Mumbai University Solved Question Papers
Public International Law and Human Rights
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
BLS LLB 5 Years · Sem 9
Apr 2025 - 60/40 Examination
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BLS LLB 5 Years Sem 9 Public International Law and Human Rights Apr 2025 - 60/40 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 11 August 2026.
Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.
Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.
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The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.
The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the Apr 2025 - 60/40 examination.
The answers in this volume state the law as it stands today, not as it stood when the paper was set, and in this subject three changes matter. The Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2019 allows a Judge of the Supreme Court, and not only a former Chief Justice of India, to chair the National Human Rights Commission, and cut the term from five years to three. The Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure were replaced on 1 July 2024 by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, so sedition is now section 152 with its own saving for criticism of the government, and the provisions on arrest, rape and legal aid carry new numbers. And on 21 March 2024 the Supreme Court recognised a right against the adverse effects of climate change under Articles 14 and 21. Where a question turns on a provision since replaced, the answer gives it as it then stood and the present position, and says which is which.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the Apr 2025 - 60/40 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the Apr 2025 - 60/40 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 2 hours · Total marks 60 · 19 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B: All Questions are compulsory. Figures to right indicate marks given to the questions. Give reasons or case laws wherever necessary. Please check whether you have got the right question paper.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q. 1
Answer the following in not more than two sentences
any six · 12 Marks
(a)What is the primary source of international law?[2]
Answer
The primary sources are those in Article 38(1)(a), (b) and (c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice: international conventions, international custom as evidence of a general practice accepted as law, and the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations. Of these, treaties are the primary source in practice today, because they are written, precise and rest on express consent.
Article 38(1)(d), judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists, is expressly subsidiary: it does not create law but is a means for determining what the law is.
The rest of the answers
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