Mumbai University Solved Question Papers
Human Rights Law
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
BLS LLB 5 Years · Sem 8
May 2026 - 75/25 Examination
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BLS LLB 5 Years Sem 8 Human Rights Law May 2026 - 75/25 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 24 October 2026.
This edition revised 25 October 2026.
Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.
Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.
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The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.
The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the May 2026 - 75/25 examination.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the May 2026 - 75/25 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the May 2026 - 75/25 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 2½ hours · Total marks 75 · 21 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B: 1. Attempt all questions. 2. Cite case laws wherever required.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1.
Q.1: Answer any SIX in one or two sentences
12 Marks - 2 marks each
(1)What do you understand by three generations of Human Rights?[2]
Answer
The "three generations" is a way of grouping human rights by when they were recognised and by what they ask of the State. Karel Vasak proposed it in 1977 and matched the generations to the French triad of liberty, equality and fraternity.
First generation: civil and political rights (liberty). They grew out of the English, American and French revolutions. Examples are the right to life, free speech and a fair trial. They mainly ask the State to hold back. Their binding text is the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 (ICCPR). In India they sit in Part III of the Constitution.
Second generation: economic, social and cultural rights (equality). They grew out of industrialisation and the labour movement. Examples are the rights to work, health, education and social security. They mainly ask the State to provide, step by step, "to the maximum of its available resources" (ICESCR article 2(1)). In India they appear in Part IV, and the courts have read many of them into article 21.
Third generation: solidarity rights (fraternity). They grew out of decolonisation after 1960. Examples are the right to development, to peace and to a healthy environment. They are held by peoples, not only by individuals. Most are soft law, though the African Charter 1981 makes some binding (articles 19 to 24).
A caution worth one line. The grouping is only a teaching device. Paragraph 5 of the Vienna Declaration 1993 says all human rights are "universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated", so no generation ranks above another.
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