Mumbai University Solved Question Papers
Environmental Laws
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
LLB 3 years · Sem 2
May 2026 - 60/40 Examination
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LLB 3 years Sem 2 Environmental Laws May 2026 - 60/40 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 17 October 2026.
Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.
Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.
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The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the May 2026 - 60/40 examination.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the May 2026 - 60/40 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the May 2026 - 60/40 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 2 hours · Total marks 60 · 22 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
SECTION I
Answer in not more than two sentences
any 6 of 10 · 12 Marks
1.Which Constitutional Amendment introduced the dual fold provisions for the protection of the environment?[2]
Answer
The answer. The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 made the "two-fold" provision for environmental protection. It placed a duty on two different actors: the State and the citizen.
Fold one: the State's duty, Article 48A. Inserted in Part IV as a Directive Principle of State Policy. The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.
Fold two: the citizen's duty, Article 51A(g). Inserted in the new Part IVA, Fundamental Duties. It is the duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife. Every citizen must also have compassion for living creatures.
Why "two-fold".
- Most constitutions place environmental duties only on the State. India's places them on the State and every citizen alike.
- Protection is treated as a shared responsibility, not a matter for Government alone.
A related change. The same Amendment moved forests and the protection of wild animals and birds from the State List to the Concurrent List. That let Parliament pass the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
Neither is directly enforceable. Article 48A cannot be enforced in court under Article 37. Article 51A(g) carries no penalty.
But both matter in court. Judges read them with Article 21 to find a right to a healthy environment. In Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1985 SC 652, limestone quarries in the Doon Valley were closed on that reasoning.
Background. The Amendment followed the Stockholm Conference of 1972.
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