munotes®
Sign in
Semester 6: Notes
₹499 Unlock Semester 6

B.L.S. LL.B. 5 Years Semester 6 Notes 2026

For students of Mumbai University and all its affiliated colleges.

As per latest University of Mumbai syllabus

1,672 law students from 170 colleges affiliated to the University of Mumbai read munotes, 450 of them on the B.L.S. LL.B. 5 Years. Counted from accounts, so it leaves out everyone who reads without signing in.

What do you get

  • All the notes of all the subjects in Semester 6, as per the latest syllabus 2026.
  • Your own dashboard, where you can track everything you have read, subject by subject.
  • Priority access in our MU law student group. The groups are open, so you can send a message any time.
  • Valid for one year, 365 days from the day you pay.
  • If the University revises the syllabus while your year is running, the notes are rewritten to match and you read the new version at no extra cost. You are never asked to buy the same semester twice.

  1. Constitutional Law I

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Constitutional Law I

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 6

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in First Year

    Constitutional Law I

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What a Constitution Is, and What This One Has to Do 1
    2. The Constitution as the Basic Norm 6
    3. What Constitutionalism Means, and Why a Constitution Is Not Enough 11
    4. The Rule of Law, and What Survives of Dicey 17
    5. The Rule of Law Inside Our Own Constitution 22
    6. Constitutional Supremacy, and Parliamentary Sovereignty Compared 27
    7. The Constitution as a Living Document 32
    8. Forms and Models of a Constitution 37
    9. Written and Unwritten, Rigid and Flexible 41
    10. The Concept of Liberty, and Who Limits Whom 46
    11. The Company That Could Make Law 51
    12. The Regulating Act 1773, and the Supreme Court at Calcutta 56
    13. The Charter Acts of 1813, 1833 and 1853 62
    14. The Crown Takes Over: the Government of India Act 1858 66
    15. The Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892 and 1909 70
    16. The Government of India Act 1919, and Dyarchy 75
    17. The Government of India Act 1935 79
    18. The Simon Commission, and the Nehru Report 84
    19. The Communal Award, and the Poona Pact 88
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. The Civil Disobedience Movement 93
    2. The Cripps Mission, the Cabinet Mission and the Road to Partition 98
    3. The Mountbatten Plan 1947 103
    4. The Indian Independence Act 1947 108
    5. The Constituent Assembly: How It Was Composed 113
    6. Framing and Drafting: the Committees and the Drafting Committee 118
    7. Where the Constitution's Provisions Came From 123
    8. The Preamble, Word by Word 128
    9. Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic 133
    10. Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity 139
    11. The Preamble as a Tool to Interpret the Constitution 145
    12. What the Courts Have Held About the Preamble 150
    13. Is the Preamble Part of the Constitution, and May It Be Amended? 155
    14. The Salient Features of the Indian Constitution 160
    15. The Longest Written Constitution, and Why 165
    16. A Federation With a Unitary Bias 169
    17. Parliamentary Government, and the Separation of Powers Here 175
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Single Citizenship, Universal Franchise and an Independent Judiciary 181
    2. Who Became a Citizen in 1950 186
    3. Persons of Indian Origin Abroad, and Voluntary Foreign Citizenship 191
    4. Parliament's Power Over Citizenship 196
    5. Citizenship by Birth and by Descent 200
    6. Citizenship by Registration, by Naturalisation, and by Territory 205
    7. The Assam Accord: Section 6A 210
    8. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019, and Section 6B 215
    9. Overseas Citizenship of India 221
    10. Losing Citizenship: Renunciation, Termination and Deprivation 226
    11. Registers, Identity Cards and the Rest of the Act 231

    Module II

    1. Why There Are Fundamental Rights At All 236
    2. Why the Definition of State Decides Everything 241
    3. The Authorities Article 12 Names 245
    4. Other Authorities, and the Tests the Courts Built 249
    5. Is the Judiciary State? 256
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Article 13: Laws Inconsistent With Fundamental Rights 260
    2. Pre-Constitutional and Post-Constitutional Laws 265
    3. The Doctrine of Eclipse 269
    4. The Doctrine of Severability 273
    5. The Doctrine of Waiver 277
    6. The Doctrine of Ultra Vires 281
    7. The Equality Code: How Articles 14 to 18 Fit Together 286
    8. Equality Before the Law, and Equal Protection of the Laws 291
    9. Reasonable Classification: the Twin Test 295
    10. Arbitrariness: the Newer Doctrine 300
    11. Article 14 Applied: Working Three Problems 305
    12. Article 15: The Prohibited Grounds 311
    13. Special Provision for Women and Children 316
    14. Reservation in Education: Article 15(4) and 15(5) 321
    15. The Economically Weaker Sections: Article 15(6) and 16(6) 326
    16. Article 16: Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment 331
    17. Reservation in Public Employment 335
    18. The Fifty Per Cent Ceiling, and the Creamy Layer 339
    19. Reservation in Promotion 344
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Article 17: Untouchability Abolished 348
    2. Article 18: Titles 352
    3. Article 19: The Six Freedoms 355
    4. Freedom of Speech and Expression 359
    5. The Grounds of Reasonable Restriction 364
    6. Prior Restraint and Pre-Censorship 370
    7. Assembly, Association, Movement and Residence 375
    8. Profession, Trade, Occupation and Business 380
    9. Article 19 Applied: Working the Problems 385
    10. Article 20: The Three Protections of an Accused 390
    11. Ex Post Facto Law 394
    12. Double Jeopardy 398
    13. The Protection Against Self-Incrimination 402
    14. Article 22: Arrest and Detention 407
    15. Preventive Detention 412
    16. Article 21: From Gopalan to Maneka Gandhi 418
    17. Procedure Established by Law, and Due Process 423
    18. The Expansion of the Word Life 427
    19. Personal Liberty, and the Writ That Protects It 433
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Article 21 and the Emergency 438
    2. Article 21A: The Right to Education 443
    3. Education Before Article 21A 448
    4. Article 21 Applied: Working the Problems 453

    Module III

    1. Articles 23 and 24: The Right Against Exploitation 459
    2. Traffic in Human Beings 464
    3. Forced Labour and Begar 468
    4. Bonded Labour 474
    5. Article 24: Child Labour 481
    6. What Secularism Means Here 488
    7. Article 25: Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession of Religion 494
    8. Essential Religious Practices 503
    9. The Limits of Religious Freedom 511
    10. Article 26: Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs 517
    11. Articles 27 and 28: Religious Taxation and Religious Instruction 524
    12. The Uniform Civil Code 530
    13. Who Is a Minority 539
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Article 29: The Right to Conserve a Culture 546
    2. Article 30: To Establish and to Administer 553
    3. How Far the State May Regulate a Minority Institution 562
    4. Minority Institutions and the Right to Education Act 571
    5. Article 32: A Fundamental Right to a Remedy 578
    6. The Five Writs 587
    7. Habeas Corpus 594
    8. Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto 601
    9. Article 32 and Article 226 Compared 608
    10. Public Interest Litigation 614
    11. The Limits of Public Interest Litigation 622
    12. Saving of Certain Laws, and the Article MU Names That No Longer Exists 629
    13. Article 31B and the Ninth Schedule 638
    14. Article 31C: When a Directive Principle Beats a Fundamental Right 645
    15. What Happened to the Right to Property 652
    16. Articles 33, 34 and 35: The Forces, Martial Law, and Who Legislates 659
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV

    1. Part IV: The Directive Principles of State Policy 667
    2. Why the Principles Are Not Enforceable, and What That Costs 673
    3. The Socialistic Principles 681
    4. The Gandhian Principles 688
    5. The Liberal and Intellectual Principles 694
    6. Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights: the Relationship 702
    7. Judicial and Legislative Trends on the Directive Principles 711
    8. The Directive Principles and the Welfare State 719
    9. Part IVA: The Fundamental Duties 726
    10. Where the Duties Came From 732
    11. Are the Duties Enforceable? 738
    12. Part V Chapter IV: The Supreme Court 745
    13. The Appointment of Judges, and the Collegium 752
    14. Removal: What Impeachment Actually Is 761
    15. How the Constitution Protects Judicial Independence 768
    16. The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court 776
    17. Special Leave to Appeal: Article 136 783
    18. Review, Advisory Jurisdiction and Complete Justice 788
    19. The Court's Own Machinery 799
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Part VI Chapter V: The High Courts 806
    2. Additional, Acting and Retired Judges 814
    3. The Jurisdiction of a High Court 821
    4. Article 226: The Power to Issue Writs 829
    5. Part XIVA: Tribunals 838
    6. Part XVII: The Official Language of the Union 846
    7. Regional Languages, and Language Between Governments 853
    8. Language in the Courts, and the Language of the Law 859
    9. Language and the Minorities 865
    10. Part XIX: Miscellaneous Provisions 871
    11. Treaties, Rulers and the Bar on Interference by Courts 879
    12. Definitions and Interpretation 887
    13. Part XXII: Short Title, Commencement and the Authoritative Texts 894
    14. Article 395: The Repeals 900
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    905 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 905 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 156 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 47 chapters

    1. 1 What a Constitution Is, and What This One Has to Do pages 1–5
    2. 2 The Constitution as the Basic Norm pages 6–10
    3. 3 What Constitutionalism Means, and Why a Constitution Is Not Enough pages 11–16
    4. 4 The Rule of Law, and What Survives of Dicey pages 17–21
    5. 5 The Rule of Law Inside Our Own Constitution pages 22–26
    6. 6 Constitutional Supremacy, and Parliamentary Sovereignty Compared pages 27–31
    7. 7 The Constitution as a Living Document pages 32–36
    8. 8 Forms and Models of a Constitution pages 37–40
    9. 9 Written and Unwritten, Rigid and Flexible pages 41–45
    10. 10 The Concept of Liberty, and Who Limits Whom pages 46–50
    11. 11 The Company That Could Make Law pages 51–55
    12. 12 The Regulating Act 1773, and the Supreme Court at Calcutta pages 56–61
    13. 13 The Charter Acts of 1813, 1833 and 1853 pages 62–65
    14. 14 The Crown Takes Over: the Government of India Act 1858 pages 66–69
    15. 15 The Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892 and 1909 pages 70–74
    16. 16 The Government of India Act 1919, and Dyarchy pages 75–78
    17. 17 The Government of India Act 1935 pages 79–83
    18. 18 The Simon Commission, and the Nehru Report pages 84–87
    19. 19 The Communal Award, and the Poona Pact pages 88–92
    20. 20 The Civil Disobedience Movement pages 93–97
    21. 21 The Cripps Mission, the Cabinet Mission and the Road to Partition pages 98–102
    22. 22 The Mountbatten Plan 1947 pages 103–107
    23. 23 The Indian Independence Act 1947 pages 108–112
    24. 24 The Constituent Assembly: How It Was Composed pages 113–117
    25. 25 Framing and Drafting: the Committees and the Drafting Committee pages 118–122
    26. 26 Where the Constitution's Provisions Came From pages 123–127
    27. 27 The Preamble, Word by Word pages 128–132
    28. 28 Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic pages 133–138
    29. 29 Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity pages 139–144
    30. 30 The Preamble as a Tool to Interpret the Constitution pages 145–149
    31. 31 What the Courts Have Held About the Preamble pages 150–154
    32. 32 Is the Preamble Part of the Constitution, and May It Be Amended? pages 155–159
    33. 33 The Salient Features of the Indian Constitution pages 160–164
    34. 34 The Longest Written Constitution, and Why pages 165–168
    35. 35 A Federation With a Unitary Bias pages 169–174
    36. 36 Parliamentary Government, and the Separation of Powers Here pages 175–180
    37. 37 Single Citizenship, Universal Franchise and an Independent Judiciary pages 181–185
    38. 38 Who Became a Citizen in 1950 pages 186–190
    39. 39 Persons of Indian Origin Abroad, and Voluntary Foreign Citizenship pages 191–195
    40. 40 Parliament's Power Over Citizenship pages 196–199
    41. 41 Citizenship by Birth and by Descent pages 200–204
    42. 42 Citizenship by Registration, by Naturalisation, and by Territory pages 205–209
    43. 43 The Assam Accord: Section 6A pages 210–214
    44. 44 The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019, and Section 6B pages 215–220
    45. 45 Overseas Citizenship of India pages 221–225
    46. 46 Losing Citizenship: Renunciation, Termination and Deprivation pages 226–230
    47. 47 Registers, Identity Cards and the Rest of the Act pages 231–235

    Module II 47 chapters

    1. 48 Why There Are Fundamental Rights At All pages 236–240
    2. 49 Why the Definition of State Decides Everything pages 241–244
    3. 50 The Authorities Article 12 Names pages 245–248
    4. 51 Other Authorities, and the Tests the Courts Built pages 249–255
    5. 52 Is the Judiciary State? pages 256–259
    6. 53 Article 13: Laws Inconsistent With Fundamental Rights pages 260–264
    7. 54 Pre-Constitutional and Post-Constitutional Laws pages 265–268
    8. 55 The Doctrine of Eclipse pages 269–272
    9. 56 The Doctrine of Severability pages 273–276
    10. 57 The Doctrine of Waiver pages 277–280
    11. 58 The Doctrine of Ultra Vires pages 281–285
    12. 59 The Equality Code: How Articles 14 to 18 Fit Together pages 286–290
    13. 60 Equality Before the Law, and Equal Protection of the Laws pages 291–294
    14. 61 Reasonable Classification: the Twin Test pages 295–299
    15. 62 Arbitrariness: the Newer Doctrine pages 300–304
    16. 63 Article 14 Applied: Working Three Problems pages 305–310
    17. 64 Article 15: The Prohibited Grounds pages 311–315
    18. 65 Special Provision for Women and Children pages 316–320
    19. 66 Reservation in Education: Article 15(4) and 15(5) pages 321–325
    20. 67 The Economically Weaker Sections: Article 15(6) and 16(6) pages 326–330
    21. 68 Article 16: Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment pages 331–334
    22. 69 Reservation in Public Employment pages 335–338
    23. 70 The Fifty Per Cent Ceiling, and the Creamy Layer pages 339–343
    24. 71 Reservation in Promotion pages 344–347
    25. 72 Article 17: Untouchability Abolished pages 348–351
    26. 73 Article 18: Titles pages 352–354
    27. 74 Article 19: The Six Freedoms pages 355–358
    28. 75 Freedom of Speech and Expression pages 359–363
    29. 76 The Grounds of Reasonable Restriction pages 364–369
    30. 77 Prior Restraint and Pre-Censorship pages 370–374
    31. 78 Assembly, Association, Movement and Residence pages 375–379
    32. 79 Profession, Trade, Occupation and Business pages 380–384
    33. 80 Article 19 Applied: Working the Problems pages 385–389
    34. 81 Article 20: The Three Protections of an Accused pages 390–393
    35. 82 Ex Post Facto Law pages 394–397
    36. 83 Double Jeopardy pages 398–401
    37. 84 The Protection Against Self-Incrimination pages 402–406
    38. 85 Article 22: Arrest and Detention pages 407–411
    39. 86 Preventive Detention pages 412–417
    40. 87 Article 21: From Gopalan to Maneka Gandhi pages 418–422
    41. 88 Procedure Established by Law, and Due Process pages 423–426
    42. 89 The Expansion of the Word Life pages 427–432
    43. 90 Personal Liberty, and the Writ That Protects It pages 433–437
    44. 91 Article 21 and the Emergency pages 438–442
    45. 92 Article 21A: The Right to Education pages 443–447
    46. 93 Education Before Article 21A pages 448–452
    47. 94 Article 21 Applied: Working the Problems pages 453–458

    Module III 29 chapters

    1. 95 Articles 23 and 24: The Right Against Exploitation pages 459–463
    2. 96 Traffic in Human Beings pages 464–467
    3. 97 Forced Labour and Begar pages 468–473
    4. 98 Bonded Labour pages 474–480
    5. 99 Article 24: Child Labour pages 481–487
    6. 100 What Secularism Means Here pages 488–493
    7. 101 Article 25: Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession of Religion pages 494–502
    8. 102 Essential Religious Practices pages 503–510
    9. 103 The Limits of Religious Freedom pages 511–516
    10. 104 Article 26: Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs pages 517–523
    11. 105 Articles 27 and 28: Religious Taxation and Religious Instruction pages 524–529
    12. 106 The Uniform Civil Code pages 530–538
    13. 107 Who Is a Minority pages 539–545
    14. 108 Article 29: The Right to Conserve a Culture pages 546–552
    15. 109 Article 30: To Establish and to Administer pages 553–561
    16. 110 How Far the State May Regulate a Minority Institution pages 562–570
    17. 111 Minority Institutions and the Right to Education Act pages 571–577
    18. 112 Article 32: A Fundamental Right to a Remedy pages 578–586
    19. 113 The Five Writs pages 587–593
    20. 114 Habeas Corpus pages 594–600
    21. 115 Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto pages 601–607
    22. 116 Article 32 and Article 226 Compared pages 608–613
    23. 117 Public Interest Litigation pages 614–621
    24. 118 The Limits of Public Interest Litigation pages 622–628
    25. 119 Saving of Certain Laws, and the Article MU Names That No Longer Exists pages 629–637
    26. 120 Article 31B and the Ninth Schedule pages 638–644
    27. 121 Article 31C: When a Directive Principle Beats a Fundamental Right pages 645–651
    28. 122 What Happened to the Right to Property pages 652–658
    29. 123 Articles 33, 34 and 35: The Forces, Martial Law, and Who Legislates pages 659–666

    Module IV 33 chapters

    1. 124 Part IV: The Directive Principles of State Policy pages 667–672
    2. 125 Why the Principles Are Not Enforceable, and What That Costs pages 673–680
    3. 126 The Socialistic Principles pages 681–687
    4. 127 The Gandhian Principles pages 688–693
    5. 128 The Liberal and Intellectual Principles pages 694–701
    6. 129 Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights: the Relationship pages 702–710
    7. 130 Judicial and Legislative Trends on the Directive Principles pages 711–718
    8. 131 The Directive Principles and the Welfare State pages 719–725
    9. 132 Part IVA: The Fundamental Duties pages 726–731
    10. 133 Where the Duties Came From pages 732–737
    11. 134 Are the Duties Enforceable? pages 738–744
    12. 135 Part V Chapter IV: The Supreme Court pages 745–751
    13. 136 The Appointment of Judges, and the Collegium pages 752–760
    14. 137 Removal: What Impeachment Actually Is pages 761–767
    15. 138 How the Constitution Protects Judicial Independence pages 768–775
    16. 139 The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court pages 776–782
    17. 140 Special Leave to Appeal: Article 136 pages 783–787
    18. 141 Review, Advisory Jurisdiction and Complete Justice pages 788–798
    19. 142 The Court's Own Machinery pages 799–805
    20. 143 Part VI Chapter V: The High Courts pages 806–813
    21. 144 Additional, Acting and Retired Judges pages 814–820
    22. 145 The Jurisdiction of a High Court pages 821–828
    23. 146 Article 226: The Power to Issue Writs pages 829–837
    24. 147 Part XIVA: Tribunals pages 838–845
    25. 148 Part XVII: The Official Language of the Union pages 846–852
    26. 149 Regional Languages, and Language Between Governments pages 853–858
    27. 150 Language in the Courts, and the Language of the Law pages 859–864
    28. 151 Language and the Minorities pages 865–870
    29. 152 Part XIX: Miscellaneous Provisions pages 871–878
    30. 153 Treaties, Rulers and the Bar on Interference by Courts pages 879–886
    31. 154 Definitions and Interpretation pages 887–893
    32. 155 Part XXII: Short Title, Commencement and the Authoritative Texts pages 894–899
    33. 156 Article 395: The Repeals pages 900–905

  2. Environmental Law

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Environmental Law

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 6

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in First Year

    Environmental Law

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What the Environment Is, and What the Law Means by It 1
    2. The Components of the Environment 6
    3. What Makes the Environment Worse 11
    4. The Kinds of Pollution 16
    5. Global Warming 21
    6. Climate Change 26
    7. What Environmental Law Is For 31
    8. How Indian Environmental Law Was Built 37
    9. The Constitution Before 1976 43
    10. Article 48A and the State's Duty 47
    11. Article 51A(g) and the Citizen's Duty 52
    12. Article 21 and the Right to a Clean Environment 57
    13. Article 19 and the Limits on Trade 63
    14. Articles 14, 32 and 226: Getting Into Court 68
    15. Who May Legislate on the Environment 73
    16. The Local Body's Duty 79
    17. Public Interest Litigation 85
    18. Judicial Activism in Environmental Cases 91
    19. Nuisance 97
    20. Negligence and Trespass 103
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Strict Liability 109
    2. Absolute Liability 115
    3. The Penal Code Is Now the Sanhita 121
    4. The Criminal Procedure Code Is Now the Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 128

    Module II

    1. Why a Treaty Reaches an Indian Court 135
    2. The Stockholm Conference 1972 141
    3. The Stockholm Declaration and Its Principles 145
    4. The Rio Conference and Declaration 1992 151
    5. Agenda 21 and What Followed Rio 157
    6. The Johannesburg Declaration 2002 161
    7. The Climate Change Convention 1992 166
    8. The Kyoto Protocol 1997 171
    9. The Montreal Protocol 1987 and the Ozone Layer 176
    10. The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 181
    11. Sustainable Development 187
    12. Sustainable Development in the Indian Courts 192
    13. The Polluter Pays Principle 197
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The Precautionary Principle 202
    2. Environmental Impact Assessment 208
    3. The EIA Notification: the Central Government's Order 213
    4. Eco-mark 219
    5. Intergenerational and Intragenerational Duty 223
    6. The Public Trust Doctrine 228

    Module III

    1. The Water Act and Article 252 233
    2. The Words the Water Act Defines 238
    3. The Central Pollution Control Board 243
    4. The State Pollution Control Board 248
    5. Who May Sit on a Board, and Who May Not 254
    6. How a Board Works 258
    7. The Joint Board 262
    8. Functions of the Central Board 267
    9. Functions of the State Board 271
    10. Directions, and Where the Act Applies 277
    11. The Power to Obtain Information 282
    12. Taking a Sample of Effluent 288
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Entry and Inspection 296
    2. The Prohibition on Polluting a Stream or Well 302
    3. Consent for a New Discharge 308
    4. Refusal, Withdrawal and Guidelines 315
    5. Appeal and Revision Under the Water Act 321
    6. When the Board Does the Work Itself 327
    7. Emergency Measures 333
    8. The Board Goes to Court 339
    9. Closure Directions, and the Appeal to the Tribunal 347
    10. The Money of a Board 357
    11. The Penalties After the 2024 Amendment 365
    12. Penalties for Polluting and for Breaking a Consent 374
    13. The Adjudicating Officer and the Appeal 383
    14. The Fund, and the Offence of Not Paying 393
    15. Naming Offenders, and Government Departments 402
    16. Who May Prosecute Under the Water Act 411
    17. The Water Laboratories and the Analysts 420
    18. The Rest of the Water Act 427
    19. The Air Act and Article 253 437
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. The Words the Air Act Defines 444
    2. The Boards Under the Air Act 454
    3. Membership and Working of a Board 462
    4. Functions of the Boards Under the Air Act 474
    5. Air Pollution Control Areas 485
    6. Industrial Plants and the Consent to Operate 494
    7. Information, Entry and Samples of Air 509
    8. The State Air Laboratory 523
    9. Appeals and Directions Under the Air Act 530
    10. The Money of a Board Under the Air Act 540
    11. The Air Act Penalties, and What Jan Vishwas Changed 549
    12. The Adjudicating Officer Under the Air Act 560
    13. Offences, Prosecution and the Rest of the Air Act 573
    14. The Umbrella Act 587
    15. The Words the EPA Defines 595
    16. The General Powers of the Central Government 605
    17. Officers, Directions and Rules 616
    18. The Duty Not to Pollute 626
    19. When Something Goes Wrong 634
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. The Laboratories and the Government Analysts 645
    2. The Environment Act Penalties After Jan Vishwas 652
    3. Adjudication, the Fund, and Offences by Departments 662
    4. Prosecution and the Rest of the EPA 674
    5. The Forest Acts MU Names, and the One It Does Not 688
    6. The Indian Forest Act in Maharashtra 696
    7. The Words the Forest Act Defines 705
    8. The Four Kinds of Forest 714
    9. Reserving a Forest 723
    10. What Is Forbidden in a Reserved Forest 734
    11. The Protected Forest 744
    12. Forests Not Owned by the State 756
    13. Duty on Timber, and the Transit of Forest-Produce 766
    14. Forest Offences, Seizure and Confiscation 777
    15. Forest-Officers, Penalties and the Rest of the Forest Act 789
    16. The Van Adhiniyam: Why It Exists 808
    17. Non-Forest Use of Forest Land 820
    18. The Advisory Committee, and the Penalty 836
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV

    1. Why There Is a Green Tribunal 850
    2. The Words the Tribunal Act Defines 858
    3. The Tribunal, and Who Sits On It 868
    4. What the Tribunal May Decide 879
    5. How a Case Reaches the Tribunal 889
    6. The Principles the Tribunal Must Apply 897
    7. Decisions, Appeals, Costs and Execution 904
    8. The Penal Provisions of the Tribunal Act 911
    9. The Rest of the Tribunal Act 918
    10. The Wildlife Act and the 2022 Amendment 925
    11. The Words the Wildlife Act Defines 932
    12. The Wildlife Authorities 940
    13. The Prohibition on Hunting 948
    14. Grant of Licences and Dealings: What MU's Range Skips 956
    15. Specified Plants 959
    16. Sanctuaries: How One Is Made 966
    17. What May and May Not Happen in a Sanctuary 974
    18. Tiger and Elephant Conservation 984
    19. Captivity, Trade, and Government Property 993
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. CITES and the New Chapter VB 1003
    2. Offences Against Wildlife 1011
    3. Forfeiture, and the Offences of International Trade 1021
    4. The Rest of the Wildlife Act 1028
    5. Why a Rule Can Bind Like an Act 1035
    6. The Bio-Medical Waste Rules 1040
    7. The Hazardous Waste Rules 1047
    8. The Noise Pollution Rules 1054
    9. The Ozone Depleting Substances Rules 1063
    10. The Solid Waste Management Rules 1068
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    1,075 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 1,075 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 140 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 24 chapters

    1. 1 What the Environment Is, and What the Law Means by It pages 1–5
    2. 2 The Components of the Environment pages 6–10
    3. 3 What Makes the Environment Worse pages 11–15
    4. 4 The Kinds of Pollution pages 16–20
    5. 5 Global Warming pages 21–25
    6. 6 Climate Change pages 26–30
    7. 7 What Environmental Law Is For pages 31–36
    8. 8 How Indian Environmental Law Was Built pages 37–42
    9. 9 The Constitution Before 1976 pages 43–46
    10. 10 Article 48A and the State's Duty pages 47–51
    11. 11 Article 51A(g) and the Citizen's Duty pages 52–56
    12. 12 Article 21 and the Right to a Clean Environment pages 57–62
    13. 13 Article 19 and the Limits on Trade pages 63–67
    14. 14 Articles 14, 32 and 226: Getting Into Court pages 68–72
    15. 15 Who May Legislate on the Environment pages 73–78
    16. 16 The Local Body's Duty pages 79–84
    17. 17 Public Interest Litigation pages 85–90
    18. 18 Judicial Activism in Environmental Cases pages 91–96
    19. 19 Nuisance pages 97–102
    20. 20 Negligence and Trespass pages 103–108
    21. 21 Strict Liability pages 109–114
    22. 22 Absolute Liability pages 115–120
    23. 23 The Penal Code Is Now the Sanhita pages 121–127
    24. 24 The Criminal Procedure Code Is Now the Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita pages 128–134

    Module II 19 chapters

    1. 25 Why a Treaty Reaches an Indian Court pages 135–140
    2. 26 The Stockholm Conference 1972 pages 141–144
    3. 27 The Stockholm Declaration and Its Principles pages 145–150
    4. 28 The Rio Conference and Declaration 1992 pages 151–156
    5. 29 Agenda 21 and What Followed Rio pages 157–160
    6. 30 The Johannesburg Declaration 2002 pages 161–165
    7. 31 The Climate Change Convention 1992 pages 166–170
    8. 32 The Kyoto Protocol 1997 pages 171–175
    9. 33 The Montreal Protocol 1987 and the Ozone Layer pages 176–180
    10. 34 The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 pages 181–186
    11. 35 Sustainable Development pages 187–191
    12. 36 Sustainable Development in the Indian Courts pages 192–196
    13. 37 The Polluter Pays Principle pages 197–201
    14. 38 The Precautionary Principle pages 202–207
    15. 39 Environmental Impact Assessment pages 208–212
    16. 40 The EIA Notification: the Central Government's Order pages 213–218
    17. 41 Eco-mark pages 219–222
    18. 42 Intergenerational and Intragenerational Duty pages 223–227
    19. 43 The Public Trust Doctrine pages 228–232

    Module III 68 chapters

    1. 44 The Water Act and Article 252 pages 233–237
    2. 45 The Words the Water Act Defines pages 238–242
    3. 46 The Central Pollution Control Board pages 243–247
    4. 47 The State Pollution Control Board pages 248–253
    5. 48 Who May Sit on a Board, and Who May Not pages 254–257
    6. 49 How a Board Works pages 258–261
    7. 50 The Joint Board pages 262–266
    8. 51 Functions of the Central Board pages 267–270
    9. 52 Functions of the State Board pages 271–276
    10. 53 Directions, and Where the Act Applies pages 277–281
    11. 54 The Power to Obtain Information pages 282–287
    12. 55 Taking a Sample of Effluent pages 288–295
    13. 56 Entry and Inspection pages 296–301
    14. 57 The Prohibition on Polluting a Stream or Well pages 302–307
    15. 58 Consent for a New Discharge pages 308–314
    16. 59 Refusal, Withdrawal and Guidelines pages 315–320
    17. 60 Appeal and Revision Under the Water Act pages 321–326
    18. 61 When the Board Does the Work Itself pages 327–332
    19. 62 Emergency Measures pages 333–338
    20. 63 The Board Goes to Court pages 339–346
    21. 64 Closure Directions, and the Appeal to the Tribunal pages 347–356
    22. 65 The Money of a Board pages 357–364
    23. 66 The Penalties After the 2024 Amendment pages 365–373
    24. 67 Penalties for Polluting and for Breaking a Consent pages 374–382
    25. 68 The Adjudicating Officer and the Appeal pages 383–392
    26. 69 The Fund, and the Offence of Not Paying pages 393–401
    27. 70 Naming Offenders, and Government Departments pages 402–410
    28. 71 Who May Prosecute Under the Water Act pages 411–419
    29. 72 The Water Laboratories and the Analysts pages 420–426
    30. 73 The Rest of the Water Act pages 427–436
    31. 74 The Air Act and Article 253 pages 437–443
    32. 75 The Words the Air Act Defines pages 444–453
    33. 76 The Boards Under the Air Act pages 454–461
    34. 77 Membership and Working of a Board pages 462–473
    35. 78 Functions of the Boards Under the Air Act pages 474–484
    36. 79 Air Pollution Control Areas pages 485–493
    37. 80 Industrial Plants and the Consent to Operate pages 494–508
    38. 81 Information, Entry and Samples of Air pages 509–522
    39. 82 The State Air Laboratory pages 523–529
    40. 83 Appeals and Directions Under the Air Act pages 530–539
    41. 84 The Money of a Board Under the Air Act pages 540–548
    42. 85 The Air Act Penalties, and What Jan Vishwas Changed pages 549–559
    43. 86 The Adjudicating Officer Under the Air Act pages 560–572
    44. 87 Offences, Prosecution and the Rest of the Air Act pages 573–586
    45. 88 The Umbrella Act pages 587–594
    46. 89 The Words the EPA Defines pages 595–604
    47. 90 The General Powers of the Central Government pages 605–615
    48. 91 Officers, Directions and Rules pages 616–625
    49. 92 The Duty Not to Pollute pages 626–633
    50. 93 When Something Goes Wrong pages 634–644
    51. 94 The Laboratories and the Government Analysts pages 645–651
    52. 95 The Environment Act Penalties After Jan Vishwas pages 652–661
    53. 96 Adjudication, the Fund, and Offences by Departments pages 662–673
    54. 97 Prosecution and the Rest of the EPA pages 674–687
    55. 98 The Forest Acts MU Names, and the One It Does Not pages 688–695
    56. 99 The Indian Forest Act in Maharashtra pages 696–704
    57. 100 The Words the Forest Act Defines pages 705–713
    58. 101 The Four Kinds of Forest pages 714–722
    59. 102 Reserving a Forest pages 723–733
    60. 103 What Is Forbidden in a Reserved Forest pages 734–743
    61. 104 The Protected Forest pages 744–755
    62. 105 Forests Not Owned by the State pages 756–765
    63. 106 Duty on Timber, and the Transit of Forest-Produce pages 766–776
    64. 107 Forest Offences, Seizure and Confiscation pages 777–788
    65. 108 Forest-Officers, Penalties and the Rest of the Forest Act pages 789–807
    66. 109 The Van Adhiniyam: Why It Exists pages 808–819
    67. 110 Non-Forest Use of Forest Land pages 820–835
    68. 111 The Advisory Committee, and the Penalty pages 836–849

    Module IV 29 chapters

    1. 112 Why There Is a Green Tribunal pages 850–857
    2. 113 The Words the Tribunal Act Defines pages 858–867
    3. 114 The Tribunal, and Who Sits On It pages 868–878
    4. 115 What the Tribunal May Decide pages 879–888
    5. 116 How a Case Reaches the Tribunal pages 889–896
    6. 117 The Principles the Tribunal Must Apply pages 897–903
    7. 118 Decisions, Appeals, Costs and Execution pages 904–910
    8. 119 The Penal Provisions of the Tribunal Act pages 911–917
    9. 120 The Rest of the Tribunal Act pages 918–924
    10. 121 The Wildlife Act and the 2022 Amendment pages 925–931
    11. 122 The Words the Wildlife Act Defines pages 932–939
    12. 123 The Wildlife Authorities pages 940–947
    13. 124 The Prohibition on Hunting pages 948–955
    14. 125 Grant of Licences and Dealings: What MU's Range Skips pages 956–958
    15. 126 Specified Plants pages 959–965
    16. 127 Sanctuaries: How One Is Made pages 966–973
    17. 128 What May and May Not Happen in a Sanctuary pages 974–983
    18. 129 Tiger and Elephant Conservation pages 984–992
    19. 130 Captivity, Trade, and Government Property pages 993–1,002
    20. 131 CITES and the New Chapter VB pages 1,003–1,010
    21. 132 Offences Against Wildlife pages 1,011–1,020
    22. 133 Forfeiture, and the Offences of International Trade pages 1,021–1,027
    23. 134 The Rest of the Wildlife Act pages 1,028–1,034
    24. 135 Why a Rule Can Bind Like an Act pages 1,035–1,039
    25. 136 The Bio-Medical Waste Rules pages 1,040–1,046
    26. 137 The Hazardous Waste Rules pages 1,047–1,053
    27. 138 The Noise Pollution Rules pages 1,054–1,062
    28. 139 The Ozone Depleting Substances Rules pages 1,063–1,067
    29. 140 The Solid Waste Management Rules pages 1,068–1,075

  3. Family Law I

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Family Law I

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 6

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in First Year

    Family Law I

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. What This Paper Covers, and What It Does Not 1
    2. Who Muslim Law Applies To, and Who Decides 5
    3. Why a Legal System Needs Sources at All 10
    4. The Quran 13
    5. The Sunna 17
    6. Ijma, the Consensus of the Jurists 20
    7. Qiyas, Analogical Deduction 24
    8. Custom and Usage 28
    9. Judicial Precedent, Legislation, and Equity 32
    10. Why Muslim Law Divides Into Schools 36
    11. The Hanafi School 40
    12. The Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali Schools 44
    13. The Shia Schools 48
    14. Marriage Under Muslim Law: Contract or Sacrament 52
    15. The Essential Requisites of a Valid Muslim Marriage 57
    16. Capacity to Marry, and the Prohibited Relationships 62
    17. Valid, Void and Irregular Marriages 67
    18. What Follows From a Void or an Irregular Marriage 71
    19. The Option of Puberty 75
    20. Muta, the Marriage for a Fixed Term 79
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Iddat 83
    2. Halala 87
    3. Mehr: What It Is and Why the Law Insists On It 91
    4. The Classification of Mehr 95
    5. The Wife's Remedies for Unpaid Dower 99

    Module II

    1. The Ways a Muslim Marriage Can End 105
    2. Dissolution by the Death of a Spouse 109
    3. Talaq, and Why Muslim Law Permits Divorce 113
    4. Who May Pronounce Talaq, and When It Takes Effect 117
    5. Oral Talaq and Talaq in Writing 122
    6. Talaq al Sunna: Ahsan and Hasan 126
    7. Talaq al Biddat, the Triple Pronouncement 130
    8. Shayara Bano v. Union of India 135
    9. The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act 2019 140
    10. Talaq e Tafwid, the Delegated Divorce 145
    11. Khula 150
    12. Mubarat 155
    13. Ila, the Vow of Abstinence 158
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Zihar, the Injurious Comparison 162
    2. Lian, the False Charge of Adultery 166
    3. Judicial Dissolution Before the Act of 1939 170
    4. The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act 1939: The Nine Grounds 174
    5. Apostasy, Notice to the Husband, and the Rest of the 1939 Act 180
    6. What Follows a Dissolution 185
    7. Maintenance: The General Principles 189
    8. Who Is Entitled to Maintenance Under Muslim Law 193
    9. Maintenance From a Magistrate: Section 144 of the Sanhita 197
    10. Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum 203
    11. The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986 207
    12. Danial Latifi v. Union of India 214
    13. Maintenance: The Law As It Stands Now 218
    14. Parentage and Legitimacy 223
    15. The Presumption of Legitimacy 227
    16. Acknowledgement of Paternity 231
    17. Guardianship: What It Is and What Kinds There Are 237
    18. Guardianship of the Person, and Hizanat 242
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. Guardianship of Property, and the De Facto Guardian 248
    2. Disqualification, Removal and Discharge of a Guardian 255
    3. Which Court, and What Can Be Appealed 261
    4. Hiba: The Three Essentials of a Muslim Gift 265
    5. Kinds of Gift, and What Is Not a Hiba 270
    6. Musha, and Gifts With Conditions Attached 275
    7. Revocation of a Gift 280
    8. Pre-emption: The Nature of the Right 284
    9. Who May Pre-empt, and How the Right Is Exercised and Lost 289
    10. Waqf, and Who a Mutawalli Is 294
    11. The Duties of a Mutawalli 300
    12. The Mutawalli's Statutory Duties: Registration, Budget and Accounts 305
    13. Alienation of Waqf Property 311
    14. Appointment and Removal of a Mutawalli 317
    15. What the Legislation of 2025 Changed 323

    Module III

    1. Parsi Personal Law and the Act of 1936 329
    2. Parsi Marriage: Requisites and Registration 334
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Offences and Irregularities Under the Parsi Act 340
    2. The Parsi Matrimonial Courts and the Delegates 345
    3. Nullity and Dissolution of a Parsi Marriage 350
    4. The Grounds for Divorce Under the Parsi Act 354
    5. Judicial Separation and Restitution of Conjugal Rights Under the Parsi Act 361
    6. Alimony, Maintenance and Property Under the Parsi Act 366
    7. Custody of Children, and Remarriage, Under the Parsi Act 372
    8. Christian Personal Law and the Act of 1872 377
    9. Who May Solemnize a Christian Marriage 383
    10. Time, Place, Notice and the Certificate 388
    11. Registration of a Christian Marriage 396
    12. Marriage By or Before a Marriage Registrar 402
    13. Marriages Between Indian Christians 411
    14. Penalties and the Remaining Provisions of the 1872 Act 419
    15. The Divorce Act 1869: Scheme and Jurisdiction 428
    16. Dissolution of a Christian Marriage 436
    17. Divorce by Mutual Consent, and Why Section 10A Had to Be Inserted 445
    18. Nullity of a Christian Marriage 452
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Judicial Separation and Restitution of Conjugal Rights 459
    2. Protection Orders 467
    3. Alimony and Settlements 475
    4. Custody of Children, and Remarriage 484
    5. Court Procedure and the Remaining Provisions 492

    Module IV

    1. The Indian Succession Act 1925: What It Does and Who It Binds 501
    2. The Scheme of the Act, Part by Part 508
    3. Domicile: Why the Act Starts Here 514
    4. Domicile of Origin 520
    5. Domicile of Choice 526
    6. The Domicile of a Married Woman, a Minor and a Lunatic 533
    7. What Marriage Does and Does Not Do to Property 540
    8. Consanguinity 547
    9. Intestate Succession: What Intestacy Means 554
    10. The Share of a Widow or Widower 561
    11. Distribution Among Lineal Descendants 568
    12. Where There Is No Lineal Descendant 575
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Intestate Succession Among Parsis 583
    2. Wills: What One Is and Who May Make One 592
    3. How an Unprivileged Will Is Executed 601
    4. Privileged Wills 609
    5. The Attesting Witness 617
    6. Revocation, Alteration and Revival of a Will 623
    7. Construing a Will: The Words the Testator Used 633
    8. Construing a Will: Reading It as a Whole 642
    9. Bequests to Heirs, Representatives and Classes 651
    10. The Residuary Legatee 661
    11. When a Legacy Lapses 667
    12. Void Bequests: The Unborn Person, Perpetuity and Accumulation 675
    13. Bequests to Religious and Charitable Uses: Section 118 and What Happened to It 684
    14. When a Legacy Vests 690
    15. Onerous Bequests 699
    16. Conditional Bequests 706
    17. Directions That Follow an Absolute Bequest 716
    18. Specific Legacies 724
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Demonstrative Legacies 733
    2. Ademption of Legacies 740
    3. Who Bears the Cost, and Bequests Described in General Terms 749
    4. Annuities, and a Legacy Alongside a Debt or a Portion 757
    5. Election 765
    6. Protecting the Property of a Deceased Person 775
    7. Who Represents the Estate 781
    8. Probate and Letters of Administration 788
    9. Which Court Grants, and When a Grant Is Revoked 798
    10. The Executor's Powers and Duties, and the Distribution of the Estate 808
    11. Succession Certificates, and the End of the Act 820
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    829 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 829 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 137 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I. Sources, Schools, Marriage and Mehr Under Muslim Law 25 chapters

    1. 1 What This Paper Covers, and What It Does Not pages 1–4
    2. 2 Who Muslim Law Applies To, and Who Decides pages 5–9
    3. 3 Why a Legal System Needs Sources at All pages 10–12
    4. 4 The Quran pages 13–16
    5. 5 The Sunna pages 17–19
    6. 6 Ijma, the Consensus of the Jurists pages 20–23
    7. 7 Qiyas, Analogical Deduction pages 24–27
    8. 8 Custom and Usage pages 28–31
    9. 9 Judicial Precedent, Legislation, and Equity pages 32–35
    10. 10 Why Muslim Law Divides Into Schools pages 36–39
    11. 11 The Hanafi School pages 40–43
    12. 12 The Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali Schools pages 44–47
    13. 13 The Shia Schools pages 48–51
    14. 14 Marriage Under Muslim Law: Contract or Sacrament pages 52–56
    15. 15 The Essential Requisites of a Valid Muslim Marriage pages 57–61
    16. 16 Capacity to Marry, and the Prohibited Relationships pages 62–66
    17. 17 Valid, Void and Irregular Marriages pages 67–70
    18. 18 What Follows From a Void or an Irregular Marriage pages 71–74
    19. 19 The Option of Puberty pages 75–78
    20. 20 Muta, the Marriage for a Fixed Term pages 79–82
    21. 21 Iddat pages 83–86
    22. 22 Halala pages 87–90
    23. 23 Mehr: What It Is and Why the Law Insists On It pages 91–94
    24. 24 The Classification of Mehr pages 95–98
    25. 25 The Wife's Remedies for Unpaid Dower pages 99–104

    Module II. Dissolution, Maintenance, Paternity, Guardianship and Property Under Muslim Law 46 chapters

    1. 26 The Ways a Muslim Marriage Can End pages 105–108
    2. 27 Dissolution by the Death of a Spouse pages 109–112
    3. 28 Talaq, and Why Muslim Law Permits Divorce pages 113–116
    4. 29 Who May Pronounce Talaq, and When It Takes Effect pages 117–121
    5. 30 Oral Talaq and Talaq in Writing pages 122–125
    6. 31 Talaq al Sunna: Ahsan and Hasan pages 126–129
    7. 32 Talaq al Biddat, the Triple Pronouncement pages 130–134
    8. 33 Shayara Bano v. Union of India pages 135–139
    9. 34 The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act 2019 pages 140–144
    10. 35 Talaq e Tafwid, the Delegated Divorce pages 145–149
    11. 36 Khula pages 150–154
    12. 37 Mubarat pages 155–157
    13. 38 Ila, the Vow of Abstinence pages 158–161
    14. 39 Zihar, the Injurious Comparison pages 162–165
    15. 40 Lian, the False Charge of Adultery pages 166–169
    16. 41 Judicial Dissolution Before the Act of 1939 pages 170–173
    17. 42 The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act 1939: The Nine Grounds pages 174–179
    18. 43 Apostasy, Notice to the Husband, and the Rest of the 1939 Act pages 180–184
    19. 44 What Follows a Dissolution pages 185–188
    20. 45 Maintenance: The General Principles pages 189–192
    21. 46 Who Is Entitled to Maintenance Under Muslim Law pages 193–196
    22. 47 Maintenance From a Magistrate: Section 144 of the Sanhita pages 197–202
    23. 48 Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum pages 203–206
    24. 49 The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986 pages 207–213
    25. 50 Danial Latifi v. Union of India pages 214–217
    26. 51 Maintenance: The Law As It Stands Now pages 218–222
    27. 52 Parentage and Legitimacy pages 223–226
    28. 53 The Presumption of Legitimacy pages 227–230
    29. 54 Acknowledgement of Paternity pages 231–236
    30. 55 Guardianship: What It Is and What Kinds There Are pages 237–241
    31. 56 Guardianship of the Person, and Hizanat pages 242–247
    32. 57 Guardianship of Property, and the De Facto Guardian pages 248–254
    33. 58 Disqualification, Removal and Discharge of a Guardian pages 255–260
    34. 59 Which Court, and What Can Be Appealed pages 261–264
    35. 60 Hiba: The Three Essentials of a Muslim Gift pages 265–269
    36. 61 Kinds of Gift, and What Is Not a Hiba pages 270–274
    37. 62 Musha, and Gifts With Conditions Attached pages 275–279
    38. 63 Revocation of a Gift pages 280–283
    39. 64 Pre-emption: The Nature of the Right pages 284–288
    40. 65 Who May Pre-empt, and How the Right Is Exercised and Lost pages 289–293
    41. 66 Waqf, and Who a Mutawalli Is pages 294–299
    42. 67 The Duties of a Mutawalli pages 300–304
    43. 68 The Mutawalli's Statutory Duties: Registration, Budget and Accounts pages 305–310
    44. 69 Alienation of Waqf Property pages 311–316
    45. 70 Appointment and Removal of a Mutawalli pages 317–322
    46. 71 What the Legislation of 2025 Changed pages 323–328

    Module III. Parsi and Christian Matrimonial Law 25 chapters

    1. 72 Parsi Personal Law and the Act of 1936 pages 329–333
    2. 73 Parsi Marriage: Requisites and Registration pages 334–339
    3. 74 Offences and Irregularities Under the Parsi Act pages 340–344
    4. 75 The Parsi Matrimonial Courts and the Delegates pages 345–349
    5. 76 Nullity and Dissolution of a Parsi Marriage pages 350–353
    6. 77 The Grounds for Divorce Under the Parsi Act pages 354–360
    7. 78 Judicial Separation and Restitution of Conjugal Rights Under the Parsi Act pages 361–365
    8. 79 Alimony, Maintenance and Property Under the Parsi Act pages 366–371
    9. 80 Custody of Children, and Remarriage, Under the Parsi Act pages 372–376
    10. 81 Christian Personal Law and the Act of 1872 pages 377–382
    11. 82 Who May Solemnize a Christian Marriage pages 383–387
    12. 83 Time, Place, Notice and the Certificate pages 388–395
    13. 84 Registration of a Christian Marriage pages 396–401
    14. 85 Marriage By or Before a Marriage Registrar pages 402–410
    15. 86 Marriages Between Indian Christians pages 411–418
    16. 87 Penalties and the Remaining Provisions of the 1872 Act pages 419–427
    17. 88 The Divorce Act 1869: Scheme and Jurisdiction pages 428–435
    18. 89 Dissolution of a Christian Marriage pages 436–444
    19. 90 Divorce by Mutual Consent, and Why Section 10A Had to Be Inserted pages 445–451
    20. 91 Nullity of a Christian Marriage pages 452–458
    21. 92 Judicial Separation and Restitution of Conjugal Rights pages 459–466
    22. 93 Protection Orders pages 467–474
    23. 94 Alimony and Settlements pages 475–483
    24. 95 Custody of Children, and Remarriage pages 484–491
    25. 96 Court Procedure and the Remaining Provisions pages 492–500

    Module IV. The Indian Succession Act 1925 41 chapters

    1. 97 The Indian Succession Act 1925: What It Does and Who It Binds pages 501–507
    2. 98 The Scheme of the Act, Part by Part pages 508–513
    3. 99 Domicile: Why the Act Starts Here pages 514–519
    4. 100 Domicile of Origin pages 520–525
    5. 101 Domicile of Choice pages 526–532
    6. 102 The Domicile of a Married Woman, a Minor and a Lunatic pages 533–539
    7. 103 What Marriage Does and Does Not Do to Property pages 540–546
    8. 104 Consanguinity pages 547–553
    9. 105 Intestate Succession: What Intestacy Means pages 554–560
    10. 106 The Share of a Widow or Widower pages 561–567
    11. 107 Distribution Among Lineal Descendants pages 568–574
    12. 108 Where There Is No Lineal Descendant pages 575–582
    13. 109 Intestate Succession Among Parsis pages 583–591
    14. 110 Wills: What One Is and Who May Make One pages 592–600
    15. 111 How an Unprivileged Will Is Executed pages 601–608
    16. 112 Privileged Wills pages 609–616
    17. 113 The Attesting Witness pages 617–622
    18. 114 Revocation, Alteration and Revival of a Will pages 623–632
    19. 115 Construing a Will: The Words the Testator Used pages 633–641
    20. 116 Construing a Will: Reading It as a Whole pages 642–650
    21. 117 Bequests to Heirs, Representatives and Classes pages 651–660
    22. 118 The Residuary Legatee pages 661–666
    23. 119 When a Legacy Lapses pages 667–674
    24. 120 Void Bequests: The Unborn Person, Perpetuity and Accumulation pages 675–683
    25. 121 Bequests to Religious and Charitable Uses: Section 118 and What Happened to It pages 684–689
    26. 122 When a Legacy Vests pages 690–698
    27. 123 Onerous Bequests pages 699–705
    28. 124 Conditional Bequests pages 706–715
    29. 125 Directions That Follow an Absolute Bequest pages 716–723
    30. 126 Specific Legacies pages 724–732
    31. 127 Demonstrative Legacies pages 733–739
    32. 128 Ademption of Legacies pages 740–748
    33. 129 Who Bears the Cost, and Bequests Described in General Terms pages 749–756
    34. 130 Annuities, and a Legacy Alongside a Debt or a Portion pages 757–764
    35. 131 Election pages 765–774
    36. 132 Protecting the Property of a Deceased Person pages 775–780
    37. 133 Who Represents the Estate pages 781–787
    38. 134 Probate and Letters of Administration pages 788–797
    39. 135 Which Court Grants, and When a Grant Is Revoked pages 798–807
    40. 136 The Executor's Powers and Duties, and the Distribution of the Estate pages 808–819
    41. 137 Succession Certificates, and the End of the Act pages 820–829

  4. Law of Crimes (Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita 2023)

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Law of Crimes (Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita 2023)

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 6

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in First Year

    Law of Crimes (Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita 2023)

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. Law of Crimes Is Now the Sanhita 1
    2. Crime and Civil Wrong 5
    3. How Indian Criminal Law Was Made 9
    4. The Act the Law Punishes 14
    5. The Guilty Mind 19
    6. When the Law Does Not Ask for Intention 24
    7. Cause and Consequence 29
    8. The Four Stages of a Crime 34
    9. Attempt 39
    10. Preparation That Is Already an Offence 44
    11. The Punishments the Sanhita Allows 48
    12. Community Service 51
    13. Fine, Default and Commutation 55
    14. Solitary Confinement 59
    15. Fractions, Several Offences and Repeat Offenders 62
    16. Why the State Punishes 67
    17. The Death Penalty 72
    18. Negligence in the Criminal Law 78
    19. Causing Death by Negligence 83
    20. The Sanhita and the Computer 88
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Cyber Crime Outside the Sanhita 92

    Module II

    1. Extent and Operation 97
    2. The Words the Sanhita Defines 102
    3. Property, Dishonesty and Documents Defined 107
    4. The General Explanations 111
    5. Common Intention 116
    6. Common Object and How It Differs 121
    7. Gang Rape and Dacoity as Joint Liability 127
    8. The General Exceptions and Who Must Prove Them 131
    9. Bound or Justified by Law 135
    10. Accident 140
    11. Necessity 143
    12. The Age of Criminal Responsibility 147
    13. Unsoundness of Mind 151
    14. Intoxication 156
    15. Consent 161
    16. Good Faith, Compulsion and Trifles 166
    17. The Right of Private Defence 170
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. When Private Defence May Kill 176
    2. Private Defence of Property 180
    3. Abetment 185
    4. Abetment Across Borders 189
    5. Punishing the Abettor 192
    6. Concealing a Design 197
    7. Criminal Conspiracy 201

    Module III

    1. Waging War Against India 206
    2. Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity 210
    3. Assaulting the President or a Governor 214
    4. Offences Against Friendly Foreign States 217
    5. Prisoners of State and of War 220
    6. Mutiny, Desertion and Insubordination 224
    7. Unlawful Assembly 228
    8. Rioting and Provocation 233
    9. Affray 238
    10. Promoting Enmity Between Groups 241
    11. Public Servants Who Break the Law 245
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Personating a Public Servant 250
    2. Avoiding Summons and Process 254
    3. Refusing to Produce or to Answer 258
    4. Obstructing a Public Servant 262
    5. Threatening a Public Servant 266
    6. Giving and Fabricating False Evidence 270
    7. False Certificates and Declarations 275
    8. Destroying Evidence and Screening an Offender 279
    9. Fraud on the Court and on Execution 283
    10. False Charges and Harbouring 287
    11. Public Servants Who Shield Offenders 293
    12. Escape, Rescue and Failure to Apprehend 299
    13. Insulting the Court and Jumping Bail 306
    14. Counterfeiting Coin and Currency 313
    15. Government Stamps 322
    16. Weights and Measures, and What Became of Them 330
    17. Culpable Homicide and Murder 336
    18. Punishment for Murder and for Culpable Homicide 350
    19. Abetment of Suicide 360
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Attempt to Murder 366
    2. Organised Crime 373
    3. Terrorist Act 381
    4. Hurt and Grievous Hurt 390
    5. Aggravated Hurt 398
    6. Acid Attacks 408
    7. Wrongful Restraint and Wrongful Confinement 414
    8. Force, Criminal Force and Assault 422
    9. Aggravated Assault 431
    10. Kidnapping and Abduction 438
    11. Aggravated Kidnapping 445
    12. Trafficking and Forced Labour 454
    13. Rape 461
    14. Aggravated Rape and Gang Rape 469
    15. Rape by a Husband or by a Person in Authority 476
    16. Protecting the Victim's Identity 484
    17. Outraging Modesty and Sexual Harassment 490
    18. Voyeurism and Stalking 496
    19. Miscarriage and the Unborn Child 503
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Offences Against Children 510

    Module IV

    1. Bribery and Undue Influence at Elections 518
    2. False Statements and Election Accounts 525
    3. Public Nuisance 531
    4. Spreading Infection 536
    5. Adulterated Food and Drugs 541
    6. Fouling Water and Air 547
    7. Rash Driving and Rash Navigation 551
    8. Negligence with Dangerous Things 557
    9. Obscenity 562
    10. Lotteries 568
    11. Offences Relating to Religion 572
    12. Theft 579
    13. Snatching and Aggravated Theft 586
    14. Extortion 592
    15. Robbery and Dacoity 598
    16. Misappropriation 605
    17. Criminal Breach of Trust 611
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Stolen Property 617
    2. Cheating 622
    3. Fraudulent Deeds and Dispositions 629
    4. Mischief 636
    5. Criminal Trespass 645
    6. Forgery 655
    7. Using and Possessing Forged Documents 665
    8. Counterfeit Seals and False Accounts 671
    9. Property Marks 680
    10. Offences Relating to Marriage 690
    11. Dowry Death 700
    12. Cruelty by a Husband or His Relatives 707
    13. Defamation 715
    14. Criminal Intimidation 726
    15. Insult, Public Mischief and Annoyance 733
    16. The Helpless Person Left Unattended 743
    17. What the Sanhita Repealed and What It Saved 749
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    756 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 756 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 129 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I 21 chapters

    1. 1 Law of Crimes Is Now the Sanhita pages 1–4
    2. 2 Crime and Civil Wrong pages 5–8
    3. 3 How Indian Criminal Law Was Made pages 9–13
    4. 4 The Act the Law Punishes pages 14–18
    5. 5 The Guilty Mind pages 19–23
    6. 6 When the Law Does Not Ask for Intention pages 24–28
    7. 7 Cause and Consequence pages 29–33
    8. 8 The Four Stages of a Crime pages 34–38
    9. 9 Attempt pages 39–43
    10. 10 Preparation That Is Already an Offence pages 44–47
    11. 11 The Punishments the Sanhita Allows pages 48–50
    12. 12 Community Service pages 51–54
    13. 13 Fine, Default and Commutation pages 55–58
    14. 14 Solitary Confinement pages 59–61
    15. 15 Fractions, Several Offences and Repeat Offenders pages 62–66
    16. 16 Why the State Punishes pages 67–71
    17. 17 The Death Penalty pages 72–77
    18. 18 Negligence in the Criminal Law pages 78–82
    19. 19 Causing Death by Negligence pages 83–87
    20. 20 The Sanhita and the Computer pages 88–91
    21. 21 Cyber Crime Outside the Sanhita pages 92–96

    Module II 24 chapters

    1. 22 Extent and Operation pages 97–101
    2. 23 The Words the Sanhita Defines pages 102–106
    3. 24 Property, Dishonesty and Documents Defined pages 107–110
    4. 25 The General Explanations pages 111–115
    5. 26 Common Intention pages 116–120
    6. 27 Common Object and How It Differs pages 121–126
    7. 28 Gang Rape and Dacoity as Joint Liability pages 127–130
    8. 29 The General Exceptions and Who Must Prove Them pages 131–134
    9. 30 Bound or Justified by Law pages 135–139
    10. 31 Accident pages 140–142
    11. 32 Necessity pages 143–146
    12. 33 The Age of Criminal Responsibility pages 147–150
    13. 34 Unsoundness of Mind pages 151–155
    14. 35 Intoxication pages 156–160
    15. 36 Consent pages 161–165
    16. 37 Good Faith, Compulsion and Trifles pages 166–169
    17. 38 The Right of Private Defence pages 170–175
    18. 39 When Private Defence May Kill pages 176–179
    19. 40 Private Defence of Property pages 180–184
    20. 41 Abetment pages 185–188
    21. 42 Abetment Across Borders pages 189–191
    22. 43 Punishing the Abettor pages 192–196
    23. 44 Concealing a Design pages 197–200
    24. 45 Criminal Conspiracy pages 201–205

    Module III 50 chapters

    1. 46 Waging War Against India pages 206–209
    2. 47 Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity pages 210–213
    3. 48 Assaulting the President or a Governor pages 214–216
    4. 49 Offences Against Friendly Foreign States pages 217–219
    5. 50 Prisoners of State and of War pages 220–223
    6. 51 Mutiny, Desertion and Insubordination pages 224–227
    7. 52 Unlawful Assembly pages 228–232
    8. 53 Rioting and Provocation pages 233–237
    9. 54 Affray pages 238–240
    10. 55 Promoting Enmity Between Groups pages 241–244
    11. 56 Public Servants Who Break the Law pages 245–249
    12. 57 Personating a Public Servant pages 250–253
    13. 58 Avoiding Summons and Process pages 254–257
    14. 59 Refusing to Produce or to Answer pages 258–261
    15. 60 Obstructing a Public Servant pages 262–265
    16. 61 Threatening a Public Servant pages 266–269
    17. 62 Giving and Fabricating False Evidence pages 270–274
    18. 63 False Certificates and Declarations pages 275–278
    19. 64 Destroying Evidence and Screening an Offender pages 279–282
    20. 65 Fraud on the Court and on Execution pages 283–286
    21. 66 False Charges and Harbouring pages 287–292
    22. 67 Public Servants Who Shield Offenders pages 293–298
    23. 68 Escape, Rescue and Failure to Apprehend pages 299–305
    24. 69 Insulting the Court and Jumping Bail pages 306–312
    25. 70 Counterfeiting Coin and Currency pages 313–321
    26. 71 Government Stamps pages 322–329
    27. 72 Weights and Measures, and What Became of Them pages 330–335
    28. 73 Culpable Homicide and Murder pages 336–349
    29. 74 Punishment for Murder and for Culpable Homicide pages 350–359
    30. 75 Abetment of Suicide pages 360–365
    31. 76 Attempt to Murder pages 366–372
    32. 77 Organised Crime pages 373–380
    33. 78 Terrorist Act pages 381–389
    34. 79 Hurt and Grievous Hurt pages 390–397
    35. 80 Aggravated Hurt pages 398–407
    36. 81 Acid Attacks pages 408–413
    37. 82 Wrongful Restraint and Wrongful Confinement pages 414–421
    38. 83 Force, Criminal Force and Assault pages 422–430
    39. 84 Aggravated Assault pages 431–437
    40. 85 Kidnapping and Abduction pages 438–444
    41. 86 Aggravated Kidnapping pages 445–453
    42. 87 Trafficking and Forced Labour pages 454–460
    43. 88 Rape pages 461–468
    44. 89 Aggravated Rape and Gang Rape pages 469–475
    45. 90 Rape by a Husband or by a Person in Authority pages 476–483
    46. 91 Protecting the Victim's Identity pages 484–489
    47. 92 Outraging Modesty and Sexual Harassment pages 490–495
    48. 93 Voyeurism and Stalking pages 496–502
    49. 94 Miscarriage and the Unborn Child pages 503–509
    50. 95 Offences Against Children pages 510–517

    Module IV 34 chapters

    1. 96 Bribery and Undue Influence at Elections pages 518–524
    2. 97 False Statements and Election Accounts pages 525–530
    3. 98 Public Nuisance pages 531–535
    4. 99 Spreading Infection pages 536–540
    5. 100 Adulterated Food and Drugs pages 541–546
    6. 101 Fouling Water and Air pages 547–550
    7. 102 Rash Driving and Rash Navigation pages 551–556
    8. 103 Negligence with Dangerous Things pages 557–561
    9. 104 Obscenity pages 562–567
    10. 105 Lotteries pages 568–571
    11. 106 Offences Relating to Religion pages 572–578
    12. 107 Theft pages 579–585
    13. 108 Snatching and Aggravated Theft pages 586–591
    14. 109 Extortion pages 592–597
    15. 110 Robbery and Dacoity pages 598–604
    16. 111 Misappropriation pages 605–610
    17. 112 Criminal Breach of Trust pages 611–616
    18. 113 Stolen Property pages 617–621
    19. 114 Cheating pages 622–628
    20. 115 Fraudulent Deeds and Dispositions pages 629–635
    21. 116 Mischief pages 636–644
    22. 117 Criminal Trespass pages 645–654
    23. 118 Forgery pages 655–664
    24. 119 Using and Possessing Forged Documents pages 665–670
    25. 120 Counterfeit Seals and False Accounts pages 671–679
    26. 121 Property Marks pages 680–689
    27. 122 Offences Relating to Marriage pages 690–699
    28. 123 Dowry Death pages 700–706
    29. 124 Cruelty by a Husband or His Relatives pages 707–714
    30. 125 Defamation pages 715–725
    31. 126 Criminal Intimidation pages 726–732
    32. 127 Insult, Public Mischief and Annoyance pages 733–742
    33. 128 The Helpless Person Left Unattended pages 743–748
    34. 129 What the Sanhita Repealed and What It Saved pages 749–756

  5. Drafting Pleading and Conveyancing I

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Drafting Pleading and Conveyancing I

    B.L.S. LL.B. 5 YEARS · SEMESTER 6

    Strictly as per the revised CBCS syllabus of the University of Mumbai

    For students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in First Year

    Drafting Pleading and Conveyancing I

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is free for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I Letters, an accountable receipt, a promissory note, an affidavit, a declaration and a schedule of property

    1. What This Course Is, and What a Draftsman Actually Does 1
    2. The Parts Every Legal Document Has 6
    3. The Language of a Legal Document 12
    4. Describing the Parties, and Writing the Recitals 17
    5. Stamp Duty: The Question Asked of Every Document 24
    6. When a Document Must Be Registered 32
    7. Execution, Attestation and the Witnesses 39
    8. Affidavits, Oaths, and What a Notary Does 46
    9. Writing to a Public Authority 53
    10. A Letter Seeking Permission from a Statutory Authority 58
    11. Attornment, and Why a Tenant Is Asked for It 64
    12. A Letter of Attornment 70
    13. Receipts, and What Makes One Accountable 77
    14. An Accountable Receipt 83
    15. What Makes an Instrument a Promissory Note 90
    16. Drafting and Stamping a Promissory Note 98
    17. A Promissory Note That Fails, and Why 104
    18. Changing Your Name, and the Affidavit That Does It 112
    19. An Affidavit for Change of Name 118
    20. A Declaration, and How It Differs from an Affidavit 125
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Letters, an accountable receipt, a promissory note, an affidavit, a declaration and a schedule of property

    1. A Declaration 131
    2. Describing Land So That Nobody Can Dispute It 139
    3. A Schedule of Property for a Plot with a Structure 146

    Module II A public notice, an adjournment application, vakalatnamas, and a Domestic Violence Act notice and application

    1. A Public Notice: What It Achieves, and What It May Not Say 153
    2. A Public Notice 160
    3. The Power to Adjourn a Criminal Case 167
    4. An Adjournment Application in a Criminal Matter 174
    5. The Vakalatnama, and the Authority It Gives 183
    6. A Vakalatnama for the High Court 191
    7. A Vakalatnama for the City Civil or District Court 199
    8. The Reliefs the Domestic Violence Act Allows You to Ask For 205
    9. A Notice Under the Domestic Violence Act 215
    10. An Application to the Magistrate Under the Domestic Violence Act 224
    11. The Affidavit for an Ex Parte Order 235

    Module III Consumer complaints and appeals, powers of attorney, and agreements for sale, franchise and confidentiality

    1. Who May Complain Under the Consumer Protection Act 246
    2. Which Commission, and Within What Time 254
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued Consumer complaints and appeals, powers of attorney, and agreements for sale, franchise and confidentiality

    1. A Consumer Complaint 261
    2. The Affidavit, the Fee and the Sets That Go With a Complaint 272
    3. Appeal Under the Consumer Protection Act 282
    4. A Memorandum of Appeal 290
    5. Revision Under the Consumer Protection Act 300
    6. A Revision Petition 307
    7. Agency, and What a Power of Attorney Really Does 317
    8. A General Power of Attorney 325
    9. A Special Power of Attorney 336
    10. Stamping, Registering and Revoking a Power of Attorney 348
    11. An Agreement for Sale, and What It Is Not 360
    12. The Agreement for Sale of a Flat Under RERA 369
    13. The Model Agreement, Clause by Clause 378
    14. An Agreement for Sale 391
    15. Stamp Duty and Registration on an Agreement for Sale 405
    16. What a Franchise Agreement Has to Settle 415
    17. The Law a Franchise Agreement Must Respect 423
    18. A Franchise Agreement 434
    19. Confidentiality, and What the Law Will Protect 451
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued Consumer complaints and appeals, powers of attorney, and agreements for sale, franchise and confidentiality

    1. A Confidentiality Agreement 460

    Module IV Writ petitions under Articles 32, 226 and 227, and public interest litigation

    1. The Three Articles, and Which Court to Move 474
    2. What a Writ Petition Must Contain 484
    3. A Writ Petition Under Article 32 492
    4. A Writ Petition Under Article 226 505
    5. A Petition Under Article 227 520
    6. What the Court Requires of a Public Interest Petitioner 535
    7. A Public Interest Litigation Petition 548
    8. The Affidavit in Support, and the Papers That Travel with a Petition 567
    9. The Mistakes an Examiner Marks, and How to Correct Them 581
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    598 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 598 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 65 chapters across 4 modules

    Module I. How a legal document is built, and the first seven: letters, a receipt, a promissory note, an affidavit, a declaration and a schedule of property 23 chapters

    1. 1 What This Course Is, and What a Draftsman Actually Does pages 1–5
    2. 2 The Parts Every Legal Document Has pages 6–11
    3. 3 The Language of a Legal Document pages 12–16
    4. 4 Describing the Parties, and Writing the Recitals pages 17–23
    5. 5 Stamp Duty: The Question Asked of Every Document pages 24–31
    6. 6 When a Document Must Be Registered pages 32–38
    7. 7 Execution, Attestation and the Witnesses pages 39–45
    8. 8 Affidavits, Oaths, and What a Notary Does pages 46–52
    9. 9 Writing to a Public Authority pages 53–57
    10. 10 A Letter Seeking Permission from a Statutory Authority pages 58–63
    11. 11 Attornment, and Why a Tenant Is Asked for It pages 64–69
    12. 12 A Letter of Attornment pages 70–76
    13. 13 Receipts, and What Makes One Accountable pages 77–82
    14. 14 An Accountable Receipt pages 83–89
    15. 15 What Makes an Instrument a Promissory Note pages 90–97
    16. 16 Drafting and Stamping a Promissory Note pages 98–103
    17. 17 A Promissory Note That Fails, and Why pages 104–111
    18. 18 Changing Your Name, and the Affidavit That Does It pages 112–117
    19. 19 An Affidavit for Change of Name pages 118–124
    20. 20 A Declaration, and How It Differs from an Affidavit pages 125–130
    21. 21 A Declaration pages 131–138
    22. 22 Describing Land So That Nobody Can Dispute It pages 139–145
    23. 23 A Schedule of Property for a Plot with a Structure pages 146–152

    Module II. What a litigating lawyer draws: a public notice, an adjournment application, two vakalatnamas, and the Domestic Violence Act 11 chapters

    1. 24 A Public Notice: What It Achieves, and What It May Not Say pages 153–159
    2. 25 A Public Notice pages 160–166
    3. 26 The Power to Adjourn a Criminal Case pages 167–173
    4. 27 An Adjournment Application in a Criminal Matter pages 174–182
    5. 28 The Vakalatnama, and the Authority It Gives pages 183–190
    6. 29 A Vakalatnama for the High Court pages 191–198
    7. 30 A Vakalatnama for the City Civil or District Court pages 199–204
    8. 31 The Reliefs the Domestic Violence Act Allows You to Ask For pages 205–214
    9. 32 A Notice Under the Domestic Violence Act pages 215–223
    10. 33 An Application to the Magistrate Under the Domestic Violence Act pages 224–234
    11. 34 The Affidavit for an Ex Parte Order pages 235–245

    Module III. Consumer proceedings, powers of attorney, and three agreements: sale, franchise and confidentiality 22 chapters

    1. 35 Who May Complain Under the Consumer Protection Act pages 246–253
    2. 36 Which Commission, and Within What Time pages 254–260
    3. 37 A Consumer Complaint pages 261–271
    4. 38 The Affidavit, the Fee and the Sets That Go With a Complaint pages 272–281
    5. 39 Appeal Under the Consumer Protection Act pages 282–289
    6. 40 A Memorandum of Appeal pages 290–299
    7. 41 Revision Under the Consumer Protection Act pages 300–306
    8. 42 A Revision Petition pages 307–316
    9. 43 Agency, and What a Power of Attorney Really Does pages 317–324
    10. 44 A General Power of Attorney pages 325–335
    11. 45 A Special Power of Attorney pages 336–347
    12. 46 Stamping, Registering and Revoking a Power of Attorney pages 348–359
    13. 47 An Agreement for Sale, and What It Is Not pages 360–368
    14. 48 The Agreement for Sale of a Flat Under RERA pages 369–377
    15. 49 The Model Agreement, Clause by Clause pages 378–390
    16. 50 An Agreement for Sale pages 391–404
    17. 51 Stamp Duty and Registration on an Agreement for Sale pages 405–414
    18. 52 What a Franchise Agreement Has to Settle pages 415–422
    19. 53 The Law a Franchise Agreement Must Respect pages 423–433
    20. 54 A Franchise Agreement pages 434–450
    21. 55 Confidentiality, and What the Law Will Protect pages 451–459
    22. 56 A Confidentiality Agreement pages 460–473

    Module IV. Petitions to the constitutional courts: Articles 32, 226 and 227, and public interest litigation 9 chapters

    1. 57 The Three Articles, and Which Court to Move pages 474–483
    2. 58 What a Writ Petition Must Contain pages 484–491
    3. 59 A Writ Petition Under Article 32 pages 492–504
    4. 60 A Writ Petition Under Article 226 pages 505–519
    5. 61 A Petition Under Article 227 pages 520–534
    6. 62 What the Court Requires of a Public Interest Petitioner pages 535–547
    7. 63 A Public Interest Litigation Petition pages 548–566
    8. 64 The Affidavit in Support, and the Papers That Travel with a Petition pages 567–580
    9. 65 The Mistakes an Examiner Marks, and How to Correct Them pages 581–598

Questions

Can I download it?

No, and that is deliberate. Everything is read on the site, on any device you sign in on. There is nothing to lose, and nothing to forward.

How long do I keep it?

365 days from the day you pay.

What if the syllabus changes?

Revisions are written into the same subject, and you keep reading the current version for as long as your access runs.

Can I buy one subject instead of the whole semester?

Not yet. It is sold per semester, one price for the notes of all five subjects.

Is this enough to pass?

It covers the prescribed syllabus. It is not a substitute for your lectures or for reading the bare Acts, and we would not claim otherwise.

Can I get a refund?

Once a semester is unlocked it stays unlocked, and there is no way to hand back reading you have already done. That is why this page shows you so much before you pay: the cover of every subject, every chapter in it by name, and the page each one starts on. Read that first and buy only if it is the book you want. If something genuinely went wrong, being charged twice or paying and having nothing unlock, write to us and we refund it: the cancellation and refund policy sets out which cases those are.

Does it renew automatically?

No. It is one payment for one semester. Nothing is charged again unless you choose to buy another semester yourself.

Where our readers study

Students from 170 colleges affiliated to the University of Mumbai read munotes. Here are some of them.

Government Law College, Churchgate Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Law RIZVI COLLEGE OF LAW, BANDRA ADV. BALASAHEB APTE COLLEGE OF LAW Lords Universal College THAKUR RAMNARAYAN COLLEGE OF LAW Nalanda Law College Children Welfare Centre's College of Law Balasaheb Thackeray Law College ST. ROCKS DEGREE COLLEGE OF LAW and 160 more
₹499
Notes, 365 days
Unlock Semester 6
Issue