democracy pages 450 to 455
    12. 87 Gandhian Gram Swaraj pages 456 to 460
    13. 88 Dr Ambedkar's Views on Decentralisation pages 461 to 465
    14. 89 Article 40, and the Road to the 73rd and 74th Amendments pages 466 to 471
    15. 90 The 73rd Amendment: Panchayats pages 472 to 478
    16. 91 The 74th Amendment: Municipalities pages 479 to 485
    17. 92 The Gram Sabha and Participatory Democracy pages 486 to 492
    18. 93 Gender in Local Government: The Promise and the Limits pages 493 to 500
    19. 94 Social Inclusion in Local Government: The Promise and the Limits pages 501 to 508
    Every paper that is solved: 15 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2025-26 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2025-26 - ATKT 75/25
    • 2024-25
    • 2024-25 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2024-25 - ATKT 75/25
    • 2024-25 - ATKT Set 2 75/25
    • 2023-24
    • 2023-24 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2023-24 - ATKT 75/25
    • 2022-23
    • 2021-22
    • 2019-20
    • 2018-19
    • 2017-18

  3. History of Courts

    Official Notes munotes.in

    History of Courts

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    History of Courts

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I Administration of Justice (1600-1780), Regulating Act of 1773 & Settlement Act of 1781

    1. What the History of Courts Is, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. The Charter of 1600: A Company That Could Make Law 6
    3. From Factory to Court, 1601 to 1686 10
    4. The First Mayor's Court: Madras, 1687 16
    5. The Charter of 1726: Mayors' Courts at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta 20
    6. What Went Wrong, and the Charter of 1753 25
    7. Bengal Before 1772: the Dewani, the Dual Government and the Anarchy 31
    8. Warren Hastings's Judicial Plan of 1772 35
    9. The Plan of 1774, and the Reforms Down to 1780 39
    10. Why Parliament Intervened: the Road to the Regulating Act 43
    11. The Regulating Act 1773: The Government of Bengal 47
    12. The Regulating Act 1773: The Supreme Court at Calcutta 52
    13. The Regulating Act 1773: Rule-Making, Presents and Accountability 58
    14. The Charter of 26 March 1774 and the Court It Created 64
    15. The Trial of Raja Nandkumar, 1775 68
    16. The Trial of Radha Charan Mitra 73
    17. Kamaluddin's Case, 1775 77
    18. Sarup Chand's Case, 1777 82
    19. Gora Chand's Case: Dutt v. Hosea, 1779 87
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Administration of Justice (1600-1780), Regulating Act of 1773 & Settlement Act of 1781

    1. The Patna Case, 1777 to 1779 92
    2. The Cossijurah Case, 1779 to 1780 98
    3. What the Seven Cases Add Up To 104
    4. The Settlement Act of 1781: What Parliament Fixed 109
    5. What the Settlement of 1781 Left Behind 115
    6. Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1787 120
    7. Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1790 125
    8. Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1793 and the Cornwallis Code 130
    9. Sir John Shore and the Progress of the Adalat System 136

    Module II Conflict Arising out of the Dual Judicial System & Judicial Committee of the Privy

    1. The Dual Judicial System: Two Sets of Courts in One Country 141
    2. Where the Two Systems Collided 146
    3. The Supreme Courts at Madras and Bombay 151
    4. The Indian High Courts Act 1861 155
    5. The Letters Patent, and the First High Courts 163
    6. The High Courts under the Government of India Act 1915 168
    7. The High Courts under the Government of India Act 1935 174
    8. The Federal Court, 1937 to 1950 180
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    Contents continued

    Module II continued Conflict Arising out of the Dual Judicial System & Judicial Committee of the Privy

    1. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: What It Actually Was 186
    2. Appeals to the Privy Council, 1726 to 1860 192
    3. Appeals to the Privy Council, 1861 to 1949 197
    4. The End of the Appeal to London, 1947 to 1950 202

    Module III Court System under the Constitution of India & Rule of Law, Independence of Judiciary & Separation of Powers:

    1. The Constitution of 1950: What Changed for the Courts, and What Did Not 208
    2. The Supreme Court of India: Constitution, Judges and Tenure 213
    3. The Supreme Court: Seat, Registry and Original Jurisdiction 219
    4. Appeals to the Supreme Court 224
    5. The Supreme Court's Own Powers: Articles 137 to 147 230
    6. The High Courts under the Constitution 236
    7. Writ Jurisdiction: Article 32 243
    8. Writ Jurisdiction: Article 226, and the Five Writs 248
    9. The Subordinate Courts 254
    10. Tribunals, and the Reach of Judicial Review 260
    11. The Rule of Law Before Independence 265
    12. The Rule of Law After Independence 272
    13. Independence of the Judiciary: The Constitutional Guarantees 277
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued Court System under the Constitution of India & Rule of Law, Independence of Judiciary & Separation of Powers:

    1. Independence of the Judiciary: Who Appoints the Judges 282
    2. Separation of Powers: Before and After Independence 288

    Module IV History of Legislature & History of Legal Profession:

    1. The Legislature Begins: the Charter of 1600 294
    2. The Charter Act of 1813 298
    3. The Charter Act of 1833: One Legislature for All India 302
    4. The Indian Councils Act 1861: the Council Remade 308
    5. The Indian Councils Act 1861: How Law Was Made 313
    6. The Indian Councils Act 1861: Legislation Returns to the Provinces 318
    7. The Indian Councils Act 1892 323
    8. The Indian Councils Act 1909: the Morley-Minto Reforms 328
    9. The Government of India Act 1919: the Central Legislature 334
    10. The Government of India Act 1919: Dyarchy in the Provinces 340
    11. The Government of India Act 1935: the Federation That Never Came 348
    12. The Government of India Act 1935: the Federal Legislature 356
    13. The Government of India Act 1935: the Three Lists 365
    14. The Indian Independence Act 1947 372
    15. The Legal Profession in Pre-British India 381
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    Contents continued

    Module IV continued History of Legislature & History of Legal Profession:

    1. Law Practitioners in the Mayor's Court, 1726 386
    2. The Legal Profession under the Charter of 1774 391
    3. The Company's Courts, and the Legal Practitioners Acts of 1846 and 1853 396
    4. The Profession under the Indian High Courts Act 1861 403
    5. The Legal Practitioners Act 1879 410
    6. The Indian Bar Committee 1923 and the Indian Bar Councils Act 1926 419
    7. The All-India Bar Committee of 1951 430
    8. The Advocates Act 1961: the Bar Councils 438
    9. The Advocates Act 1961: Admission, Enrolment and the Right to Practise 447
    10. The Advocates Act 1961: Conduct, Discipline and Appeals 456
    11. Law Reporting in India 468
    12. Codification, the Law Commissions and Law Reform 475
    13. Legal Education in India 484
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    492 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 492 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 83 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 28 chapters

    1. 1 What the History of Courts Is, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 5
    2. 2 The Charter of 1600: A Company That Could Make Law pages 6 to 9
    3. 3 From Factory to Court, 1601 to 1686 pages 10 to 15
    4. 4 The First Mayor's Court: Madras, 1687 pages 16 to 19
    5. 5 The Charter of 1726: Mayors' Courts at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta pages 20 to 24
    6. 6 What Went Wrong, and the Charter of 1753 pages 25 to 30
    7. 7 Bengal Before 1772: the Dewani, the Dual Government and the Anarchy pages 31 to 34
    8. 8 Warren Hastings's Judicial Plan of 1772 pages 35 to 38
    9. 9 The Plan of 1774, and the Reforms Down to 1780 pages 39 to 42
    10. 10 Why Parliament Intervened: the Road to the Regulating Act pages 43 to 46
    11. 11 The Regulating Act 1773: The Government of Bengal pages 47 to 51
    12. 12 The Regulating Act 1773: The Supreme Court at Calcutta pages 52 to 57
    13. 13 The Regulating Act 1773: Rule-Making, Presents and Accountability pages 58 to 63
    14. 14 The Charter of 26 March 1774 and the Court It Created pages 64 to 67
    15. 15 The Trial of Raja Nandkumar, 1775 pages 68 to 72
    16. 16 The Trial of Radha Charan Mitra pages 73 to 76
    17. 17 Kamaluddin's Case, 1775 pages 77 to 81
    18. 18 Sarup Chand's Case, 1777 pages 82 to 86
    19. 19 Gora Chand's Case: Dutt v. Hosea, 1779 pages 87 to 91
    20. 20 The Patna Case, 1777 to 1779 pages 92 to 97
    21. 21 The Cossijurah Case, 1779 to 1780 pages 98 to 103
    22. 22 What the Seven Cases Add Up To pages 104 to 108
    23. 23 The Settlement Act of 1781: What Parliament Fixed pages 109 to 114
    24. 24 What the Settlement of 1781 Left Behind pages 115 to 119
    25. 25 Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1787 pages 120 to 124
    26. 26 Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1790 pages 125 to 129
    27. 27 Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1793 and the Cornwallis Code pages 130 to 135
    28. 28 Sir John Shore and the Progress of the Adalat System pages 136 to 140

    Module II 12 chapters

    1. 29 The Dual Judicial System: Two Sets of Courts in One Country pages 141 to 145
    2. 30 Where the Two Systems Collided pages 146 to 150
    3. 31 The Supreme Courts at Madras and Bombay pages 151 to 154
    4. 32 The Indian High Courts Act 1861 pages 155 to 162
    5. 33 The Letters Patent, and the First High Courts pages 163 to 167
    6. 34 The High Courts under the Government of India Act 1915 pages 168 to 173
    7. 35 The High Courts under the Government of India Act 1935 pages 174 to 179
    8. 36 The Federal Court, 1937 to 1950 pages 180 to 185
    9. 37 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: What It Actually Was pages 186 to 191
    10. 38 Appeals to the Privy Council, 1726 to 1860 pages 192 to 196
    11. 39 Appeals to the Privy Council, 1861 to 1949 pages 197 to 201
    12. 40 The End of the Appeal to London, 1947 to 1950 pages 202 to 207

    Module III 15 chapters

    1. 41 The Constitution of 1950: What Changed for the Courts, and What Did Not pages 208 to 212
    2. 42 The Supreme Court of India: Constitution, Judges and Tenure pages 213 to 218
    3. 43 The Supreme Court: Seat, Registry and Original Jurisdiction pages 219 to 223
    4. 44 Appeals to the Supreme Court pages 224 to 229
    5. 45 The Supreme Court's Own Powers: Articles 137 to 147 pages 230 to 235
    6. 46 The High Courts under the Constitution pages 236 to 242
    7. 47 Writ Jurisdiction: Article 32 pages 243 to 247
    8. 48 Writ Jurisdiction: Article 226, and the Five Writs pages 248 to 253
    9. 49 The Subordinate Courts pages 254 to 259
    10. 50 Tribunals, and the Reach of Judicial Review pages 260 to 264
    11. 51 The Rule of Law Before Independence pages 265 to 271
    12. 52 The Rule of Law After Independence pages 272 to 276
    13. 53 Independence of the Judiciary: The Constitutional Guarantees pages 277 to 281
    14. 54 Independence of the Judiciary: Who Appoints the Judges pages 282 to 287
    15. 55 Separation of Powers: Before and After Independence pages 288 to 293

    Module IV 28 chapters

    1. 56 The Legislature Begins: the Charter of 1600 pages 294 to 297
    2. 57 The Charter Act of 1813 pages 298 to 301
    3. 58 The Charter Act of 1833: One Legislature for All India pages 302 to 307
    4. 59 The Indian Councils Act 1861: the Council Remade pages 308 to 312
    5. 60 The Indian Councils Act 1861: How Law Was Made pages 313 to 317
    6. 61 The Indian Councils Act 1861: Legislation Returns to the Provinces pages 318 to 322
    7. 62 The Indian Councils Act 1892 pages 323 to 327
    8. 63 The Indian Councils Act 1909: the Morley-Minto Reforms pages 328 to 333
    9. 64 The Government of India Act 1919: the Central Legislature pages 334 to 339
    10. 65 The Government of India Act 1919: Dyarchy in the Provinces pages 340 to 347
    11. 66 The Government of India Act 1935: the Federation That Never Came pages 348 to 355
    12. 67 The Government of India Act 1935: the Federal Legislature pages 356 to 364
    13. 68 The Government of India Act 1935: the Three Lists pages 365 to 371
    14. 69 The Indian Independence Act 1947 pages 372 to 380
    15. 70 The Legal Profession in Pre-British India pages 381 to 385
    16. 71 Law Practitioners in the Mayor's Court, 1726 pages 386 to 390
    17. 72 The Legal Profession under the Charter of 1774 pages 391 to 395
    18. 73 The Company's Courts, and the Legal Practitioners Acts of 1846 and 1853 pages 396 to 402
    19. 74 The Profession under the Indian High Courts Act 1861 pages 403 to 409
    20. 75 The Legal Practitioners Act 1879 pages 410 to 418
    21. 76 The Indian Bar Committee 1923 and the Indian Bar Councils Act 1926 pages 419 to 429
    22. 77 The All-India Bar Committee of 1951 pages 430 to 437
    23. 78 The Advocates Act 1961: the Bar Councils pages 438 to 446
    24. 79 The Advocates Act 1961: Admission, Enrolment and the Right to Practise pages 447 to 455
    25. 80 The Advocates Act 1961: Conduct, Discipline and Appeals pages 456 to 467
    26. 81 Law Reporting in India pages 468 to 474
    27. 82 Codification, the Law Commissions and Law Reform pages 475 to 483
    28. 83 Legal Education in India pages 484 to 492
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