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B.L.S. LL.B. 5 Years Semester 3: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

For students of Mumbai University and all its affiliated colleges.

As per latest University of Mumbai syllabus

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  1. Sociology

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Sociology

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    Sociology

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I Introduction to Sociology

    1. What Sociology Is 1
    2. The Nature and Scope of Sociology 7
    3. Why a Law Student Studies Sociology 12
    4. The Evolutionary Perspective 17
    5. The Functionalist Perspective 22
    6. The Conflict Perspective 26
    7. Social Exchange Theory 30
    8. Symbolic Interactionism 34
    9. Post Modernism 38
    10. Society: Meaning, Characteristics and Types 43
    11. The Pluralistic Nature of Indian Society 47
    12. Social Groups: Meaning and Characteristics 52
    13. Primary and Secondary Groups 56
    14. In-groups, Out-groups and Reference Groups 60
    15. Organized and Unorganized Groups 64
    16. Norms and Values 68
    17. Community, Association and Institution 73
    18. Status and Role 77
    19. Socialization 81
    20. Culture 86
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Introduction to Sociology

    1. Purusharthas, Ashramas and Indian Social Thought 90
    2. Social Structure and Social System 95
    3. Marriage: Meaning and Functions 99
    4. Forms of Marriage 103
    5. Recent Trends in Marriage 108
    6. The Family: Meaning and Functions 113
    7. Theories of the Origin of the Family 117
    8. Types of Family 122
    9. Changing Patterns of the Family 126
    10. Kinship 130
    11. Political Parties and Voting Behaviour 135
    12. Pressure Groups 140
    13. The Welfare State 144
    14. The Economic System, Work and Occupation 149
    15. Property 154
    16. The Division of Labour 159
    17. Work and Alienation 164
    18. Capitalism and Socialism as Forms of Economy 168
    19. The Jajmani System 172
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Introduction to Sociology

    1. Social Determinants of Economic Development 176
    2. Religion: Definition, Characteristics and Functions 181
    3. The Structure of Religion and Theories of Its Origin 186
    4. Church, Denomination, Sect and Cult 190
    5. Superstition, Godmen and the Law 195
    6. Media: Meaning, Characteristics and Functions 200
    7. Mass Media and Its Impact 205
    8. Social Stratification 211
    9. Caste 216
    10. Class 221
    11. Sex and Gender 226
    12. Race and Ethnicity 231

    Module II Crime, Deviance, Disorganization and Social Control

    1. Crime and Social Deviance 236
    2. Criminology, Penology and Victimology 241
    3. Explaining Deviance: The Sociological Theories 245
    4. Social Disorganization 250
    5. Social Control: Meaning and Purpose 255
    6. Formal and Informal Social Control 259
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III Social Processes and Change

    1. Social Processes 263
    2. Cooperation 266
    3. Competition 270
    4. Conflict 273
    5. Accommodation 277
    6. Assimilation 281
    7. Tolerance and Compromise 285
    8. Super-ordination and Subordination 289
    9. Integration and Isolation 293
    10. Communalism, Casteism and Regionalism 297
    11. Social Change: Meaning and Characteristics 302
    12. Factors and Causes of Social Change 306
    13. Population, Food and Hunger 310
    14. Sanskritisation and Westernization 315
    15. Modernization and Industrialization 319
    16. Liberalization and Globalization 323
    17. Theories of Social Change 328
    18. Social Research: Nature and Purpose 333
    19. Types of Methodology 337
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued Social Processes and Change

    1. Research Methods: Documentary, Empirical and Survey 342
    2. Observation 347
    3. The Interview 351
    4. The Questionnaire and the Schedule 356
    5. The Case Study 360
    6. Sampling 365
    7. The Stages of Data Collection 370

    Module IV Law, Society and Social Thought

    1. The Relation of Law and Society 375
    2. Law and Social Change 380
    3. Sociology of the Legal Profession 386
    4. Legal Pluralism 391
    5. Auguste Comte 396
    6. Durkheim: The Theory of Religion 401
    7. Durkheim: The Theory of Suicide 406
    8. Durkheim: Division of Labour and Social Solidarity 411
    9. Marx: Historical and Dialectical Materialism 416
    10. Marx: Theory of Social Class and Social Conflict 421
    11. Marx: Alienation 426
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued Law, Society and Social Thought

    1. Weber: Social Action and Its Types 431
    2. Weber: Power and Authority 437
    3. Weber: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 442
    4. Weber: Bureaucracy 447
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    451 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 451 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 98 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 51 chapters

    1. 1 What Sociology Is pages 1–6
    2. 2 The Nature and Scope of Sociology pages 7–11
    3. 3 Why a Law Student Studies Sociology pages 12–16
    4. 4 The Evolutionary Perspective pages 17–21
    5. 5 The Functionalist Perspective pages 22–25
    6. 6 The Conflict Perspective pages 26–29
    7. 7 Social Exchange Theory pages 30–33
    8. 8 Symbolic Interactionism pages 34–37
    9. 9 Post Modernism pages 38–42
    10. 10 Society: Meaning, Characteristics and Types pages 43–46
    11. 11 The Pluralistic Nature of Indian Society pages 47–51
    12. 12 Social Groups: Meaning and Characteristics pages 52–55
    13. 13 Primary and Secondary Groups pages 56–59
    14. 14 In-groups, Out-groups and Reference Groups pages 60–63
    15. 15 Organized and Unorganized Groups pages 64–67
    16. 16 Norms and Values pages 68–72
    17. 17 Community, Association and Institution pages 73–76
    18. 18 Status and Role pages 77–80
    19. 19 Socialization pages 81–85
    20. 20 Culture pages 86–89
    21. 21 Purusharthas, Ashramas and Indian Social Thought pages 90–94
    22. 22 Social Structure and Social System pages 95–98
    23. 23 Marriage: Meaning and Functions pages 99–102
    24. 24 Forms of Marriage pages 103–107
    25. 25 Recent Trends in Marriage pages 108–112
    26. 26 The Family: Meaning and Functions pages 113–116
    27. 27 Theories of the Origin of the Family pages 117–121
    28. 28 Types of Family pages 122–125
    29. 29 Changing Patterns of the Family pages 126–129
    30. 30 Kinship pages 130–134
    31. 31 Political Parties and Voting Behaviour pages 135–139
    32. 32 Pressure Groups pages 140–143
    33. 33 The Welfare State pages 144–148
    34. 34 The Economic System, Work and Occupation pages 149–153
    35. 35 Property pages 154–158
    36. 36 The Division of Labour pages 159–163
    37. 37 Work and Alienation pages 164–167
    38. 38 Capitalism and Socialism as Forms of Economy pages 168–171
    39. 39 The Jajmani System pages 172–175
    40. 40 Social Determinants of Economic Development pages 176–180
    41. 41 Religion: Definition, Characteristics and Functions pages 181–185
    42. 42 The Structure of Religion and Theories of Its Origin pages 186–189
    43. 43 Church, Denomination, Sect and Cult pages 190–194
    44. 44 Superstition, Godmen and the Law pages 195–199
    45. 45 Media: Meaning, Characteristics and Functions pages 200–204
    46. 46 Mass Media and Its Impact pages 205–210
    47. 47 Social Stratification pages 211–215
    48. 48 Caste pages 216–220
    49. 49 Class pages 221–225
    50. 50 Sex and Gender pages 226–230
    51. 51 Race and Ethnicity pages 231–235

    Module II 6 chapters

    1. 52 Crime and Social Deviance pages 236–240
    2. 53 Criminology, Penology and Victimology pages 241–244
    3. 54 Explaining Deviance: The Sociological Theories pages 245–249
    4. 55 Social Disorganization pages 250–254
    5. 56 Social Control: Meaning and Purpose pages 255–258
    6. 57 Formal and Informal Social Control pages 259–262

    Module III 26 chapters

    1. 58 Social Processes pages 263–265
    2. 59 Cooperation pages 266–269
    3. 60 Competition pages 270–272
    4. 61 Conflict pages 273–276
    5. 62 Accommodation pages 277–280
    6. 63 Assimilation pages 281–284
    7. 64 Tolerance and Compromise pages 285–288
    8. 65 Super-ordination and Subordination pages 289–292
    9. 66 Integration and Isolation pages 293–296
    10. 67 Communalism, Casteism and Regionalism pages 297–301
    11. 68 Social Change: Meaning and Characteristics pages 302–305
    12. 69 Factors and Causes of Social Change pages 306–309
    13. 70 Population, Food and Hunger pages 310–314
    14. 71 Sanskritisation and Westernization pages 315–318
    15. 72 Modernization and Industrialization pages 319–322
    16. 73 Liberalization and Globalization pages 323–327
    17. 74 Theories of Social Change pages 328–332
    18. 75 Social Research: Nature and Purpose pages 333–336
    19. 76 Types of Methodology pages 337–341
    20. 77 Research Methods: Documentary, Empirical and Survey pages 342–346
    21. 78 Observation pages 347–350
    22. 79 The Interview pages 351–355
    23. 80 The Questionnaire and the Schedule pages 356–359
    24. 81 The Case Study pages 360–364
    25. 82 Sampling pages 365–369
    26. 83 The Stages of Data Collection pages 370–374

    Module IV 15 chapters

    1. 84 The Relation of Law and Society pages 375–379
    2. 85 Law and Social Change pages 380–385
    3. 86 Sociology of the Legal Profession pages 386–390
    4. 87 Legal Pluralism pages 391–395
    5. 88 Auguste Comte pages 396–400
    6. 89 Durkheim: The Theory of Religion pages 401–405
    7. 90 Durkheim: The Theory of Suicide pages 406–410
    8. 91 Durkheim: Division of Labour and Social Solidarity pages 411–415
    9. 92 Marx: Historical and Dialectical Materialism pages 416–420
    10. 93 Marx: Theory of Social Class and Social Conflict pages 421–425
    11. 94 Marx: Alienation pages 426–430
    12. 95 Weber: Social Action and Its Types pages 431–436
    13. 96 Weber: Power and Authority pages 437–441
    14. 97 Weber: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism pages 442–446
    15. 98 Weber: Bureaucracy pages 447–451
    Every paper that is solved: 16 papers
    • 2025-26 - 60/40
    • 2025-26 - 75/25
    • 2025-26 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2024-25
    • 2024-25 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2024-25 - ATKT 75/25
    • 2024-25 - ATKT Set 2 75/25
    • 2023-24
    • 2023-24 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2023-24 - ATKT 75/25
    • 2022-23
    • 2022-23 - ATKT
    • 2021-22
    • 2019-20
    • 2018-19
    • 2017-18

  2. Political Science II

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Political Science II

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    Political Science II

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I Power, Authority and Legitimacy

    1. What Power Is, and Why Political Science Begins With It 1
    2. The Definitions of Power, and the Three Faces of It 6
    3. Power, Force, Coercion and Influence: The Family of Words That Get Confused 11
    4. How Political Power Is Actually Exercised 15
    5. The Role of the Government in Decision Making 19
    6. External Influences on the Exercise of Political Power 23
    7. Interest Groups and Pressure Groups 27
    8. Lobbying as a Technique 32
    9. Lobbying in India and in the United States 37
    10. The Elite Theory of Power 43
    11. The Marxist Theory of Power 49
    12. The Elite Theory and the Marxist Theory Compared 55
    13. What Authority Is 60
    14. The Features of Authority 65
    15. De Jure and De Facto Authority 69
    16. Max Weber's Classification of Authority 74
    17. Traditional Authority 78
    18. Charismatic Authority 83
    19. Legal Rational Authority 88
    20. The Sources of Authority: How Power Is Legalised 93
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Power, Authority and Legitimacy

    1. Power and Authority Compared 98
    2. Legitimacy: The Concept 102
    3. The Relevance of Legitimacy in the Exercise of Political Power 107

    Module II Political Obligation - State Authority and Citizen

    1. What Political Obligation Is 112
    2. The Command and Obedience Relationship 117
    3. Why People Obey Laws: The Grounds of Political Obligation 122
    4. D. D. Raphael on Political Obligation 127
    5. The Theories of Political Obligation: A Map 132
    6. The Divine Right Theory of Kings 136
    7. The Social Contract and Consent Theory 141
    8. Hobbes: The Contract Into Absolute Sovereignty 146
    9. Locke: The Contract as a Trust 152
    10. Rousseau: The General Will 157
    11. Consent Theory and Its Critics 162
    12. The Theory of Force 167
    13. The Theory of Prescriptive Possession 172
    14. Karl Marx on Political Obligation 177
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued Political Obligation - State Authority and Citizen

    1. What an Unjust Law Is 183
    2. The Right to Resistance and Dissent 189
    3. T. H. Green on Resistance 195
    4. Harold Laski on Resistance 200
    5. M. K. Gandhi on Resistance 206
    6. Martin Luther King Jr on Resistance 211
    7. Nelson Mandela on Resistance 217
    8. Satyagraha: The Gandhian Technique of Resistance 223
    9. Punishment: Why the State Does It at All 229
    10. Kant's Retributivism 234
    11. Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian Theory of Punishment 240
    12. The Justification of Punishment 246
    13. The Deterrent and Preventive Approaches 252
    14. Gandhi and the Reformative Approach to Punishment 258
    15. Implicit Bias in the Justice Delivery System 265
    16. Social Injustice and Social Inequality in Punishment 270
    17. Ethnic Profiling in the European Union and the United States 275
    18. Black Lives Matter: A Case Study 281
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III Political Ideologies

    1. What a Political Ideology Is 287
    2. Liberalism: Meaning and Basic Principles 292
    3. Classical and Modern Liberalism 297
    4. The Shift From Negative Liberty to Positive Liberty 302
    5. Liberalism: The Arguments For and Against 308
    6. J. S. Mill on Liberty: The Harm Principle 314
    7. Mill's Influence on the Indian Constitution 320
    8. Utilitarianism: Meaning and Basic Principles 325
    9. Bentham's Utilitarianism and the Felicific Calculus 330
    10. J. S. Mill's Modification of Benthamite Utilitarianism 336
    11. Utilitarianism: The Arguments For and Against 342
    12. Sarvodaya, Compared With Utilitarianism 348
    13. Socialism: Meaning and Basic Principles 354
    14. The Kinds of Socialism 359
    15. Socialism: The Arguments For and Against 364
    16. Socialism's Influence on the Indian Constitution 369
    17. Communism: The Basic Principles 375
    18. An Evaluation of Communism 381
    19. Socialism and Communism Compared 386
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued Political Ideologies

    1. Gandhism and Communism Compared 391

    Module IV Indian Democracy at Work

    1. What a Political Party Is 397
    2. Political Parties and Interest Groups Distinguished 402
    3. The Significance of Political Parties in India 407
    4. The Features of Political Parties in India 412
    5. Coalition Politics in India 417
    6. The Future of the Multi-Party System in India 422
    7. Democracy and the Consent of the Governed 427
    8. The Conditions Essential for the Success of Democracy 432
    9. The Ethical Decay of Democracy 437
    10. The Old Challenges to Indian Democracy 442
    11. The New Challenges to Indian Democracy 448
    12. Gandhian Gram Swaraj 454
    13. Dr Ambedkar's Views on Decentralisation 459
    14. Article 40, and the Road to the 73rd and 74th Amendments 464
    15. The 73rd Amendment: Panchayats 470
    16. The 74th Amendment: Municipalities 477
    17. The Gram Sabha and Participatory Democracy 484
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued Indian Democracy at Work

    1. Gender in Local Government: The Promise and the Limits 491
    2. Social Inclusion in Local Government: The Promise and the Limits 499
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    506 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 506 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 94 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 23 chapters

    1. 1 What Power Is, and Why Political Science Begins With It pages 1–5
    2. 2 The Definitions of Power, and the Three Faces of It pages 6–10
    3. 3 Power, Force, Coercion and Influence: The Family of Words That Get Confused pages 11–14
    4. 4 How Political Power Is Actually Exercised pages 15–18
    5. 5 The Role of the Government in Decision Making pages 19–22
    6. 6 External Influences on the Exercise of Political Power pages 23–26
    7. 7 Interest Groups and Pressure Groups pages 27–31
    8. 8 Lobbying as a Technique pages 32–36
    9. 9 Lobbying in India and in the United States pages 37–42
    10. 10 The Elite Theory of Power pages 43–48
    11. 11 The Marxist Theory of Power pages 49–54
    12. 12 The Elite Theory and the Marxist Theory Compared pages 55–59
    13. 13 What Authority Is pages 60–64
    14. 14 The Features of Authority pages 65–68
    15. 15 De Jure and De Facto Authority pages 69–73
    16. 16 Max Weber's Classification of Authority pages 74–77
    17. 17 Traditional Authority pages 78–82
    18. 18 Charismatic Authority pages 83–87
    19. 19 Legal Rational Authority pages 88–92
    20. 20 The Sources of Authority: How Power Is Legalised pages 93–97
    21. 21 Power and Authority Compared pages 98–101
    22. 22 Legitimacy: The Concept pages 102–106
    23. 23 The Relevance of Legitimacy in the Exercise of Political Power pages 107–111

    Module II 32 chapters

    1. 24 What Political Obligation Is pages 112–116
    2. 25 The Command and Obedience Relationship pages 117–121
    3. 26 Why People Obey Laws: The Grounds of Political Obligation pages 122–126
    4. 27 D. D. Raphael on Political Obligation pages 127–131
    5. 28 The Theories of Political Obligation: A Map pages 132–135
    6. 29 The Divine Right Theory of Kings pages 136–140
    7. 30 The Social Contract and Consent Theory pages 141–145
    8. 31 Hobbes: The Contract Into Absolute Sovereignty pages 146–151
    9. 32 Locke: The Contract as a Trust pages 152–156
    10. 33 Rousseau: The General Will pages 157–161
    11. 34 Consent Theory and Its Critics pages 162–166
    12. 35 The Theory of Force pages 167–171
    13. 36 The Theory of Prescriptive Possession pages 172–176
    14. 37 Karl Marx on Political Obligation pages 177–182
    15. 38 What an Unjust Law Is pages 183–188
    16. 39 The Right to Resistance and Dissent pages 189–194
    17. 40 T. H. Green on Resistance pages 195–199
    18. 41 Harold Laski on Resistance pages 200–205
    19. 42 M. K. Gandhi on Resistance pages 206–210
    20. 43 Martin Luther King Jr on Resistance pages 211–216
    21. 44 Nelson Mandela on Resistance pages 217–222
    22. 45 Satyagraha: The Gandhian Technique of Resistance pages 223–228
    23. 46 Punishment: Why the State Does It at All pages 229–233
    24. 47 Kant's Retributivism pages 234–239
    25. 48 Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian Theory of Punishment pages 240–245
    26. 49 The Justification of Punishment pages 246–251
    27. 50 The Deterrent and Preventive Approaches pages 252–257
    28. 51 Gandhi and the Reformative Approach to Punishment pages 258–264
    29. 52 Implicit Bias in the Justice Delivery System pages 265–269
    30. 53 Social Injustice and Social Inequality in Punishment pages 270–274
    31. 54 Ethnic Profiling in the European Union and the United States pages 275–280
    32. 55 Black Lives Matter: A Case Study pages 281–286

    Module III 20 chapters

    1. 56 What a Political Ideology Is pages 287–291
    2. 57 Liberalism: Meaning and Basic Principles pages 292–296
    3. 58 Classical and Modern Liberalism pages 297–301
    4. 59 The Shift From Negative Liberty to Positive Liberty pages 302–307
    5. 60 Liberalism: The Arguments For and Against pages 308–313
    6. 61 J. S. Mill on Liberty: The Harm Principle pages 314–319
    7. 62 Mill's Influence on the Indian Constitution pages 320–324
    8. 63 Utilitarianism: Meaning and Basic Principles pages 325–329
    9. 64 Bentham's Utilitarianism and the Felicific Calculus pages 330–335
    10. 65 J. S. Mill's Modification of Benthamite Utilitarianism pages 336–341
    11. 66 Utilitarianism: The Arguments For and Against pages 342–347
    12. 67 Sarvodaya, Compared With Utilitarianism pages 348–353
    13. 68 Socialism: Meaning and Basic Principles pages 354–358
    14. 69 The Kinds of Socialism pages 359–363
    15. 70 Socialism: The Arguments For and Against pages 364–368
    16. 71 Socialism's Influence on the Indian Constitution pages 369–374
    17. 72 Communism: The Basic Principles pages 375–380
    18. 73 An Evaluation of Communism pages 381–385
    19. 74 Socialism and Communism Compared pages 386–390
    20. 75 Gandhism and Communism Compared pages 391–396

    Module IV 19 chapters

    1. 76 What a Political Party Is pages 397–401
    2. 77 Political Parties and Interest Groups Distinguished pages 402–406
    3. 78 The Significance of Political Parties in India pages 407–411
    4. 79 The Features of Political Parties in India pages 412–416
    5. 80 Coalition Politics in India pages 417–421
    6. 81 The Future of the Multi-Party System in India pages 422–426
    7. 82 Democracy and the Consent of the Governed pages 427–431
    8. 83 The Conditions Essential for the Success of Democracy pages 432–436
    9. 84 The Ethical Decay of Democracy pages 437–441
    10. 85 The Old Challenges to Indian Democracy pages 442–447
    11. 86 The New Challenges to Indian Democracy pages 448–453
    12. 87 Gandhian Gram Swaraj pages 454–458
    13. 88 Dr Ambedkar's Views on Decentralisation pages 459–463
    14. 89 Article 40, and the Road to the 73rd and 74th Amendments pages 464–469
    15. 90 The 73rd Amendment: Panchayats pages 470–476
    16. 91 The 74th Amendment: Municipalities pages 477–483
    17. 92 The Gram Sabha and Participatory Democracy pages 484–490
    18. 93 Gender in Local Government: The Promise and the Limits pages 491–498
    19. 94 Social Inclusion in Local Government: The Promise and the Limits pages 499–506
    Every paper that is solved: 15 papers
    • 2025-26
    • 2025-26 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2025-26 - ATKT 75/25
    • 2024-25
    • 2024-25 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2024-25 - ATKT 75/25
    • 2024-25 - ATKT Set 2 75/25
    • 2023-24
    • 2023-24 - ATKT 60/40
    • 2023-24 - ATKT 75/25
    • 2022-23
    • 2021-22
    • 2019-20
    • 2018-19
    • 2017-18

  3. History of Courts

    Official Notes munotes.in

    History of Courts

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 3

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in Second Year

    History of Courts

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I Administration of Justice (1600-1780), Regulating Act of 1773 & Settlement Act of 1781

    1. What the History of Courts Is, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. The Charter of 1600: A Company That Could Make Law 6
    3. From Factory to Court, 1601 to 1686 10
    4. The First Mayor's Court: Madras, 1687 16
    5. The Charter of 1726: Mayors' Courts at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta 20
    6. What Went Wrong, and the Charter of 1753 25
    7. Bengal Before 1772: the Dewani, the Dual Government and the Anarchy 31
    8. Warren Hastings's Judicial Plan of 1772 35
    9. The Plan of 1774, and the Reforms Down to 1780 39
    10. Why Parliament Intervened: the Road to the Regulating Act 43
    11. The Regulating Act 1773: The Government of Bengal 47
    12. The Regulating Act 1773: The Supreme Court at Calcutta 52
    13. The Regulating Act 1773: Rule-Making, Presents and Accountability 58
    14. The Charter of 26 March 1774 and the Court It Created 64
    15. The Trial of Raja Nandkumar, 1775 68
    16. The Trial of Radha Charan Mitra 73
    17. Kamaluddin's Case, 1775 77
    18. Sarup Chand's Case, 1777 82
    19. Gora Chand's Case: Dutt v. Hosea, 1779 87
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Administration of Justice (1600-1780), Regulating Act of 1773 & Settlement Act of 1781

    1. The Patna Case, 1777 to 1779 92
    2. The Cossijurah Case, 1779 to 1780 98
    3. What the Seven Cases Add Up To 104
    4. The Settlement Act of 1781: What Parliament Fixed 109
    5. What the Settlement of 1781 Left Behind 115
    6. Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1787 120
    7. Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1790 125
    8. Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1793 and the Cornwallis Code 130
    9. Sir John Shore and the Progress of the Adalat System 136

    Module II Conflict Arising out of the Dual Judicial System & Judicial Committee of the Privy

    1. The Dual Judicial System: Two Sets of Courts in One Country 141
    2. Where the Two Systems Collided 146
    3. The Supreme Courts at Madras and Bombay 151
    4. The Indian High Courts Act 1861 155
    5. The Letters Patent, and the First High Courts 163
    6. The High Courts under the Government of India Act 1915 168
    7. The High Courts under the Government of India Act 1935 174
    8. The Federal Court, 1937 to 1950 180
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    Contents continued

    Module II continued Conflict Arising out of the Dual Judicial System & Judicial Committee of the Privy

    1. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: What It Actually Was 186
    2. Appeals to the Privy Council, 1726 to 1860 192
    3. Appeals to the Privy Council, 1861 to 1949 197
    4. The End of the Appeal to London, 1947 to 1950 202

    Module III Court System under the Constitution of India & Rule of Law, Independence of Judiciary & Separation of Powers:

    1. The Constitution of 1950: What Changed for the Courts, and What Did Not 208
    2. The Supreme Court of India: Constitution, Judges and Tenure 213
    3. The Supreme Court: Seat, Registry and Original Jurisdiction 219
    4. Appeals to the Supreme Court 224
    5. The Supreme Court's Own Powers: Articles 137 to 147 230
    6. The High Courts under the Constitution 236
    7. Writ Jurisdiction: Article 32 242
    8. Writ Jurisdiction: Article 226, and the Five Writs 247
    9. The Subordinate Courts 253
    10. Tribunals, and the Reach of Judicial Review 259
    11. The Rule of Law Before Independence 264
    12. The Rule of Law After Independence 271
    13. Independence of the Judiciary: The Constitutional Guarantees 276
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    Contents continued

    Module III continued Court System under the Constitution of India & Rule of Law, Independence of Judiciary & Separation of Powers:

    1. Independence of the Judiciary: Who Appoints the Judges 281
    2. Separation of Powers: Before and After Independence 287

    Module IV History of Legislature & History of Legal Profession:

    1. The Legislature Begins: the Charter of 1600 293
    2. The Charter Act of 1813 297
    3. The Charter Act of 1833: One Legislature for All India 301
    4. The Indian Councils Act 1861: the Council Remade 307
    5. The Indian Councils Act 1861: How Law Was Made 312
    6. The Indian Councils Act 1861: Legislation Returns to the Provinces 317
    7. The Indian Councils Act 1892 322
    8. The Indian Councils Act 1909: the Morley-Minto Reforms 327
    9. The Government of India Act 1919: the Central Legislature 333
    10. The Government of India Act 1919: Dyarchy in the Provinces 339
    11. The Government of India Act 1935: the Federation That Never Came 347
    12. The Government of India Act 1935: the Federal Legislature 355
    13. The Government of India Act 1935: the Three Lists 364
    14. The Indian Independence Act 1947 371
    15. The Legal Profession in Pre-British India 380
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    Contents continued

    Module IV continued History of Legislature & History of Legal Profession:

    1. Law Practitioners in the Mayor's Court, 1726 385
    2. The Legal Profession under the Charter of 1774 390
    3. The Company's Courts, and the Legal Practitioners Acts of 1846 and 1853 395
    4. The Profession under the Indian High Courts Act 1861 402
    5. The Legal Practitioners Act 1879 409
    6. The Indian Bar Committee 1923 and the Indian Bar Councils Act 1926 418
    7. The All-India Bar Committee of 1951 429
    8. The Advocates Act 1961: the Bar Councils 437
    9. The Advocates Act 1961: Admission, Enrolment and the Right to Practise 446
    10. The Advocates Act 1961: Conduct, Discipline and Appeals 455
    11. Law Reporting in India 467
    12. Codification, the Law Commissions and Law Reform 474
    13. Legal Education in India 483
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    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    491 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 491 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026
    Every chapter in the notes: 83 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 28 chapters

    1. 1 What the History of Courts Is, and How to Read This Book pages 1–5
    2. 2 The Charter of 1600: A Company That Could Make Law pages 6–9
    3. 3 From Factory to Court, 1601 to 1686 pages 10–15
    4. 4 The First Mayor's Court: Madras, 1687 pages 16–19
    5. 5 The Charter of 1726: Mayors' Courts at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta pages 20–24
    6. 6 What Went Wrong, and the Charter of 1753 pages 25–30
    7. 7 Bengal Before 1772: the Dewani, the Dual Government and the Anarchy pages 31–34
    8. 8 Warren Hastings's Judicial Plan of 1772 pages 35–38
    9. 9 The Plan of 1774, and the Reforms Down to 1780 pages 39–42
    10. 10 Why Parliament Intervened: the Road to the Regulating Act pages 43–46
    11. 11 The Regulating Act 1773: The Government of Bengal pages 47–51
    12. 12 The Regulating Act 1773: The Supreme Court at Calcutta pages 52–57
    13. 13 The Regulating Act 1773: Rule-Making, Presents and Accountability pages 58–63
    14. 14 The Charter of 26 March 1774 and the Court It Created pages 64–67
    15. 15 The Trial of Raja Nandkumar, 1775 pages 68–72
    16. 16 The Trial of Radha Charan Mitra pages 73–76
    17. 17 Kamaluddin's Case, 1775 pages 77–81
    18. 18 Sarup Chand's Case, 1777 pages 82–86
    19. 19 Gora Chand's Case: Dutt v. Hosea, 1779 pages 87–91
    20. 20 The Patna Case, 1777 to 1779 pages 92–97
    21. 21 The Cossijurah Case, 1779 to 1780 pages 98–103
    22. 22 What the Seven Cases Add Up To pages 104–108
    23. 23 The Settlement Act of 1781: What Parliament Fixed pages 109–114
    24. 24 What the Settlement of 1781 Left Behind pages 115–119
    25. 25 Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1787 pages 120–124
    26. 26 Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1790 pages 125–129
    27. 27 Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1793 and the Cornwallis Code pages 130–135
    28. 28 Sir John Shore and the Progress of the Adalat System pages 136–140

    Module II 12 chapters

    1. 29 The Dual Judicial System: Two Sets of Courts in One Country pages 141–145
    2. 30 Where the Two Systems Collided pages 146–150
    3. 31 The Supreme Courts at Madras and Bombay pages 151–154
    4. 32 The Indian High Courts Act 1861 pages 155–162
    5. 33 The Letters Patent, and the First High Courts pages 163–167
    6. 34 The High Courts under the Government of India Act 1915 pages 168–173
    7. 35 The High Courts under the Government of India Act 1935 pages 174–179
    8. 36 The Federal Court, 1937 to 1950 pages 180–185
    9. 37 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: What It Actually Was pages 186–191
    10. 38 Appeals to the Privy Council, 1726 to 1860 pages 192–196
    11. 39 Appeals to the Privy Council, 1861 to 1949 pages 197–201
    12. 40 The End of the Appeal to London, 1947 to 1950 pages 202–207

    Module III 15 chapters

    1. 41 The Constitution of 1950: What Changed for the Courts, and What Did Not pages 208–212
    2. 42 The Supreme Court of India: Constitution, Judges and Tenure pages 213–218
    3. 43 The Supreme Court: Seat, Registry and Original Jurisdiction pages 219–223
    4. 44 Appeals to the Supreme Court pages 224–229
    5. 45 The Supreme Court's Own Powers: Articles 137 to 147 pages 230–235
    6. 46 The High Courts under the Constitution pages 236–241
    7. 47 Writ Jurisdiction: Article 32 pages 242–246
    8. 48 Writ Jurisdiction: Article 226, and the Five Writs pages 247–252
    9. 49 The Subordinate Courts pages 253–258
    10. 50 Tribunals, and the Reach of Judicial Review pages 259–263
    11. 51 The Rule of Law Before Independence pages 264–270
    12. 52 The Rule of Law After Independence pages 271–275
    13. 53 Independence of the Judiciary: The Constitutional Guarantees pages 276–280
    14. 54 Independence of the Judiciary: Who Appoints the Judges pages 281–286
    15. 55 Separation of Powers: Before and After Independence pages 287–292

    Module IV 28 chapters

    1. 56 The Legislature Begins: the Charter of 1600 pages 293–296
    2. 57 The Charter Act of 1813 pages 297–300
    3. 58 The Charter Act of 1833: One Legislature for All India pages 301–306
    4. 59 The Indian Councils Act 1861: the Council Remade pages 307–311
    5. 60 The Indian Councils Act 1861: How Law Was Made pages 312–316
    6. 61 The Indian Councils Act 1861: Legislation Returns to the Provinces pages 317–321
    7. 62 The Indian Councils Act 1892 pages 322–326
    8. 63 The Indian Councils Act 1909: the Morley-Minto Reforms pages 327–332
    9. 64 The Government of India Act 1919: the Central Legislature pages 333–338
    10. 65 The Government of India Act 1919: Dyarchy in the Provinces pages 339–346
    11. 66 The Government of India Act 1935: the Federation That Never Came pages 347–354
    12. 67 The Government of India Act 1935: the Federal Legislature pages 355–363
    13. 68 The Government of India Act 1935: the Three Lists pages 364–370
    14. 69 The Indian Independence Act 1947 pages 371–379
    15. 70 The Legal Profession in Pre-British India pages 380–384
    16. 71 Law Practitioners in the Mayor's Court, 1726 pages 385–389
    17. 72 The Legal Profession under the Charter of 1774 pages 390–394
    18. 73 The Company's Courts, and the Legal Practitioners Acts of 1846 and 1853 pages 395–401
    19. 74 The Profession under the Indian High Courts Act 1861 pages 402–408
    20. 75 The Legal Practitioners Act 1879 pages 409–417
    21. 76 The Indian Bar Committee 1923 and the Indian Bar Councils Act 1926 pages 418–428
    22. 77 The All-India Bar Committee of 1951 pages 429–436
    23. 78 The Advocates Act 1961: the Bar Councils pages 437–445
    24. 79 The Advocates Act 1961: Admission, Enrolment and the Right to Practise pages 446–454
    25. 80 The Advocates Act 1961: Conduct, Discipline and Appeals pages 455–466
    26. 81 Law Reporting in India pages 467–473
    27. 82 Codification, the Law Commissions and Law Reform pages 474–482
    28. 83 Legal Education in India pages 483–491
    Every paper that is solved: 20 papers
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    • 2023-24 - ATKT 60/40
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