Mumbai University Solved Question Papers
Environmental Laws
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
LLB 3 years · Sem 2
May 2025 - 60/40 Examination
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LLB 3 years Sem 2 Environmental Laws May 2025 - 60/40 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 17 October 2026.
Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.
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The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.
The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the May 2025 - 60/40 examination.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the May 2025 - 60/40 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the May 2025 - 60/40 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 2 hours · Total marks 60 · 22 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
SECTION I
Answer questions in one or two sentences
any 6 of 10 · 12 Marks
1.Explain 'Polluter Pays Principle'.[2]
Answer
Meaning. The polluter pays principle means that the person who causes pollution must bear the cost of it. The cost covers compensating the victims and restoring the damaged environment. It should not fall on the public or the Government.
International source. Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration, 1992. National authorities should promote the internalisation of environmental costs. The polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution.
In Indian law.
- The Bichhri case. In Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 1446, decided on 13 February 1996, chemical units had poisoned soil and groundwater in Bichhri village, Rajasthan. The Supreme Court held them absolutely liable. They had to pay to repair the environment, not merely to compensate villagers.
- Vellore. In Vellore Citizens' Welfare Forum v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 2715, tanneries polluting the Palar river were held liable under it. The Court declared the principle part of the law of the land.
- Statute. Section 20 of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 requires the Tribunal to apply it.
Two parts of the cost.
- Compensation to victims of the pollution.
- Restoration of the environment, often called the cost of reversing the damage.
Its object. To make polluters take care, by making pollution expensive. To ensure that victims are compensated and the environment is restored.
A limit. The amount must relate to the harm caused. It is not a licence to pollute on payment.
In short. The polluter, not the public, pays for the damage.
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