Mumbai University Solved Question Papers
Criminology and Penology
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
LLB 3 years · Sem 4
May 2025 - 75/25 Examination
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LLB 3 years Sem 4 Criminology and Penology May 2025 - 75/25 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 24 October 2026.
Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.
Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.
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The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.
The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the May 2025 - 75/25 examination.
The law in these answers is stated as at October 2026. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Sakshya Adhiniyam replaced the IPC, the CrPC and the Evidence Act on 1 July 2024, so older papers that cite the old sections are answered under the new ones. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 repealed the Act of 2000 (s.111). The Maharashtra Prisons (Furlough and Parole) Rules, 2024 superseded the Rules of 1959, and on 4 May 2026 the Bombay High Court struck down their requirement of one year of actual imprisonment before regular parole (Vinodkumar Chellappan Pillai v. State of Maharashtra). Food adulteration now falls under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which repealed the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the May 2025 - 75/25 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the May 2025 - 75/25 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 2½ hours · Total marks 75 · 21 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B: 1. All questions are compulsory. 2. Figures to the right indicate maximum marks. 3. Cite relevant laws when necessary.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q.1
Q.1: Answer the following questions in one or two sentences, any six
12 Marks - 2 marks each
(a)Habitual Offenders[2]
Answer
A habitual offender is a person who commits crime again and again, so that crime has become a habit or a way of life. He is also called a recidivist, from the Latin for "one who falls back". Ferri described "habitual criminals or criminals by acquired habit" who live "in crime and by crime", shaped by the surroundings in which they grew up.
Indian law answers the habitual offender in three ways.
- Heavier punishment for repeat offences. Take a person already convicted of an offence against property or currency punishable with three years or more. If he commits another such offence, he may get imprisonment for life or up to ten years (s.13 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, BNS). A second theft carries a minimum of one year's rigorous imprisonment (BNS s.303(2)).
- Preventive control. Some people are "by habit a robber, house-breaker, thief, or forger", or by habit receivers of stolen property. An Executive Magistrate may require them to give security for good behaviour (s.129 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, BNSS).
- Arrest. The police may handcuff a "habitual or repeat offender" on arrest, keeping in view the nature of the offence (BNSS s.43(3)).
Criminologists add a warning. Colonial law once fixed the label "habitual" on whole communities. Today it must rest on a person's proved record, never on his birth or group.
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