B.Sc. (Computer Science) Semester 6: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

What do you get

• All the notes of all the subjects in Semester 6, as per the latest syllabus 2026.
• The practical subjects too, worked out exercise by exercise: 3 practical books of 195 chapters, beside 6 theory books of 595.
• Previous year question papers, with full solutions. Linux Server Administration Practical, Linux Server Administration, Software Project Management, Mini Project - II Research-Oriented Project with Implementation, Computer Science Practical 6 and Information Retrieval Practical have no solved papers, so they are not included.
• Your own dashboard, where you can track everything you have read, subject by subject.
• Priority access in our MU B.Sc. (Computer Science) student group. The groups are open, so you can send a message any time.
• Valid for one year, 365 days from the day you pay.
• If the University revises the syllabus while your year is running, the notes are rewritten to match and you read the new version at no extra cost. You are never asked to buy the same semester twice.

1. Linux Server Administration Practical

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Linux Server Administration Practical

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 6

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Linux Server Administration Practical

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Server setup and users, static IP, services and boot, UFW and iptables, SSH, NTP, disks and file systems, processes and monitoring, BIND9 DNS and DHCP

   1. The Laboratory: One Ubuntu Server, Two Clients and One Network 1
   2. Ubuntu 16.04 Server: What MU Sets, Where It Stands Today, and the Current Release 8
   3. Making the Virtual Machine and Installing Ubuntu 16.04 Server, Screen by Screen 13
   4. The First Login: Host Name, Time Zone and Updates 18
   5. Creating Users: adduser, useradd and the Files They Write 23
   6. sudo Privileges: the sudo Group, visudo and /etc/sudoers.d 28
   7. Managing Groups: groupadd, usermod -aG, gpasswd and a Shared Directory 33
   8. Password Policies: Ageing with chage and Quality with pam_pwquality 40
   9. Verifying Authentication: PAM, the Shadow File and the Authentication Log 47
   10. Initial Server Setup and User Administration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 53
   11. How Ubuntu 16.04 Configures Its Network: Interfaces, Names and the ifupdown Files 59
   12. A Static IP Address in /etc/network/interfaces 64
   13. Verifying Connectivity: ping, ip route, traceroute and a Name Lookup 70
   14. Disabling IPv6, and Proving It Is Off 76
   15. The Same Task on Ubuntu 18.04 and Later: Netplan 82

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Server setup and users, static IP, services and boot, UFW and iptables, SSH, NTP, disks and file systems, processes and monitoring, BIND9 DNS and DHCP

   1. Static IP Configuration and Network Setup: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 87
   2. systemd on Ubuntu 16.04: Units, Targets and How the Server Boots 93
   3. Listing the Services That Are Running 98
   4. Enabling, Disabling, Starting and Stopping Services 104
   5. Reading a Service's Log: journalctl and /var/log/syslog 110
   6. Service Management and Boot Configuration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 116
   7. How a Linux Firewall Works: Netfilter, Tables, Chains and Rule Order 122
   8. UFW: Default Policies, Allowing SSH, HTTP and DNS, and Restricting Address Ranges 128
   9. iptables: the Same Policy Rule by Rule, and Making It Survive a Reboot 134
   10. Linux Firewall Configuration using UFW and iptables: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 143
   11. Installing OpenSSH Server and Logging In with a Password 151
   12. sshd_config: Changing the Server Settings Safely 157
   13. Logging In from an Ubuntu Client and from Windows 166
   14. SSH Server Installation and Secure Remote Access: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 174
   15. Time on a Server: Why It Matters, NTP Strata and timedatectl 181

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Server setup and users, static IP, services and boot, UFW and iptables, SSH, NTP, disks and file systems, processes and monitoring, BIND9 DNS and DHCP

   1. Installing ntpd and Configuring It as a Client 188
   2. Making Ubuntu the NTP Server for the Lab 195
   3. Synchronising an Ubuntu Client and a Windows Client to It 201
   4. NTP Server and Client Configuration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 206
   5. Disks, Partitions and Device Names: MBR, GPT and /dev/sdb 215
   6. Creating Partitions with fdisk and parted 222
   7. Making File Systems: ext4, XFS and the Others 229
   8. Mounting, Unmounting and Persistent Mounting with /etc/fstab 236
   9. Analysing Disk Usage: df, du and Finding What Fills a Disk 245
   10. Disk Partitioning and File System Management: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 253
   11. Processes: ps, pstree and What Each Column Means 261
   12. Watching the System Live: top and htop 269
   13. Changing Priorities: nice and renice 275
   14. Terminating Processes: kill, pkill, killall and Signals 279
   15. CPU and Memory: uptime, free, vmstat, iostat and sar 284
   16. Process Management and System Monitoring: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 289
   17. How DNS Works: Resolvers, Authoritative Servers, Zones and Records 295

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Server setup and users, static IP, services and boot, UFW and iptables, SSH, NTP, disks and file systems, processes and monitoring, BIND9 DNS and DHCP

   1. Installing BIND9 and Reading Its Configuration Files 302
   2. A Forward Lookup Zone for the Lab 308
   3. A Reverse Lookup Zone and PTR Records 313
   4. Testing Name Resolution: dig, nslookup and host 317
   5. Restricting Who May Query: ACLs, allow-query and allow-recursion 323
   6. DNS Server Installation and Configuration (BIND9): the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 328
   7. How DHCP Works: the Four Messages, Leases and Options 333
   8. isc-dhcp-server: a Subnet, a Range, and a Client Getting an Address 338
   9. Fixed Addresses by MAC Address 342
   10. DHCP Server Configuration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 346

   Module II DNS with DHCP, Apache virtual hosts, vsftpd, Postfix and Dovecot mail, NFS, Samba, LDAP, NIS, MySQL with web administration, and an enterprise deployment

   1. Dynamic DNS: How a DHCP Server Updates a Zone 352
   2. Configuring BIND and isc-dhcp-server for Dynamic Updates 362
   3. A Client Gets an Address and a Name: Checking Forward and Reverse 371
   4. Integration of DNS and DHCP Services: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 377
   5. Installing Apache 2.4 and Ubuntu's Layout of Its Files 383

   Contents continued

   Module II continued DNS with DHCP, Apache virtual hosts, vsftpd, Postfix and Dovecot mail, NFS, Samba, LDAP, NIS, MySQL with web administration, and an enterprise deployment

   1. Deploying a Test Website 388
   2. Name-Based Virtual Hosts: Two Sites on One Address 393
   3. HTTPS: a Certificate, mod_ssl and the Port 443 Virtual Host 398
   4. Verifying HTTP and HTTPS from the Clients 403
   5. Apache Web Server Installation and Virtual Hosting: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 408
   6. How FTP Works: Control and Data Connections, Active and Passive 414
   7. Installing vsftpd: Uploads and Downloads for Local Users 419
   8. Directory Restrictions: chroot and the User List 425
   9. Securing vsftpd: No Anonymous Login, TLS and the Firewall 432
   10. FTP Server Configuration (vsftpd): the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 438
   11. How Email Moves: MUA, MTA and MDA, SMTP, POP3 and IMAP 447
   12. Installing Postfix for the Local Network 454
   13. Sending Mail and Watching It Arrive 462
   14. Dovecot: POP3 and IMAP for the Same Mailboxes 469
   15. Reading Mail over POP3 and IMAP 477
   16. Mail Server Configuration (SMTP, POP3, IMAP): the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 486
   17. How NFS Works, and Installing the Server 495

   Contents continued

   Module II continued DNS with DHCP, Apache virtual hosts, vsftpd, Postfix and Dovecot mail, NFS, Samba, LDAP, NIS, MySQL with web administration, and an enterprise deployment

   1. Exporting a Directory: /etc/exports and exportfs 500
   2. Mounting an Export on a Linux Client, and at Boot 505
   3. Permissions over NFS: UIDs, root_squash, all_squash and Windows Clients 511
   4. NFS Server and Client Configuration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 516
   5. How Samba Fits: SMB, smbd, nmbd and the Workgroup 522
   6. Installing Samba and Sharing a Directory 528
   7. Samba Users: smbpasswd and Who May Use a Share 533
   8. Verifying Access from Linux and from Windows 538
   9. Samba Server Configuration for Windows and Linux File Sharing: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 544
   10. What a Directory Is: Entries, DNs, Object Classes and Schemas 552
   11. Installing OpenLDAP and Reading the Tree 558
   12. Adding Organisational Units, Groups and Users with LDIF 564
   13. phpLDAPadmin: Managing Entries in a Browser 569
   14. Logging In as an LDAP User: nslcd, NSS and PAM 579
   15. LDAP Server Configuration and User Account Management: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 585
   16. How NIS Works: Domains, Maps, the Master and Its Clients 593
   17. Configuring the NIS Master Server 599

   Contents continued

   Module II continued DNS with DHCP, Apache virtual hosts, vsftpd, Postfix and Dovecot mail, NFS, Samba, LDAP, NIS, MySQL with web administration, and an enterprise deployment

   1. Binding a Client and Logging In as a NIS User 609
   2. NIS Server and Client Configuration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 617
   3. Installing MySQL 5.7 and mysql_secure_installation 628
   4. Creating Databases and Users, and Granting Privileges 635
   5. Secure Access: bind-address, Remote Users and Least Privilege 645
   6. phpMyAdmin: Managing a Database from a Browser 651
   7. MySQL Server Installation and Web-based Administration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 657
   8. Designing the Integrated Server: the Service Inventory and the Address Plan 665
   9. Building It: DNS, DHCP, SSH and the Firewall 672
   10. Building It: LDAP or NIS, and NFS or Samba 679
   11. Building It: Apache and MySQL, a Small Web Application 686
   12. Validating Every Service from the Ubuntu and Windows Clients 696
   13. Enterprise Linux Server Deployment and Service Integration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up 703

   Module J The journal and the practical examination

   1. The Journal: What Goes in It, and the Shape of One Write-up 715
   2. The Practical Examination and the Mid-Term: Two Questions, Two Hours 719

   Contents continued

   Module J continued The journal and the practical examination

   1. Questions Likely on Module 1, Worked 724
   2. Questions Likely on Module 2, Worked 732
   3. When a Service Will Not Start: a Method for the Examination Hall 739

   Page 1 onwards

   747 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 747 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 114 chapters across 3 modules

   Module I Server setup and users, static IP, services and boot, UFW and iptables, SSH, NTP, disks and file systems, processes and monitoring, BIND9 DNS and DHCP 57 chapters

   1. 1 The Laboratory: One Ubuntu Server, Two Clients and One Network pages 1 to 7
   2. 2 Ubuntu 16.04 Server: What MU Sets, Where It Stands Today, and the Current Release pages 8 to 12
   3. 3 Making the Virtual Machine and Installing Ubuntu 16.04 Server, Screen by Screen pages 13 to 17
   4. 4 The First Login: Host Name, Time Zone and Updates pages 18 to 22
   5. 5 Creating Users: adduser, useradd and the Files They Write pages 23 to 27
   6. 6 sudo Privileges: the sudo Group, visudo and /etc/sudoers.d pages 28 to 32
   7. 7 Managing Groups: groupadd, usermod -aG, gpasswd and a Shared Directory pages 33 to 39
   8. 8 Password Policies: Ageing with chage and Quality with pam_pwquality pages 40 to 46
   9. 9 Verifying Authentication: PAM, the Shadow File and the Authentication Log pages 47 to 52
   10. 10 Initial Server Setup and User Administration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 53 to 58
   11. 11 How Ubuntu 16.04 Configures Its Network: Interfaces, Names and the ifupdown Files pages 59 to 63
   12. 12 A Static IP Address in /etc/network/interfaces pages 64 to 69
   13. 13 Verifying Connectivity: ping, ip route, traceroute and a Name Lookup pages 70 to 75
   14. 14 Disabling IPv6, and Proving It Is Off pages 76 to 81
   15. 15 The Same Task on Ubuntu 18.04 and Later: Netplan pages 82 to 86
   16. 16 Static IP Configuration and Network Setup: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 87 to 92
   17. 17 systemd on Ubuntu 16.04: Units, Targets and How the Server Boots pages 93 to 97
   18. 18 Listing the Services That Are Running pages 98 to 103
   19. 19 Enabling, Disabling, Starting and Stopping Services pages 104 to 109
   20. 20 Reading a Service's Log: journalctl and /var/log/syslog pages 110 to 115
   21. 21 Service Management and Boot Configuration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 116 to 121
   22. 22 How a Linux Firewall Works: Netfilter, Tables, Chains and Rule Order pages 122 to 127
   23. 23 UFW: Default Policies, Allowing SSH, HTTP and DNS, and Restricting Address Ranges pages 128 to 133
   24. 24 iptables: the Same Policy Rule by Rule, and Making It Survive a Reboot pages 134 to 142
   25. 25 Linux Firewall Configuration using UFW and iptables: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 143 to 150
   26. 26 Installing OpenSSH Server and Logging In with a Password pages 151 to 156
   27. 27 sshd_config: Changing the Server Settings Safely pages 157 to 165
   28. 28 Logging In from an Ubuntu Client and from Windows pages 166 to 173
   29. 29 SSH Server Installation and Secure Remote Access: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 174 to 180
   30. 30 Time on a Server: Why It Matters, NTP Strata and timedatectl pages 181 to 187
   31. 31 Installing ntpd and Configuring It as a Client pages 188 to 194
   32. 32 Making Ubuntu the NTP Server for the Lab pages 195 to 200
   33. 33 Synchronising an Ubuntu Client and a Windows Client to It pages 201 to 205
   34. 34 NTP Server and Client Configuration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 206 to 214
   35. 35 Disks, Partitions and Device Names: MBR, GPT and /dev/sdb pages 215 to 221
   36. 36 Creating Partitions with fdisk and parted pages 222 to 228
   37. 37 Making File Systems: ext4, XFS and the Others pages 229 to 235
   38. 38 Mounting, Unmounting and Persistent Mounting with /etc/fstab pages 236 to 244
   39. 39 Analysing Disk Usage: df, du and Finding What Fills a Disk pages 245 to 252
   40. 40 Disk Partitioning and File System Management: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 253 to 260
   41. 41 Processes: ps, pstree and What Each Column Means pages 261 to 268
   42. 42 Watching the System Live: top and htop pages 269 to 274
   43. 43 Changing Priorities: nice and renice pages 275 to 278
   44. 44 Terminating Processes: kill, pkill, killall and Signals pages 279 to 283
   45. 45 CPU and Memory: uptime, free, vmstat, iostat and sar pages 284 to 288
   46. 46 Process Management and System Monitoring: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 289 to 294
   47. 47 How DNS Works: Resolvers, Authoritative Servers, Zones and Records pages 295 to 301
   48. 48 Installing BIND9 and Reading Its Configuration Files pages 302 to 307
   49. 49 A Forward Lookup Zone for the Lab pages 308 to 312
   50. 50 A Reverse Lookup Zone and PTR Records pages 313 to 316
   51. 51 Testing Name Resolution: dig, nslookup and host pages 317 to 322
   52. 52 Restricting Who May Query: ACLs, allow-query and allow-recursion pages 323 to 327
   53. 53 DNS Server Installation and Configuration (BIND9): the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 328 to 332
   54. 54 How DHCP Works: the Four Messages, Leases and Options pages 333 to 337
   55. 55 isc-dhcp-server: a Subnet, a Range, and a Client Getting an Address pages 338 to 341
   56. 56 Fixed Addresses by MAC Address pages 342 to 345
   57. 57 DHCP Server Configuration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 346 to 351

   Module II DNS with DHCP, Apache virtual hosts, vsftpd, Postfix and Dovecot mail, NFS, Samba, LDAP, NIS, MySQL with web administration, and an enterprise deployment 52 chapters

   1. 58 Dynamic DNS: How a DHCP Server Updates a Zone pages 352 to 361
   2. 59 Configuring BIND and isc-dhcp-server for Dynamic Updates pages 362 to 370
   3. 60 A Client Gets an Address and a Name: Checking Forward and Reverse pages 371 to 376
   4. 61 Integration of DNS and DHCP Services: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 377 to 382
   5. 62 Installing Apache 2.4 and Ubuntu's Layout of Its Files pages 383 to 387
   6. 63 Deploying a Test Website pages 388 to 392
   7. 64 Name-Based Virtual Hosts: Two Sites on One Address pages 393 to 397
   8. 65 HTTPS: a Certificate, mod_ssl and the Port 443 Virtual Host pages 398 to 402
   9. 66 Verifying HTTP and HTTPS from the Clients pages 403 to 407
   10. 67 Apache Web Server Installation and Virtual Hosting: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 408 to 413
   11. 68 How FTP Works: Control and Data Connections, Active and Passive pages 414 to 418
   12. 69 Installing vsftpd: Uploads and Downloads for Local Users pages 419 to 424
   13. 70 Directory Restrictions: chroot and the User List pages 425 to 431
   14. 71 Securing vsftpd: No Anonymous Login, TLS and the Firewall pages 432 to 437
   15. 72 FTP Server Configuration (vsftpd): the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 438 to 446
   16. 73 How Email Moves: MUA, MTA and MDA, SMTP, POP3 and IMAP pages 447 to 453
   17. 74 Installing Postfix for the Local Network pages 454 to 461
   18. 75 Sending Mail and Watching It Arrive pages 462 to 468
   19. 76 Dovecot: POP3 and IMAP for the Same Mailboxes pages 469 to 476
   20. 77 Reading Mail over POP3 and IMAP pages 477 to 485
   21. 78 Mail Server Configuration (SMTP, POP3, IMAP): the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 486 to 494
   22. 79 How NFS Works, and Installing the Server pages 495 to 499
   23. 80 Exporting a Directory: /etc/exports and exportfs pages 500 to 504
   24. 81 Mounting an Export on a Linux Client, and at Boot pages 505 to 510
   25. 82 Permissions over NFS: UIDs, root_squash, all_squash and Windows Clients pages 511 to 515
   26. 83 NFS Server and Client Configuration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 516 to 521
   27. 84 How Samba Fits: SMB, smbd, nmbd and the Workgroup pages 522 to 527
   28. 85 Installing Samba and Sharing a Directory pages 528 to 532
   29. 86 Samba Users: smbpasswd and Who May Use a Share pages 533 to 537
   30. 87 Verifying Access from Linux and from Windows pages 538 to 543
   31. 88 Samba Server Configuration for Windows and Linux File Sharing: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 544 to 551
   32. 89 What a Directory Is: Entries, DNs, Object Classes and Schemas pages 552 to 557
   33. 90 Installing OpenLDAP and Reading the Tree pages 558 to 563
   34. 91 Adding Organisational Units, Groups and Users with LDIF pages 564 to 568
   35. 92 phpLDAPadmin: Managing Entries in a Browser pages 569 to 578
   36. 93 Logging In as an LDAP User: nslcd, NSS and PAM pages 579 to 584
   37. 94 LDAP Server Configuration and User Account Management: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 585 to 592
   38. 95 How NIS Works: Domains, Maps, the Master and Its Clients pages 593 to 598
   39. 96 Configuring the NIS Master Server pages 599 to 608
   40. 97 Binding a Client and Logging In as a NIS User pages 609 to 616
   41. 98 NIS Server and Client Configuration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 617 to 627
   42. 99 Installing MySQL 5.7 and mysql_secure_installation pages 628 to 634
   43. 100 Creating Databases and Users, and Granting Privileges pages 635 to 644
   44. 101 Secure Access: bind-address, Remote Users and Least Privilege pages 645 to 650
   45. 102 phpMyAdmin: Managing a Database from a Browser pages 651 to 656
   46. 103 MySQL Server Installation and Web-based Administration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 657 to 664
   47. 104 Designing the Integrated Server: the Service Inventory and the Address Plan pages 665 to 671
   48. 105 Building It: DNS, DHCP, SSH and the Firewall pages 672 to 678
   49. 106 Building It: LDAP or NIS, and NFS or Samba pages 679 to 685
   50. 107 Building It: Apache and MySQL, a Small Web Application pages 686 to 695
   51. 108 Validating Every Service from the Ubuntu and Windows Clients pages 696 to 702
   52. 109 Enterprise Linux Server Deployment and Service Integration: the Procedure and the Journal Write-up pages 703 to 714

   Module J The journal and the practical examination 5 chapters

   1. 110 The Journal: What Goes in It, and the Shape of One Write-up pages 715 to 718
   2. 111 The Practical Examination and the Mid-Term: Two Questions, Two Hours pages 719 to 723
   3. 112 Questions Likely on Module 1, Worked pages 724 to 731
   4. 113 Questions Likely on Module 2, Worked pages 732 to 738
   5. 114 When a Service Will Not Start: a Method for the Examination Hall pages 739 to 747

2. Linux Server Administration

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Linux Server Administration

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 6

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Linux Server Administration

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I The Linux server, single-host administration, networking and security

   1. Introduction to Linux Server Environment: What a Server Is and Why It Runs Linux 1
   2. Linux Distributions: What a Distribution Is and How They Differ 8
   3. Debian and Ubuntu: The Debian Family 14
   4. RHEL, CentOS and Fedora: The Red Hat Family 20
   5. Linux Architecture Overview: Hardware, Kernel, Shell and Programs 25
   6. The Kernel: Processes, Memory, Devices and System Calls 30
   7. The Shell: How an Administrator Talks to the System 36
   8. The File System Hierarchy: Where Everything Lives on a Server 44
   9. Package Management Systems: Packages, Dependencies and Repositories 50
   10. APT: Installing, Upgrading and Removing Software on Ubuntu 56
   11. YUM and DNF: Package Management on the Red Hat Family 64
   12. Managing Software Repositories: Ubuntu Sources and DNF .repo Files 73
   13. Keeping a Server Updated: Security Updates, Automatic Upgrades and Reboots 83
   14. Single-Host Administration: Users, Groups and the Files Behind Them 94
   15. Creating and Changing Users: useradd and usermod 103
   16. Passwords and Groups: passwd and groupadd 112

   Contents continued

   Module I continued The Linux server, single-host administration, networking and security

   1. sudo: Giving an Administrator Account Its Power 120
   2. Password Policies: Ageing with chage and Strength with pam_pwquality 127
   3. File Permissions and Ownership: Read, Write and Execute 135
   4. Beyond rwx: setuid, setgid, the Sticky Bit and ACLs 143
   5. The Boot Process: From Power On to the Login Prompt 151
   6. System Initialization: systemd, Units and Targets 157
   7. Booting and Shutting Down a Server Safely 163
   8. Managing Services with systemctl 171
   9. Writing a Service Unit of Your Own 177
   10. Core System Services: What Runs on Every Linux Server 184
   11. Logging: journald, journalctl, rsyslog and /var/log 189
   12. Processes and System Monitoring: ps, top, nice and kill 196
   13. Linux File Systems: Inodes, Blocks, Journals and Types 204
   14. ext4 and XFS: The Two Main Server File Systems 211
   15. Mounting: Attaching a File System to the Directory Tree 219
   16. /etc/fstab: Mounting at Every Boot 224
   17. Disk Management Basics: Disks, Partitions, MBR and GPT 229
   18. Partitioning a Disk with fdisk and Checking It with lsblk 236
   19. df and du: Measuring Disk Space and Finding What Uses It 244

   Contents continued

   Module I continued The Linux server, single-host administration, networking and security

   1. Configuring and Compiling the Linux Kernel: The Process in Outline 250
   2. Networking Fundamentals: The TCP/IP Model for System Administrators 258
   3. TCP, UDP, Ports and Sockets: What ss Shows You 266
   4. IP Addressing: IPv4, IPv6 and Special Addresses 275
   5. Subnetting Basics: Masks, Prefixes, Network and Broadcast Addresses 282
   6. Network Configuration on Ubuntu Server: ip and Netplan 288
   7. Turning IPv6 Off When a Server Does Not Need It 297
   8. Hostname Resolution: hostnamectl, /etc/hosts, nsswitch and resolv.conf 303
   9. DNS Basics for Administrators: Querying with dig and host 310
   10. Routing Tables: How a Server Decides Where a Packet Goes 316
   11. Basic Network Troubleshooting: A Layer by Layer Method 322
   12. Time Synchronisation: NTP, chrony and an NTP Server for the Network 330
   13. Linux Security and Firewall: What a Host Firewall Does 336
   14. The Netfilter Framework: Hooks, Tables and Chains 342
   15. iptables: Writing Firewall Rules 348
   16. firewalld: Zones, Services and firewall-cmd 356
   17. UFW: The Uncomplicated Firewall on Ubuntu 363

   Contents continued

   Module I continued The Linux server, single-host administration, networking and security

   1. System Hardening Principles: Shrinking the Attack Surface 371
   2. Hardening an Ubuntu Server in Practice 377
   3. User Authentication Mechanisms: Passwords, Hashes and PAM 385
   4. Basic Network Security Concepts: CIA, Threats and Defence in Depth 394
   5. Log Monitoring: Reading the Logs for Trouble 401
   6. Intrusion Detection: Host and Network IDS, AIDE and fail2ban 409

   Module II Internet, mail, authentication, intranet and application services

   1. Internet Services Configuration: How a Server Offers a Service 416
   2. The Domain Name System: Names, Zones and Resolution 422
   3. DNS Records and Zone Files 430
   4. BIND9: Installing a Caching DNS Server 436
   5. BIND9 Forward and Reverse Lookup Zones 446
   6. Restricting Who May Query a DNS Server 453
   7. FTP: How the File Transfer Protocol Works 461
   8. Setting Up an FTP Server with vsftpd 467
   9. vsftpd: Directory Restrictions and Security Settings 472
   10. HTTP: Requests, Responses and Status Codes 479
   11. Apache Web Server: Installation and Configuration 485

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Internet, mail, authentication, intranet and application services

   1. Apache Virtual Hosts: Several Websites on One Server 490
   2. HTTPS on Apache: TLS, Certificates and mod_ssl 495
   3. SMTP: The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 503
   4. Email Services Architecture: How a Message Travels 511
   5. POP3: The Post Office Protocol 520
   6. IMAP: Keeping Mail on the Server 529
   7. SSH: How the Secure Shell Works 539
   8. Configuring SSH: Key-Based Login and sshd_config 547
   9. Hardening SSH 557
   10. Logging In to a Linux Server from Windows 566
   11. Network Authentication Systems: Why a Network Needs Central Login 572
   12. Kerberos: Tickets, the KDC and Single Sign-On 579
   13. Kerberos in Practice: An MIT KDC, kinit and klist 586
   14. LDAP: Directories, Entries and Distinguished Names 593
   15. OpenLDAP: Installing slapd and Adding Users 599
   16. Managing a Directory in a Browser: phpLDAPadmin 607
   17. NIS: The Network Information Service 617
   18. Security Considerations in Service Deployment 627
   19. NFS: Sharing Directories Between Linux Machines 633

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Internet, mail, authentication, intranet and application services

   1. NFS Permissions, Root Squash and Windows Clients 639
   2. Samba: Linux and Windows File Sharing 646
   3. Samba Users, Permissions and Access from Windows 656
   4. Distributed File Systems: One Namespace Across Many Servers 661
   5. DHCP: How a Client Gets Its Address 668
   6. Configuring a DHCP Server 675
   7. DHCP Reservations: A Fixed Address for a MAC Address 682
   8. DHCP and DNS Together: Dynamic DNS Updates 690
   9. File Services Management: Shares, Quotas and Backups 698
   10. MySQL Server: Installation, Security and Users 709
   11. MySQL Administration: Backups, Logs and Status 717
   12. phpMyAdmin: Managing MySQL in a Web Browser 726
   13. The LAMP Stack: Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP 731
   14. Deploying a LAMP Application: A Notice Board Step by Step 737
   15. Email Services Configuration: Postfix as the Mail Server 744
   16. Postfix and Dovecot Together: Sending and Receiving Mail 750
   17. Chat Applications: Running a Chat Server for an Organisation 757
   18. Virtual Private Networks: Concepts 765
   19. VPN Configuration: A WireGuard Tunnel Step by Step 772

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Internet, mail, authentication, intranet and application services

   1. VPN Configuration: OpenVPN with Certificates 779
   2. Putting It Together: An Integrated Enterprise Linux Server 790
   3. What the Examination Asks, and How to Answer It 801

   Page 1 onwards

   806 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 806 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 110 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I The Linux server, single-host administration, networking and security 58 chapters

   1. 1 Introduction to Linux Server Environment: What a Server Is and Why It Runs Linux pages 1 to 7
   2. 2 Linux Distributions: What a Distribution Is and How They Differ pages 8 to 13
   3. 3 Debian and Ubuntu: The Debian Family pages 14 to 19
   4. 4 RHEL, CentOS and Fedora: The Red Hat Family pages 20 to 24
   5. 5 Linux Architecture Overview: Hardware, Kernel, Shell and Programs pages 25 to 29
   6. 6 The Kernel: Processes, Memory, Devices and System Calls pages 30 to 35
   7. 7 The Shell: How an Administrator Talks to the System pages 36 to 43
   8. 8 The File System Hierarchy: Where Everything Lives on a Server pages 44 to 49
   9. 9 Package Management Systems: Packages, Dependencies and Repositories pages 50 to 55
   10. 10 APT: Installing, Upgrading and Removing Software on Ubuntu pages 56 to 63
   11. 11 YUM and DNF: Package Management on the Red Hat Family pages 64 to 72
   12. 12 Managing Software Repositories: Ubuntu Sources and DNF .repo Files pages 73 to 82
   13. 13 Keeping a Server Updated: Security Updates, Automatic Upgrades and Reboots pages 83 to 93
   14. 14 Single-Host Administration: Users, Groups and the Files Behind Them pages 94 to 102
   15. 15 Creating and Changing Users: useradd and usermod pages 103 to 111
   16. 16 Passwords and Groups: passwd and groupadd pages 112 to 119
   17. 17 sudo: Giving an Administrator Account Its Power pages 120 to 126
   18. 18 Password Policies: Ageing with chage and Strength with pam_pwquality pages 127 to 134
   19. 19 File Permissions and Ownership: Read, Write and Execute pages 135 to 142
   20. 20 Beyond rwx: setuid, setgid, the Sticky Bit and ACLs pages 143 to 150
   21. 21 The Boot Process: From Power On to the Login Prompt pages 151 to 156
   22. 22 System Initialization: systemd, Units and Targets pages 157 to 162
   23. 23 Booting and Shutting Down a Server Safely pages 163 to 170
   24. 24 Managing Services with systemctl pages 171 to 176
   25. 25 Writing a Service Unit of Your Own pages 177 to 183
   26. 26 Core System Services: What Runs on Every Linux Server pages 184 to 188
   27. 27 Logging: journald, journalctl, rsyslog and /var/log pages 189 to 195
   28. 28 Processes and System Monitoring: ps, top, nice and kill pages 196 to 203
   29. 29 Linux File Systems: Inodes, Blocks, Journals and Types pages 204 to 210
   30. 30 ext4 and XFS: The Two Main Server File Systems pages 211 to 218
   31. 31 Mounting: Attaching a File System to the Directory Tree pages 219 to 223
   32. 32 /etc/fstab: Mounting at Every Boot pages 224 to 228
   33. 33 Disk Management Basics: Disks, Partitions, MBR and GPT pages 229 to 235
   34. 34 Partitioning a Disk with fdisk and Checking It with lsblk pages 236 to 243
   35. 35 df and du: Measuring Disk Space and Finding What Uses It pages 244 to 249
   36. 36 Configuring and Compiling the Linux Kernel: The Process in Outline pages 250 to 257
   37. 37 Networking Fundamentals: The TCP/IP Model for System Administrators pages 258 to 265
   38. 38 TCP, UDP, Ports and Sockets: What ss Shows You pages 266 to 274
   39. 39 IP Addressing: IPv4, IPv6 and Special Addresses pages 275 to 281
   40. 40 Subnetting Basics: Masks, Prefixes, Network and Broadcast Addresses pages 282 to 287
   41. 41 Network Configuration on Ubuntu Server: ip and Netplan pages 288 to 296
   42. 42 Turning IPv6 Off When a Server Does Not Need It pages 297 to 302
   43. 43 Hostname Resolution: hostnamectl, /etc/hosts, nsswitch and resolv.conf pages 303 to 309
   44. 44 DNS Basics for Administrators: Querying with dig and host pages 310 to 315
   45. 45 Routing Tables: How a Server Decides Where a Packet Goes pages 316 to 321
   46. 46 Basic Network Troubleshooting: A Layer by Layer Method pages 322 to 329
   47. 47 Time Synchronisation: NTP, chrony and an NTP Server for the Network pages 330 to 335
   48. 48 Linux Security and Firewall: What a Host Firewall Does pages 336 to 341
   49. 49 The Netfilter Framework: Hooks, Tables and Chains pages 342 to 347
   50. 50 iptables: Writing Firewall Rules pages 348 to 355
   51. 51 firewalld: Zones, Services and firewall-cmd pages 356 to 362
   52. 52 UFW: The Uncomplicated Firewall on Ubuntu pages 363 to 370
   53. 53 System Hardening Principles: Shrinking the Attack Surface pages 371 to 376
   54. 54 Hardening an Ubuntu Server in Practice pages 377 to 384
   55. 55 User Authentication Mechanisms: Passwords, Hashes and PAM pages 385 to 393
   56. 56 Basic Network Security Concepts: CIA, Threats and Defence in Depth pages 394 to 400
   57. 57 Log Monitoring: Reading the Logs for Trouble pages 401 to 408
   58. 58 Intrusion Detection: Host and Network IDS, AIDE and fail2ban pages 409 to 415

   Module II Internet, mail, authentication, intranet and application services 52 chapters

   1. 59 Internet Services Configuration: How a Server Offers a Service pages 416 to 421
   2. 60 The Domain Name System: Names, Zones and Resolution pages 422 to 429
   3. 61 DNS Records and Zone Files pages 430 to 435
   4. 62 BIND9: Installing a Caching DNS Server pages 436 to 445
   5. 63 BIND9 Forward and Reverse Lookup Zones pages 446 to 452
   6. 64 Restricting Who May Query a DNS Server pages 453 to 460
   7. 65 FTP: How the File Transfer Protocol Works pages 461 to 466
   8. 66 Setting Up an FTP Server with vsftpd pages 467 to 471
   9. 67 vsftpd: Directory Restrictions and Security Settings pages 472 to 478
   10. 68 HTTP: Requests, Responses and Status Codes pages 479 to 484
   11. 69 Apache Web Server: Installation and Configuration pages 485 to 489
   12. 70 Apache Virtual Hosts: Several Websites on One Server pages 490 to 494
   13. 71 HTTPS on Apache: TLS, Certificates and mod_ssl pages 495 to 502
   14. 72 SMTP: The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol pages 503 to 510
   15. 73 Email Services Architecture: How a Message Travels pages 511 to 519
   16. 74 POP3: The Post Office Protocol pages 520 to 528
   17. 75 IMAP: Keeping Mail on the Server pages 529 to 538
   18. 76 SSH: How the Secure Shell Works pages 539 to 546
   19. 77 Configuring SSH: Key-Based Login and sshd_config pages 547 to 556
   20. 78 Hardening SSH pages 557 to 565
   21. 79 Logging In to a Linux Server from Windows pages 566 to 571
   22. 80 Network Authentication Systems: Why a Network Needs Central Login pages 572 to 578
   23. 81 Kerberos: Tickets, the KDC and Single Sign-On pages 579 to 585
   24. 82 Kerberos in Practice: An MIT KDC, kinit and klist pages 586 to 592
   25. 83 LDAP: Directories, Entries and Distinguished Names pages 593 to 598
   26. 84 OpenLDAP: Installing slapd and Adding Users pages 599 to 606
   27. 85 Managing a Directory in a Browser: phpLDAPadmin pages 607 to 616
   28. 86 NIS: The Network Information Service pages 617 to 626
   29. 87 Security Considerations in Service Deployment pages 627 to 632
   30. 88 NFS: Sharing Directories Between Linux Machines pages 633 to 638
   31. 89 NFS Permissions, Root Squash and Windows Clients pages 639 to 645
   32. 90 Samba: Linux and Windows File Sharing pages 646 to 655
   33. 91 Samba Users, Permissions and Access from Windows pages 656 to 660
   34. 92 Distributed File Systems: One Namespace Across Many Servers pages 661 to 667
   35. 93 DHCP: How a Client Gets Its Address pages 668 to 674
   36. 94 Configuring a DHCP Server pages 675 to 681
   37. 95 DHCP Reservations: A Fixed Address for a MAC Address pages 682 to 689
   38. 96 DHCP and DNS Together: Dynamic DNS Updates pages 690 to 697
   39. 97 File Services Management: Shares, Quotas and Backups pages 698 to 708
   40. 98 MySQL Server: Installation, Security and Users pages 709 to 716
   41. 99 MySQL Administration: Backups, Logs and Status pages 717 to 725
   42. 100 phpMyAdmin: Managing MySQL in a Web Browser pages 726 to 730
   43. 101 The LAMP Stack: Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP pages 731 to 736
   44. 102 Deploying a LAMP Application: A Notice Board Step by Step pages 737 to 743
   45. 103 Email Services Configuration: Postfix as the Mail Server pages 744 to 749
   46. 104 Postfix and Dovecot Together: Sending and Receiving Mail pages 750 to 756
   47. 105 Chat Applications: Running a Chat Server for an Organisation pages 757 to 764
   48. 106 Virtual Private Networks: Concepts pages 765 to 771
   49. 107 VPN Configuration: A WireGuard Tunnel Step by Step pages 772 to 778
   50. 108 VPN Configuration: OpenVPN with Certificates pages 779 to 789
   51. 109 Putting It Together: An Integrated Enterprise Linux Server pages 790 to 800
   52. 110 What the Examination Asks, and How to Answer It pages 801 to 806

3. Cloud Computing

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Cloud Computing

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 6

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Cloud Computing

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Web services, virtualization and the cloud

   1. Cloud Computing Basics: Why a Cloud Course Starts with Web Services 1
   2. What a Web Service Is: Provider, Requester and the Contract Between Them 6
   3. Distributed Computing: Many Computers, One System 12
   4. Distributed Computing Models: Client-Server, Peer-to-Peer and Remote Calls 18
   5. Parallel Computing: Flynn's Taxonomy and Memory Architectures 24
   6. Speedup, Amdahl's Law, and Parallel and Distributed Computing Compared 30
   7. XML for Web Services: Elements, Namespaces and XML Schema 35
   8. WSDL Structure: Types, Messages and Port Types 40
   9. WSDL Structure: Bindings, Services and a Whole WSDL Read Line by Line 45
   10. SOAP: What It Is and Why It Exists 52
   11. The Structure of a SOAP Message in JAX-WS 57
   12. Building and Publishing a SOAP Service with JAX-WS 62
   13. A JAX-WS Client and the SOAP Messages on the Wire 68
   14. SOAP Faults: When a Service Says No 73
   15. The SOAP Messaging Architecture: Nodes, Roles, Intermediaries and the Message Path 80
   16. The SOAP Header: Header Blocks, role and mustUnderstand 85
   17. Adding and Reading a SOAP Header in JAX-WS 90

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Web services, virtualization and the cloud

   1. The Client-Side SOAP Handler 95
   2. Handler Chains: Logical Handlers, a Service-Side Handler and the Order They Run In 100
   3. Sending Binary Data in SOAP: MTOM and XOP 107
   4. One Service, Two Clients: Calling a SOAP Service from Java and .NET 116
   5. REST: Representational State Transfer 125
   6. What Is REST? The Constraints and the Uniform Interface 131
   7. Designing a REST API: Resources, URIs and JSON Representations 137
   8. HTTP Methods: GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH and OPTIONS 142
   9. HTTP Status Codes and Headers in a REST API 148
   10. JAX-RS: The Java API for RESTful Web Services 154
   11. JAX-RS in Detail: Parameters, Media Types and the Response Class 160
   12. A CRUD REST Service with JAX-RS 168
   13. Testing a REST Service: cURL, Postman and the JAX-RS Client API 177
   14. Consuming an External REST API: Google Maps Geocoding 187
   15. SOAP and REST Compared 199
   16. Virtualization: The Idea, the Hypervisor and the Virtual Machine 207

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Web services, virtualization and the cloud

   1. How Virtualization Is Done: Full, Para and Hardware-Assisted Virtualization 213
   2. Kinds of Virtualization: Server, Storage, Network, Desktop and Application 219
   3. Characteristics of Virtualized Environments: Guest, Host, Virtualization Layer and Increased Security 226
   4. Characteristics of Virtualized Environments: Managed Execution and Portability 232
   5. Pros and Cons of Virtualization 238
   6. KVM: The Kernel-Based Virtual Machine 243
   7. Setting Up KVM: The CPU Check, QEMU, libvirt, virsh and virt-manager 249
   8. Creating Virtual Machines with virt-install and virt-manager 256
   9. A Virtual Machine's Life: Start, Shut Down, Snapshot and Clone 263
   10. Virtual Networking in KVM: NAT, Bridged and Isolated 269
   11. oVirt: A Management Tool for the Virtualization Environment 277
   12. Working with oVirt: Data Centers, Clusters, Hosts, Storage Domains and Virtual Machines 281
   13. Introduction to Cloud Computing: From Utility Computing to the Cloud 287
   14. Defining Cloud Computing: NIST's Definition and Others 293
   15. Cloud Service Models: IaaS, PaaS and SaaS 299

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Web services, virtualization and the cloud

   1. Types of Clouds: Public, Private, Community and Hybrid 306
   2. Types of Cloud Platforms 312
   3. Deploying Software Solutions and Web Applications on the Cloud 319
   4. An Open-Source PaaS: Deploying, Updating and Scaling a Web Application 325
   5. The Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing 332
   6. On-Demand Self-Service 337
   7. Broad Network Access 344
   8. Location-Independent Resource Pooling and Multi-Tenancy 351
   9. Rapid Elasticity: Scaling Out and In 357
   10. Measured Service: Metering and Pay-Per-Use 362
   11. Comparing Cloud Providers with Traditional IT Service Providers 367

   Module II Cloud software security, CloudSim, OpenStack and AWS

   1. Cloud Computing Software Security Fundamentals 371
   2. Cloud Information Security Objectives 378
   3. Confidentiality 384
   4. Integrity 392
   5. Availability 399

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Cloud software security, CloudSim, OpenStack and AWS

   1. Cloud Security Services: Identification, Authentication and Authorization 405
   2. Cloud Security Services: Accountability, Auditing and Non-Repudiation 411
   3. Cloud Security Design Principles: Least Privilege, Separation of Duties and Defense in Depth 417
   4. Cloud Security Design Principles: Fail-Safe Defaults to Psychological Acceptability 422
   5. Secure Cloud Software Requirements 426
   6. Secure Development Practices: The SSDF, Handling Data and Writing the Code 432
   7. Secure Development Practices: Input Validation and Injection 437
   8. Approaches to Cloud Software Requirement Engineering 444
   9. Cloud Security Policy Implementation 449
   10. Introduction to Simulators: Why Clouds Are Simulated 457
   11. Understanding the CloudSim Simulator: Datacenters, Hosts, VMs, Cloudlets and Brokers 465
   12. The CloudSim Architecture: User Code, CloudSim, GridSim and SimJava 472
   13. Understanding the Working Platform for CloudSim: The JDK, Maven and the First Run 476
   14. A First CloudSim Simulation, Read Line by Line 483
   15. Scheduling in CloudSim: Space-Shared and Time-Shared 492

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Cloud software security, CloudSim, OpenStack and AWS

   1. Introduction to OpenStack 500
   2. The OpenStack Services: Keystone, Glance, Nova, Neutron, Cinder, Swift, Placement, Horizon and Heat 505
   3. OpenStack Test-Drive: Trying OpenStack with DevStack 513
   4. Basic OpenStack Operations: Images, Flavors, Key Pairs and Instances 519
   5. Basic OpenStack Operations: Networks, Security Groups, Floating IPs and Volumes 526
   6. The OpenStack Command-Line Client 534
   7. The OpenStack APIs: Tokens, the Service Catalog and REST Calls 540
   8. Tenant Model Operations: Projects, Users, Roles and Domains 546
   9. Quotas: Limiting What a Project Can Use 552
   10. Private Cloud Building Blocks 558
   11. Deploying the Controller Node 563
   12. Deploying OpenStack Networking (Neutron) 570
   13. Deploying Block Storage (Cinder) 576
   14. Deploying a Compute Node 581
   15. A Tenant's Own Network: Private Network, Subnet, Router and an Instance 586
   16. Deploying and Utilizing OpenStack in Production Environments 598

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Cloud software security, CloudSim, OpenStack and AWS

   1. Building a Production Environment: High Availability, Scale and Upgrades 607
   2. Application Orchestration with OpenStack Heat: Templates and Stacks 617
   3. Heat in Practice: A Web Stack, Updates and Autoscaling 628
   4. An Open-Source IaaS: Virtual Server Instances with Storage 638
   5. AWS: Regions, Availability Zones and the Core Services 645
   6. Architecting on AWS: The Well-Architected Framework 653
   7. Architecting on AWS: A Scalable, Highly Available Web Application 661
   8. Amazon VPC: CIDR Blocks, Subnets and Route Tables 670
   9. Amazon VPC: Internet Gateways, NAT Gateways and VPC Endpoints 679
   10. Amazon VPC: Security Groups, Network ACLs and Flow Logs 689
   11. Building Complex Solutions with Amazon VPC: Peering, Transit Gateway, VPN and Direct Connect 697
   12. A Multi-Tier Application in a VPC, Worked End to End 707
   13. Amazon SWF and the AWS Flow Framework: A Hello World Workflow 718
   14. What the Examination Asks, and How to Answer It 726

   Page 1 onwards

   732 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 732 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2024, 2025, 2026

   Every chapter in the notes: 109 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Web services, virtualization and the cloud 59 chapters

   1. 1 Cloud Computing Basics: Why a Cloud Course Starts with Web Services pages 1 to 5
   2. 2 What a Web Service Is: Provider, Requester and the Contract Between Them pages 6 to 11
   3. 3 Distributed Computing: Many Computers, One System pages 12 to 17
   4. 4 Distributed Computing Models: Client-Server, Peer-to-Peer and Remote Calls pages 18 to 23
   5. 5 Parallel Computing: Flynn's Taxonomy and Memory Architectures pages 24 to 29
   6. 6 Speedup, Amdahl's Law, and Parallel and Distributed Computing Compared pages 30 to 34
   7. 7 XML for Web Services: Elements, Namespaces and XML Schema pages 35 to 39
   8. 8 WSDL Structure: Types, Messages and Port Types pages 40 to 44
   9. 9 WSDL Structure: Bindings, Services and a Whole WSDL Read Line by Line pages 45 to 51
   10. 10 SOAP: What It Is and Why It Exists pages 52 to 56
   11. 11 The Structure of a SOAP Message in JAX-WS pages 57 to 61
   12. 12 Building and Publishing a SOAP Service with JAX-WS pages 62 to 67
   13. 13 A JAX-WS Client and the SOAP Messages on the Wire pages 68 to 72
   14. 14 SOAP Faults: When a Service Says No pages 73 to 79
   15. 15 The SOAP Messaging Architecture: Nodes, Roles, Intermediaries and the Message Path pages 80 to 84
   16. 16 The SOAP Header: Header Blocks, role and mustUnderstand pages 85 to 89
   17. 17 Adding and Reading a SOAP Header in JAX-WS pages 90 to 94
   18. 18 The Client-Side SOAP Handler pages 95 to 99
   19. 19 Handler Chains: Logical Handlers, a Service-Side Handler and the Order They Run In pages 100 to 106
   20. 20 Sending Binary Data in SOAP: MTOM and XOP pages 107 to 115
   21. 21 One Service, Two Clients: Calling a SOAP Service from Java and .NET pages 116 to 124
   22. 22 REST: Representational State Transfer pages 125 to 130
   23. 23 What Is REST? The Constraints and the Uniform Interface pages 131 to 136
   24. 24 Designing a REST API: Resources, URIs and JSON Representations pages 137 to 141
   25. 25 HTTP Methods: GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH and OPTIONS pages 142 to 147
   26. 26 HTTP Status Codes and Headers in a REST API pages 148 to 153
   27. 27 JAX-RS: The Java API for RESTful Web Services pages 154 to 159
   28. 28 JAX-RS in Detail: Parameters, Media Types and the Response Class pages 160 to 167
   29. 29 A CRUD REST Service with JAX-RS pages 168 to 176
   30. 30 Testing a REST Service: cURL, Postman and the JAX-RS Client API pages 177 to 186
   31. 31 Consuming an External REST API: Google Maps Geocoding pages 187 to 198
   32. 32 SOAP and REST Compared pages 199 to 206
   33. 33 Virtualization: The Idea, the Hypervisor and the Virtual Machine pages 207 to 212
   34. 34 How Virtualization Is Done: Full, Para and Hardware-Assisted Virtualization pages 213 to 218
   35. 35 Kinds of Virtualization: Server, Storage, Network, Desktop and Application pages 219 to 225
   36. 36 Characteristics of Virtualized Environments: Guest, Host, Virtualization Layer and Increased Security pages 226 to 231
   37. 37 Characteristics of Virtualized Environments: Managed Execution and Portability pages 232 to 237
   38. 38 Pros and Cons of Virtualization pages 238 to 242
   39. 39 KVM: The Kernel-Based Virtual Machine pages 243 to 248
   40. 40 Setting Up KVM: The CPU Check, QEMU, libvirt, virsh and virt-manager pages 249 to 255
   41. 41 Creating Virtual Machines with virt-install and virt-manager pages 256 to 262
   42. 42 A Virtual Machine's Life: Start, Shut Down, Snapshot and Clone pages 263 to 268
   43. 43 Virtual Networking in KVM: NAT, Bridged and Isolated pages 269 to 276
   44. 44 oVirt: A Management Tool for the Virtualization Environment pages 277 to 280
   45. 45 Working with oVirt: Data Centers, Clusters, Hosts, Storage Domains and Virtual Machines pages 281 to 286
   46. 46 Introduction to Cloud Computing: From Utility Computing to the Cloud pages 287 to 292
   47. 47 Defining Cloud Computing: NIST's Definition and Others pages 293 to 298
   48. 48 Cloud Service Models: IaaS, PaaS and SaaS pages 299 to 305
   49. 49 Types of Clouds: Public, Private, Community and Hybrid pages 306 to 311
   50. 50 Types of Cloud Platforms pages 312 to 318
   51. 51 Deploying Software Solutions and Web Applications on the Cloud pages 319 to 324
   52. 52 An Open-Source PaaS: Deploying, Updating and Scaling a Web Application pages 325 to 331
   53. 53 The Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing pages 332 to 336
   54. 54 On-Demand Self-Service pages 337 to 343
   55. 55 Broad Network Access pages 344 to 350
   56. 56 Location-Independent Resource Pooling and Multi-Tenancy pages 351 to 356
   57. 57 Rapid Elasticity: Scaling Out and In pages 357 to 361
   58. 58 Measured Service: Metering and Pay-Per-Use pages 362 to 366
   59. 59 Comparing Cloud Providers with Traditional IT Service Providers pages 367 to 370

   Module II Cloud software security, CloudSim, OpenStack and AWS 50 chapters

   1. 60 Cloud Computing Software Security Fundamentals pages 371 to 377
   2. 61 Cloud Information Security Objectives pages 378 to 383
   3. 62 Confidentiality pages 384 to 391
   4. 63 Integrity pages 392 to 398
   5. 64 Availability pages 399 to 404
   6. 65 Cloud Security Services: Identification, Authentication and Authorization pages 405 to 410
   7. 66 Cloud Security Services: Accountability, Auditing and Non-Repudiation pages 411 to 416
   8. 67 Cloud Security Design Principles: Least Privilege, Separation of Duties and Defense in Depth pages 417 to 421
   9. 68 Cloud Security Design Principles: Fail-Safe Defaults to Psychological Acceptability pages 422 to 425
   10. 69 Secure Cloud Software Requirements pages 426 to 431
   11. 70 Secure Development Practices: The SSDF, Handling Data and Writing the Code pages 432 to 436
   12. 71 Secure Development Practices: Input Validation and Injection pages 437 to 443
   13. 72 Approaches to Cloud Software Requirement Engineering pages 444 to 448
   14. 73 Cloud Security Policy Implementation pages 449 to 456
   15. 74 Introduction to Simulators: Why Clouds Are Simulated pages 457 to 464
   16. 75 Understanding the CloudSim Simulator: Datacenters, Hosts, VMs, Cloudlets and Brokers pages 465 to 471
   17. 76 The CloudSim Architecture: User Code, CloudSim, GridSim and SimJava pages 472 to 475
   18. 77 Understanding the Working Platform for CloudSim: The JDK, Maven and the First Run pages 476 to 482
   19. 78 A First CloudSim Simulation, Read Line by Line pages 483 to 491
   20. 79 Scheduling in CloudSim: Space-Shared and Time-Shared pages 492 to 499
   21. 80 Introduction to OpenStack pages 500 to 504
   22. 81 The OpenStack Services: Keystone, Glance, Nova, Neutron, Cinder, Swift, Placement, Horizon and Heat pages 505 to 512
   23. 82 OpenStack Test-Drive: Trying OpenStack with DevStack pages 513 to 518
   24. 83 Basic OpenStack Operations: Images, Flavors, Key Pairs and Instances pages 519 to 525
   25. 84 Basic OpenStack Operations: Networks, Security Groups, Floating IPs and Volumes pages 526 to 533
   26. 85 The OpenStack Command-Line Client pages 534 to 539
   27. 86 The OpenStack APIs: Tokens, the Service Catalog and REST Calls pages 540 to 545
   28. 87 Tenant Model Operations: Projects, Users, Roles and Domains pages 546 to 551
   29. 88 Quotas: Limiting What a Project Can Use pages 552 to 557
   30. 89 Private Cloud Building Blocks pages 558 to 562
   31. 90 Deploying the Controller Node pages 563 to 569
   32. 91 Deploying OpenStack Networking (Neutron) pages 570 to 575
   33. 92 Deploying Block Storage (Cinder) pages 576 to 580
   34. 93 Deploying a Compute Node pages 581 to 585
   35. 94 A Tenant's Own Network: Private Network, Subnet, Router and an Instance pages 586 to 597
   36. 95 Deploying and Utilizing OpenStack in Production Environments pages 598 to 606
   37. 96 Building a Production Environment: High Availability, Scale and Upgrades pages 607 to 616
   38. 97 Application Orchestration with OpenStack Heat: Templates and Stacks pages 617 to 627
   39. 98 Heat in Practice: A Web Stack, Updates and Autoscaling pages 628 to 637
   40. 99 An Open-Source IaaS: Virtual Server Instances with Storage pages 638 to 644
   41. 100 AWS: Regions, Availability Zones and the Core Services pages 645 to 652
   42. 101 Architecting on AWS: The Well-Architected Framework pages 653 to 660
   43. 102 Architecting on AWS: A Scalable, Highly Available Web Application pages 661 to 669
   44. 103 Amazon VPC: CIDR Blocks, Subnets and Route Tables pages 670 to 678
   45. 104 Amazon VPC: Internet Gateways, NAT Gateways and VPC Endpoints pages 679 to 688
   46. 105 Amazon VPC: Security Groups, Network ACLs and Flow Logs pages 689 to 696
   47. 106 Building Complex Solutions with Amazon VPC: Peering, Transit Gateway, VPN and Direct Connect pages 697 to 706
   48. 107 A Multi-Tier Application in a VPC, Worked End to End pages 707 to 717
   49. 108 Amazon SWF and the AWS Flow Framework: A Hello World Workflow pages 718 to 725
   50. 109 What the Examination Asks, and How to Answer It pages 726 to 732
   Every paper that is solved: 4 papers

   • Apr 2026
   • Mar 2025
   • Oct 2025
   • Apr 2024

4. Data Science

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Data Science

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 6

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Data Science

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Data science and its scope, data preprocessing, exploratory data analysis and the machine learning algorithms

   1. What Data Science Is, and Its Definition 1
   2. The Scope of Data Science: From a Question to a Decision 7
   3. Applications and Domains of Data Science 14
   4. Data Science Compared with Business Intelligence 20
   5. Data Science Compared with Artificial Intelligence 25
   6. Data Science Compared with Machine Learning 31
   7. Data Science Compared with Data Warehousing and Data Mining 36
   8. The Types of Data, and Structured Data 42
   9. Unstructured Data 48
   10. Semi-Structured Data 54
   11. Data Sources, and Databases 59
   12. Data Sources: Files 64
   13. Data Sources: APIs 69
   14. Data Sources: Web Scraping 74
   15. Data Sources: Sensors and Social Media 79
   16. Data Preprocessing: What It Is and Why It Comes First 84
   17. Data Cleaning: Handling Missing Values 89
   18. Data Cleaning: Handling Outliers 95
   19. Data Cleaning: Handling Duplicates 100
   20. Practical: Data Frames and Basic Pre-processing 105

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Data science and its scope, data preprocessing, exploratory data analysis and the machine learning algorithms

   1. Data Transformation, and Scaling 111
   2. Normalization as a Data Transformation 117
   3. Encoding Categorical Variables 122
   4. Feature Selection: Choosing the Relevant Columns 126
   5. Data Merging: Combining Multiple Datasets 131
   6. Data Wrangling Techniques, and Reshaping 136
   7. Pivoting Data 141
   8. Aggregating Data with Group By 145
   9. Exploratory Data Analysis: What It Is and How It Is Done 149
   10. Feature Engineering: Creating New Features 154
   11. Handling Time-Series Data 158
   12. Dummification: Categorical Variables as Binary Indicators 163
   13. Feature Scaling: Standardization 167
   14. Feature Scaling: Normalization and Standardization Compared 171
   15. Data Visualization in EDA: Histograms 181
   16. Data Visualization in EDA: Scatter Plots 189
   17. Data Visualization in EDA: Box Plots and Other Plots 195
   18. Descriptive Statistics, and the Mean 201
   19. The Median and the Mode 207

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Data science and its scope, data preprocessing, exploratory data analysis and the machine learning algorithms

   1. The Standard Deviation and Other Measures of Spread 212
   2. Hypothesis Testing: Null and Alternative Hypotheses and the p-Value 218
   3. The t-Tests 226
   4. Chi-Square Tests 233
   5. ANOVA: Comparing the Means of Several Groups 243
   6. Post-Hoc Tests after ANOVA 250
   7. Machine Learning Algorithms: How a Model Learns from Data 257
   8. Supervised Learning: Classification and Regression 263
   9. Unsupervised Learning, and Clustering 268
   10. K-Means Clustering 273
   11. Choosing the Number of Clusters: The Elbow Method and Silhouette Analysis 280
   12. Unsupervised Learning: Dimensionality Reduction 290
   13. Principal Component Analysis 296
   14. The Bias-Variance Tradeoff 304
   15. Underfitting and Overfitting 311
   16. Simple Linear Regression 317
   17. Reading a Regression: Coefficients and Goodness of Fit 324
   18. Multiple Linear Regression 334

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Data science and its scope, data preprocessing, exploratory data analysis and the machine learning algorithms

   1. Stepwise Regression 343
   2. Logistic Regression for Classification 350
   3. Decision Trees 360
   4. Random Forests 370
   5. Support Vector Machines 377
   6. Artificial Neural Networks 385
   7. Ensemble Learning, and Boosting 395
   8. Bagging 404
   9. K-Nearest Neighbors 410
   10. Gradient Descent for Optimization 417

   Module II Model evaluation and selection, data visualization and communication, tools and libraries, data management, and data ethics and privacy

   1. Model Evaluation: Training Error, Test Error and the Hold-Out Split 427
   2. Evaluating a Classifier: Accuracy 434
   3. Precision and Recall 440
   4. The F1-Score 445
   5. The Confusion Matrix 451
   6. ROC Curves and AUC 456
   7. Evaluating Models on Imbalanced Datasets 461

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Model evaluation and selection, data visualization and communication, tools and libraries, data management, and data ethics and privacy

   1. Cross-Validation, and k-Fold Cross-Validation 467
   2. Stratified Cross-Validation 473
   3. Hyperparameter Tuning 478
   4. Model Selection 483
   5. Principles of Effective Data Visualization 489
   6. Types of Visualizations: Bar Charts 495
   7. Types of Visualizations: Line Charts 501
   8. Types of Visualizations: Scatter Plots and Choosing a Chart 507
   9. Data Storytelling: Communicating Insights through Visualizations 514
   10. Practical: Telling a Data Story with Several Charts 522
   11. Tools and Libraries of Data Science: An Overview 528
   12. pandas 533
   13. NumPy 539
   14. scikit-learn 546
   15. Visualization Tools: matplotlib 553
   16. Visualization Tools: seaborn 560
   17. Visualization Tools: Tableau 568
   18. Excel: Conditional Formatting and Pivot Tables 574
   19. Excel: VLOOKUP and Goal Seek 582

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Model evaluation and selection, data visualization and communication, tools and libraries, data management, and data ethics and privacy

   1. Data Management and Its Activities 590
   2. Data Pipelines: Extraction, Transformation and Loading (ETL) 598
   3. Data Governance 605
   4. Data Quality Assurance 611
   5. Data Privacy and Security Considerations 617
   6. Data Ethics across the Data Lifecycle 625
   7. Privacy Risks and Consent 632
   8. The GDPR: A Basic Overview 637
   9. The DPDP Act 2023: A Basic Overview 643
   10. Responsible Data Handling Practices 650
   11. The Examination: How Data Science Is Asked 657

   Page 1 onwards

   665 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 665 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2024, 2025, 2026

   Every chapter in the notes: 104 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Data science and its scope, data preprocessing, exploratory data analysis and the machine learning algorithms 67 chapters

   1. 1 What Data Science Is, and Its Definition pages 1 to 6
   2. 2 The Scope of Data Science: From a Question to a Decision pages 7 to 13
   3. 3 Applications and Domains of Data Science pages 14 to 19
   4. 4 Data Science Compared with Business Intelligence pages 20 to 24
   5. 5 Data Science Compared with Artificial Intelligence pages 25 to 30
   6. 6 Data Science Compared with Machine Learning pages 31 to 35
   7. 7 Data Science Compared with Data Warehousing and Data Mining pages 36 to 41
   8. 8 The Types of Data, and Structured Data pages 42 to 47
   9. 9 Unstructured Data pages 48 to 53
   10. 10 Semi-Structured Data pages 54 to 58
   11. 11 Data Sources, and Databases pages 59 to 63
   12. 12 Data Sources: Files pages 64 to 68
   13. 13 Data Sources: APIs pages 69 to 73
   14. 14 Data Sources: Web Scraping pages 74 to 78
   15. 15 Data Sources: Sensors and Social Media pages 79 to 83
   16. 16 Data Preprocessing: What It Is and Why It Comes First pages 84 to 88
   17. 17 Data Cleaning: Handling Missing Values pages 89 to 94
   18. 18 Data Cleaning: Handling Outliers pages 95 to 99
   19. 19 Data Cleaning: Handling Duplicates pages 100 to 104
   20. 20 Practical: Data Frames and Basic Pre-processing pages 105 to 110
   21. 21 Data Transformation, and Scaling pages 111 to 116
   22. 22 Normalization as a Data Transformation pages 117 to 121
   23. 23 Encoding Categorical Variables pages 122 to 125
   24. 24 Feature Selection: Choosing the Relevant Columns pages 126 to 130
   25. 25 Data Merging: Combining Multiple Datasets pages 131 to 135
   26. 26 Data Wrangling Techniques, and Reshaping pages 136 to 140
   27. 27 Pivoting Data pages 141 to 144
   28. 28 Aggregating Data with Group By pages 145 to 148
   29. 29 Exploratory Data Analysis: What It Is and How It Is Done pages 149 to 153
   30. 30 Feature Engineering: Creating New Features pages 154 to 157
   31. 31 Handling Time-Series Data pages 158 to 162
   32. 32 Dummification: Categorical Variables as Binary Indicators pages 163 to 166
   33. 33 Feature Scaling: Standardization pages 167 to 170
   34. 34 Feature Scaling: Normalization and Standardization Compared pages 171 to 180
   35. 35 Data Visualization in EDA: Histograms pages 181 to 188
   36. 36 Data Visualization in EDA: Scatter Plots pages 189 to 194
   37. 37 Data Visualization in EDA: Box Plots and Other Plots pages 195 to 200
   38. 38 Descriptive Statistics, and the Mean pages 201 to 206
   39. 39 The Median and the Mode pages 207 to 211
   40. 40 The Standard Deviation and Other Measures of Spread pages 212 to 217
   41. 41 Hypothesis Testing: Null and Alternative Hypotheses and the p-Value pages 218 to 225
   42. 42 The t-Tests pages 226 to 232
   43. 43 Chi-Square Tests pages 233 to 242
   44. 44 ANOVA: Comparing the Means of Several Groups pages 243 to 249
   45. 45 Post-Hoc Tests after ANOVA pages 250 to 256
   46. 46 Machine Learning Algorithms: How a Model Learns from Data pages 257 to 262
   47. 47 Supervised Learning: Classification and Regression pages 263 to 267
   48. 48 Unsupervised Learning, and Clustering pages 268 to 272
   49. 49 K-Means Clustering pages 273 to 279
   50. 50 Choosing the Number of Clusters: The Elbow Method and Silhouette Analysis pages 280 to 289
   51. 51 Unsupervised Learning: Dimensionality Reduction pages 290 to 295
   52. 52 Principal Component Analysis pages 296 to 303
   53. 53 The Bias-Variance Tradeoff pages 304 to 310
   54. 54 Underfitting and Overfitting pages 311 to 316
   55. 55 Simple Linear Regression pages 317 to 323
   56. 56 Reading a Regression: Coefficients and Goodness of Fit pages 324 to 333
   57. 57 Multiple Linear Regression pages 334 to 342
   58. 58 Stepwise Regression pages 343 to 349
   59. 59 Logistic Regression for Classification pages 350 to 359
   60. 60 Decision Trees pages 360 to 369
   61. 61 Random Forests pages 370 to 376
   62. 62 Support Vector Machines pages 377 to 384
   63. 63 Artificial Neural Networks pages 385 to 394
   64. 64 Ensemble Learning, and Boosting pages 395 to 403
   65. 65 Bagging pages 404 to 409
   66. 66 K-Nearest Neighbors pages 410 to 416
   67. 67 Gradient Descent for Optimization pages 417 to 426

   Module II Model evaluation and selection, data visualization and communication, tools and libraries, data management, and data ethics and privacy 37 chapters

   1. 68 Model Evaluation: Training Error, Test Error and the Hold-Out Split pages 427 to 433
   2. 69 Evaluating a Classifier: Accuracy pages 434 to 439
   3. 70 Precision and Recall pages 440 to 444
   4. 71 The F1-Score pages 445 to 450
   5. 72 The Confusion Matrix pages 451 to 455
   6. 73 ROC Curves and AUC pages 456 to 460
   7. 74 Evaluating Models on Imbalanced Datasets pages 461 to 466
   8. 75 Cross-Validation, and k-Fold Cross-Validation pages 467 to 472
   9. 76 Stratified Cross-Validation pages 473 to 477
   10. 77 Hyperparameter Tuning pages 478 to 482
   11. 78 Model Selection pages 483 to 488
   12. 79 Principles of Effective Data Visualization pages 489 to 494
   13. 80 Types of Visualizations: Bar Charts pages 495 to 500
   14. 81 Types of Visualizations: Line Charts pages 501 to 506
   15. 82 Types of Visualizations: Scatter Plots and Choosing a Chart pages 507 to 513
   16. 83 Data Storytelling: Communicating Insights through Visualizations pages 514 to 521
   17. 84 Practical: Telling a Data Story with Several Charts pages 522 to 527
   18. 85 Tools and Libraries of Data Science: An Overview pages 528 to 532
   19. 86 pandas pages 533 to 538
   20. 87 NumPy pages 539 to 545
   21. 88 scikit-learn pages 546 to 552
   22. 89 Visualization Tools: matplotlib pages 553 to 559
   23. 90 Visualization Tools: seaborn pages 560 to 567
   24. 91 Visualization Tools: Tableau pages 568 to 573
   25. 92 Excel: Conditional Formatting and Pivot Tables pages 574 to 581
   26. 93 Excel: VLOOKUP and Goal Seek pages 582 to 589
   27. 94 Data Management and Its Activities pages 590 to 597
   28. 95 Data Pipelines: Extraction, Transformation and Loading (ETL) pages 598 to 604
   29. 96 Data Governance pages 605 to 610
   30. 97 Data Quality Assurance pages 611 to 616
   31. 98 Data Privacy and Security Considerations pages 617 to 624
   32. 99 Data Ethics across the Data Lifecycle pages 625 to 631
   33. 100 Privacy Risks and Consent pages 632 to 636
   34. 101 The GDPR: A Basic Overview pages 637 to 642
   35. 102 The DPDP Act 2023: A Basic Overview pages 643 to 649
   36. 103 Responsible Data Handling Practices pages 650 to 656
   37. 104 The Examination: How Data Science Is Asked pages 657 to 665
   Every paper that is solved: 4 papers

   • Apr 2026
   • Mar 2025
   • Oct 2025
   • Apr 2024

5. Software Project Management

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Software Project Management

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 6

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Software Project Management

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Project management, project selection, initiation and scope, time and cost, and quality and risk

   1. What a Project Is 1
   2. What Makes a Software Project Different 6
   3. What Project Management Is 11
   4. Why Project Management Matters 16
   5. Project and Product Life Cycles 21
   6. The Five Process Groups 26
   7. The Ten Knowledge Areas 30
   8. Project Selection and Its Criteria 35
   9. Scoring Models for Project Selection 40
   10. Payback Period and Return on Investment 44
   11. Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return 49
   12. Project Initiation: The Business Case and Feasibility 54
   13. The Project Charter 59
   14. Identifying Stakeholders 64
   15. Analysing Stakeholders 68
   16. Scope Planning and Collecting Requirements 73
   17. Defining Scope: The Project Scope Statement 79
   18. The Work Breakdown Structure 83
   19. Building a WBS for a Software Project 88
   20. Scope Verification and Acceptance 93

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Project management, project selection, initiation and scope, time and cost, and quality and risk

   1. Scope Change Control and Scope Creep 98
   2. Defining Activities and Milestones 103
   3. Sequencing Activities: Dependencies, Leads and Lags 107
   4. Network Diagrams: Activity on Node and Activity on Arrow 112
   5. Estimating Activity Resources 119
   6. Estimating Activity Durations 126
   7. The Critical Path Method 132
   8. PERT: Expected Times and the Probability of Finishing 140
   9. Gantt Charts and Milestone Charts 150
   10. Compressing the Schedule and Levelling Resources 157
   11. Controlling and Monitoring the Schedule 165
   12. Cost Estimation: Kinds of Cost and Accuracy 172
   13. Cost Estimation Techniques 183
   14. Estimating Software Cost from Size: Function Points and COCOMO II 193
   15. Developing the Budget 201
   16. Monitoring the Budget 209
   17. Earned Value Management: The Measures 215
   18. Earned Value Management: Forecasting 221
   19. Controlling Cost 227

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Project management, project selection, initiation and scope, time and cost, and quality and risk

   1. Planning for Quality 233
   2. Quality Standards: ISO 9001, ISO/IEC 25010 and CMMI 239
   3. Quality Assurance 245
   4. Quality Control and the Seven Basic Tools 250
   5. Process Improvement: PDCA and Kaizen 256
   6. The Six Sigma Concept 261
   7. Risk Management and the Risk Management Plan 266
   8. Identifying Risks and the Risk Register 276
   9. Qualitative Risk Assessment 285
   10. Quantitative Risk Assessment 292
   11. Planning Risk Responses and the RMMM Plan 300
   12. Monitoring and Controlling Risks 308

   Module II Resources and procurement, integration, agile projects in the digital age, people management, and project governance and ethics

   1. Project Roles and the Responsibility Assignment Matrix 315
   2. Team Development: Forming to Adjourning 320
   3. Staffing a Project 326
   4. Training a Project Team 332
   5. Motivation Theories for Project Teams 339
   6. Conflict in Projects and Its Five Modes 345

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Resources and procurement, integration, agile projects in the digital age, people management, and project governance and ethics

   1. Communication Management 350
   2. Procurement Planning: Make or Buy and the Statement of Work 355
   3. Contract Types 362
   4. Solicitation: RFI, RFQ and RFP 368
   5. Source Selection 373
   6. Contract Administration 380
   7. Vendor Management and Relationship Building 386
   8. Project Integration Management 391
   9. The Project Management Plan 395
   10. Directing, Monitoring and Controlling Project Work 399
   11. Integrated Change Control and Configuration Management 403
   12. Closing a Project 408
   13. Lessons Learned 414
   14. Knowledge Transfer and Handover 419
   15. Agile Values and Principles 424
   16. Scrum 429
   17. Kanban and Lean 434
   18. Extreme Programming and Other Agile Methods 441
   19. Agile and Plan-Driven Projects Compared 446

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Resources and procurement, integration, agile projects in the digital age, people management, and project governance and ethics

   1. Agile Project Planning 450
   2. Agile Execution: Sprints, Burndown and Reviews 456
   3. Managing Iterative and Incremental Development 462
   4. The Role of Technology in Project Management 467
   5. Virtual Teams 472
   6. Managing Distributed Projects 476
   7. Tools for Project Planning 481
   8. Tools for Collaboration 486
   9. Leadership and Its Characteristics 491
   10. Leadership Styles 495
   11. Team Building Techniques 499
   12. Motivation Techniques for a Project Team 503
   13. Emotional Intelligence in Project Management 507
   14. Stakeholder Analysis for Managing People 512
   15. Stakeholder Engagement 517
   16. Communication Strategies for Stakeholders 522
   17. Resolving Conflict in a Project Team 528
   18. Negotiation Skills 534
   19. Project Governance Structures 542

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Resources and procurement, integration, agile projects in the digital age, people management, and project governance and ethics

   1. Accountability in Projects 552
   2. Ethical Considerations in Project Management 558
   3. The PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct 565
   4. The Software Engineering Code of Ethics 571

   Module J The internal assessment and the examination

   1. The Internal Assessment 578
   2. The Semester-End Examination 584

   Page 1 onwards

   592 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 592 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 101 chapters across 3 modules

   Module I Project management, project selection, initiation and scope, time and cost, and quality and risk 51 chapters

   1. 1 What a Project Is pages 1 to 5
   2. 2 What Makes a Software Project Different pages 6 to 10
   3. 3 What Project Management Is pages 11 to 15
   4. 4 Why Project Management Matters pages 16 to 20
   5. 5 Project and Product Life Cycles pages 21 to 25
   6. 6 The Five Process Groups pages 26 to 29
   7. 7 The Ten Knowledge Areas pages 30 to 34
   8. 8 Project Selection and Its Criteria pages 35 to 39
   9. 9 Scoring Models for Project Selection pages 40 to 43
   10. 10 Payback Period and Return on Investment pages 44 to 48
   11. 11 Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return pages 49 to 53
   12. 12 Project Initiation: The Business Case and Feasibility pages 54 to 58
   13. 13 The Project Charter pages 59 to 63
   14. 14 Identifying Stakeholders pages 64 to 67
   15. 15 Analysing Stakeholders pages 68 to 72
   16. 16 Scope Planning and Collecting Requirements pages 73 to 78
   17. 17 Defining Scope: The Project Scope Statement pages 79 to 82
   18. 18 The Work Breakdown Structure pages 83 to 87
   19. 19 Building a WBS for a Software Project pages 88 to 92
   20. 20 Scope Verification and Acceptance pages 93 to 97
   21. 21 Scope Change Control and Scope Creep pages 98 to 102
   22. 22 Defining Activities and Milestones pages 103 to 106
   23. 23 Sequencing Activities: Dependencies, Leads and Lags pages 107 to 111
   24. 24 Network Diagrams: Activity on Node and Activity on Arrow pages 112 to 118
   25. 25 Estimating Activity Resources pages 119 to 125
   26. 26 Estimating Activity Durations pages 126 to 131
   27. 27 The Critical Path Method pages 132 to 139
   28. 28 PERT: Expected Times and the Probability of Finishing pages 140 to 149
   29. 29 Gantt Charts and Milestone Charts pages 150 to 156
   30. 30 Compressing the Schedule and Levelling Resources pages 157 to 164
   31. 31 Controlling and Monitoring the Schedule pages 165 to 171
   32. 32 Cost Estimation: Kinds of Cost and Accuracy pages 172 to 182
   33. 33 Cost Estimation Techniques pages 183 to 192
   34. 34 Estimating Software Cost from Size: Function Points and COCOMO II pages 193 to 200
   35. 35 Developing the Budget pages 201 to 208
   36. 36 Monitoring the Budget pages 209 to 214
   37. 37 Earned Value Management: The Measures pages 215 to 220
   38. 38 Earned Value Management: Forecasting pages 221 to 226
   39. 39 Controlling Cost pages 227 to 232
   40. 40 Planning for Quality pages 233 to 238
   41. 41 Quality Standards: ISO 9001, ISO/IEC 25010 and CMMI pages 239 to 244
   42. 42 Quality Assurance pages 245 to 249
   43. 43 Quality Control and the Seven Basic Tools pages 250 to 255
   44. 44 Process Improvement: PDCA and Kaizen pages 256 to 260
   45. 45 The Six Sigma Concept pages 261 to 265
   46. 46 Risk Management and the Risk Management Plan pages 266 to 275
   47. 47 Identifying Risks and the Risk Register pages 276 to 284
   48. 48 Qualitative Risk Assessment pages 285 to 291
   49. 49 Quantitative Risk Assessment pages 292 to 299
   50. 50 Planning Risk Responses and the RMMM Plan pages 300 to 307
   51. 51 Monitoring and Controlling Risks pages 308 to 314

   Module II Resources and procurement, integration, agile projects in the digital age, people management, and project governance and ethics 48 chapters

   1. 52 Project Roles and the Responsibility Assignment Matrix pages 315 to 319
   2. 53 Team Development: Forming to Adjourning pages 320 to 325
   3. 54 Staffing a Project pages 326 to 331
   4. 55 Training a Project Team pages 332 to 338
   5. 56 Motivation Theories for Project Teams pages 339 to 344
   6. 57 Conflict in Projects and Its Five Modes pages 345 to 349
   7. 58 Communication Management pages 350 to 354
   8. 59 Procurement Planning: Make or Buy and the Statement of Work pages 355 to 361
   9. 60 Contract Types pages 362 to 367
   10. 61 Solicitation: RFI, RFQ and RFP pages 368 to 372
   11. 62 Source Selection pages 373 to 379
   12. 63 Contract Administration pages 380 to 385
   13. 64 Vendor Management and Relationship Building pages 386 to 390
   14. 65 Project Integration Management pages 391 to 394
   15. 66 The Project Management Plan pages 395 to 398
   16. 67 Directing, Monitoring and Controlling Project Work pages 399 to 402
   17. 68 Integrated Change Control and Configuration Management pages 403 to 407
   18. 69 Closing a Project pages 408 to 413
   19. 70 Lessons Learned pages 414 to 418
   20. 71 Knowledge Transfer and Handover pages 419 to 423
   21. 72 Agile Values and Principles pages 424 to 428
   22. 73 Scrum pages 429 to 433
   23. 74 Kanban and Lean pages 434 to 440
   24. 75 Extreme Programming and Other Agile Methods pages 441 to 445
   25. 76 Agile and Plan-Driven Projects Compared pages 446 to 449
   26. 77 Agile Project Planning pages 450 to 455
   27. 78 Agile Execution: Sprints, Burndown and Reviews pages 456 to 461
   28. 79 Managing Iterative and Incremental Development pages 462 to 466
   29. 80 The Role of Technology in Project Management pages 467 to 471
   30. 81 Virtual Teams pages 472 to 475
   31. 82 Managing Distributed Projects pages 476 to 480
   32. 83 Tools for Project Planning pages 481 to 485
   33. 84 Tools for Collaboration pages 486 to 490
   34. 85 Leadership and Its Characteristics pages 491 to 494
   35. 86 Leadership Styles pages 495 to 498
   36. 87 Team Building Techniques pages 499 to 502
   37. 88 Motivation Techniques for a Project Team pages 503 to 506
   38. 89 Emotional Intelligence in Project Management pages 507 to 511
   39. 90 Stakeholder Analysis for Managing People pages 512 to 516
   40. 91 Stakeholder Engagement pages 517 to 521
   41. 92 Communication Strategies for Stakeholders pages 522 to 527
   42. 93 Resolving Conflict in a Project Team pages 528 to 533
   43. 94 Negotiation Skills pages 534 to 541
   44. 95 Project Governance Structures pages 542 to 551
   45. 96 Accountability in Projects pages 552 to 557
   46. 97 Ethical Considerations in Project Management pages 558 to 564
   47. 98 The PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct pages 565 to 570
   48. 99 The Software Engineering Code of Ethics pages 571 to 577

   Module J The internal assessment and the examination 2 chapters

   1. 100 The Internal Assessment pages 578 to 583
   2. 101 The Semester-End Examination pages 584 to 592

6. Information Retrieval

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Information Retrieval

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 6

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Information Retrieval

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Information retrieval systems, indexing, storage and compression, retrieval models, spelling correction, evaluation, text categorization and clustering

   1. What Information Retrieval Is: Definition and Goals 1
   2. The Components of an IR System 8
   3. The Challenges of Information Retrieval 14
   4. Applications of Information Retrieval 19
   5. Document Indexing: From a Term-Document Matrix to an Index 24
   6. Text Preprocessing: Tokenization and Normalization 31
   7. Stop Words, Stemming and the Porter Stemmer 39
   8. Inverted Index Construction 49
   9. Indexing a Large Collection: Sort-Based, Single-Pass and Dynamic Indexing 57
   10. Positional Indexes and Phrase Queries 64
   11. Index Compression: Why It Pays, and Compressing the Dictionary 75
   12. Compressing Postings: Gaps, Variable Byte and Gamma Codes 83
   13. Document Representation: Bags of Words, Vectors and Fields 90
   14. Term Weighting: Term Frequency, Document Frequency and IDF 96
   15. Storage and Retrieval of Indexed Documents 103
   16. Retrieval Models, and the Boolean Model with Its Operators 110
   17. Query Processing in the Boolean Model: Merging Posting Lists 116
   18. The Vector Space Model and TF-IDF Weighting 126
   19. Cosine Similarity 134

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Information retrieval systems, indexing, storage and compression, retrieval models, spelling correction, evaluation, text categorization and clustering

   1. Query-Document Matching: Ranked Retrieval with Vectors 141
   2. The Probabilistic Model: Bayesian Retrieval and the Probability Ranking Principle 153
   3. The Binary Independence Model and BM25 161
   4. Relevance Feedback: Rocchio and Probabilistic Feedback 169
   5. Spelling Correction in IR Systems: Why Spelling Errors Matter 176
   6. Edit Distance: The Levenshtein Algorithm 184
   7. String Similarity Measures: n-Grams, Jaccard, Jaro-Winkler and Soundex 192
   8. Techniques for Spelling Correction in IR Systems 201
   9. Integrated Spelling Correction: Did You Mean, and Searching with the Correction 210
   10. Performance Evaluation, and Precision 217
   11. Recall, and the Trade-off with Precision 230
   12. The F-Measure 237
   13. Average Precision and Mean Average Precision 250
   14. Precision-Recall Curves and Interpolated Precision 261
   15. Test Collections: Cranfield and TREC 272
   16. Relevance Judgments: Assessors, Pooling and Agreement 281
   17. Experimental Design for IR Evaluation 288

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Information retrieval systems, indexing, storage and compression, retrieval models, spelling correction, evaluation, text categorization and clustering

   1. Significance Testing: Is One System Really Better? 296
   2. Text Categorization and Filtering: The Task 303
   3. Naive Bayes Text Classification 309
   4. Naive Bayes in Practice: Accuracy, the Confusion Matrix and Macro F1 316
   5. Support Vector Machines for Text Classification 327
   6. Feature Selection for Text: Document Frequency, Chi-Square and Mutual Information 338
   7. Dimensionality Reduction for Text: Latent Semantic Indexing 346
   8. Applications of Text Categorization and Filtering 352
   9. Text Clustering for Information Retrieval: The Cluster Hypothesis 361
   10. K-Means Clustering of Documents 369
   11. Hierarchical Clustering: Agglomerative Methods and Linkage 379
   12. Dendrograms, and Choosing the Number of Clusters 386
   13. Evaluation of Clustering Results: Purity, Silhouette and the Rand Index 394
   14. Clustering for Query Expansion 405
   15. Clustering for Result Grouping 412

   Module II Web information retrieval, link analysis, crawling and near-duplicate detection, learning to rank, cross-lingual retrieval and user-based evaluation

   1. Web Information Retrieval: How Web Search Differs 418

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Web information retrieval, link analysis, crawling and near-duplicate detection, learning to rank, cross-lingual retrieval and user-based evaluation

   1. Web Search Architecture 423
   2. The Challenges of Web Search 430
   3. Crawling Web Pages: The Crawler and Its Architecture 436
   4. Building a Small Crawler: Robots.txt, Page Titles and an Index 444
   5. Indexing Web Pages: Parsing, Anchor Text and Distributed Indexes 453
   6. Link Analysis and PageRank in Web Search 463
   7. Link Analysis and Its Role in IR Systems, and the Web Graph 470
   8. Link Analysis Algorithms: In-Degree, Co-Citation and Eigenvector Methods 477
   9. The HITS Algorithm: Hubs and Authorities 484
   10. The PageRank Algorithm: Damping, Teleportation and Power Iteration 492
   11. PageRank on a Ten-Node Web Graph: Convergence over Twenty Iterations 501
   12. Applications of Link Analysis in IR Systems 512
   13. Web Crawling Techniques, and Breadth-First Crawling 519
   14. Depth-First Crawling 526
   15. Focused Crawling 533
   16. Near-Duplicate Page Detection: Shingling and Resemblance 543
   17. Near-Duplicate Detection at Scale: MinHash and SimHash 550

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Web information retrieval, link analysis, crawling and near-duplicate detection, learning to rank, cross-lingual retrieval and user-based evaluation

   1. Handling Dynamic Web Content during Crawling 560
   2. Learning to Rank: Algorithms and Techniques 567
   3. Supervised Learning for Ranking: RankSVM 573
   4. RankBoost 580
   5. The Pairwise Approach: RankNet and Pairwise Losses 587
   6. The Listwise Approach: ListNet and LambdaMART 594
   7. Evaluation Metrics for Learning to Rank: DCG, NDCG and MRR 602
   8. Advanced Topics in IR, and Text Summarization: Extractive Methods 613
   9. Graph-Based Extractive Summarization: TextRank and LexRank 620
   10. Abstractive Summarization, and Evaluating Summaries with ROUGE 627
   11. Question Answering: Approaches for Finding Precise Answers 634
   12. Open-Domain Question Answering: Retriever, Reader and Retrieval-Augmented Generation 641
   13. Recommender Systems, and User-Based Collaborative Filtering 649
   14. Item-Based Collaborative Filtering and Matrix Factorization 656
   15. Content-Based Filtering 663
   16. Cross-Lingual and Multilingual Retrieval: The Task and Its Challenges 668
   17. Techniques for Cross-Lingual Retrieval 674

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Web information retrieval, link analysis, crawling and near-duplicate detection, learning to rank, cross-lingual retrieval and user-based evaluation

   1. Machine Translation for IR 680
   2. Multilingual Document Representations 686
   3. Query Translation 692
   4. Evaluation Techniques for IR Systems, and User Studies 699
   5. Surveys in IR Evaluation 706
   6. Test Collections and Benchmarking: TREC, CLEF, NTCIR, MS MARCO and BEIR 713
   7. Online Evaluation, and A/B Testing 720
   8. Interleaving Experiments 727
   9. The Examination: How Information Retrieval Is Asked 735

   Page 1 onwards

   742 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 742 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2024, 2025, 2026

   Every chapter in the notes: 95 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Information retrieval systems, indexing, storage and compression, retrieval models, spelling correction, evaluation, text categorization and clustering 51 chapters

   1. 1 What Information Retrieval Is: Definition and Goals pages 1 to 7
   2. 2 The Components of an IR System pages 8 to 13
   3. 3 The Challenges of Information Retrieval pages 14 to 18
   4. 4 Applications of Information Retrieval pages 19 to 23
   5. 5 Document Indexing: From a Term-Document Matrix to an Index pages 24 to 30
   6. 6 Text Preprocessing: Tokenization and Normalization pages 31 to 38
   7. 7 Stop Words, Stemming and the Porter Stemmer pages 39 to 48
   8. 8 Inverted Index Construction pages 49 to 56
   9. 9 Indexing a Large Collection: Sort-Based, Single-Pass and Dynamic Indexing pages 57 to 63
   10. 10 Positional Indexes and Phrase Queries pages 64 to 74
   11. 11 Index Compression: Why It Pays, and Compressing the Dictionary pages 75 to 82
   12. 12 Compressing Postings: Gaps, Variable Byte and Gamma Codes pages 83 to 89
   13. 13 Document Representation: Bags of Words, Vectors and Fields pages 90 to 95
   14. 14 Term Weighting: Term Frequency, Document Frequency and IDF pages 96 to 102
   15. 15 Storage and Retrieval of Indexed Documents pages 103 to 109
   16. 16 Retrieval Models, and the Boolean Model with Its Operators pages 110 to 115
   17. 17 Query Processing in the Boolean Model: Merging Posting Lists pages 116 to 125
   18. 18 The Vector Space Model and TF-IDF Weighting pages 126 to 133
   19. 19 Cosine Similarity pages 134 to 140
   20. 20 Query-Document Matching: Ranked Retrieval with Vectors pages 141 to 152
   21. 21 The Probabilistic Model: Bayesian Retrieval and the Probability Ranking Principle pages 153 to 160
   22. 22 The Binary Independence Model and BM25 pages 161 to 168
   23. 23 Relevance Feedback: Rocchio and Probabilistic Feedback pages 169 to 175
   24. 24 Spelling Correction in IR Systems: Why Spelling Errors Matter pages 176 to 183
   25. 25 Edit Distance: The Levenshtein Algorithm pages 184 to 191
   26. 26 String Similarity Measures: n-Grams, Jaccard, Jaro-Winkler and Soundex pages 192 to 200
   27. 27 Techniques for Spelling Correction in IR Systems pages 201 to 209
   28. 28 Integrated Spelling Correction: Did You Mean, and Searching with the Correction pages 210 to 216
   29. 29 Performance Evaluation, and Precision pages 217 to 229
   30. 30 Recall, and the Trade-off with Precision pages 230 to 236
   31. 31 The F-Measure pages 237 to 249
   32. 32 Average Precision and Mean Average Precision pages 250 to 260
   33. 33 Precision-Recall Curves and Interpolated Precision pages 261 to 271
   34. 34 Test Collections: Cranfield and TREC pages 272 to 280
   35. 35 Relevance Judgments: Assessors, Pooling and Agreement pages 281 to 287
   36. 36 Experimental Design for IR Evaluation pages 288 to 295
   37. 37 Significance Testing: Is One System Really Better? pages 296 to 302
   38. 38 Text Categorization and Filtering: The Task pages 303 to 308
   39. 39 Naive Bayes Text Classification pages 309 to 315
   40. 40 Naive Bayes in Practice: Accuracy, the Confusion Matrix and Macro F1 pages 316 to 326
   41. 41 Support Vector Machines for Text Classification pages 327 to 337
   42. 42 Feature Selection for Text: Document Frequency, Chi-Square and Mutual Information pages 338 to 345
   43. 43 Dimensionality Reduction for Text: Latent Semantic Indexing pages 346 to 351
   44. 44 Applications of Text Categorization and Filtering pages 352 to 360
   45. 45 Text Clustering for Information Retrieval: The Cluster Hypothesis pages 361 to 368
   46. 46 K-Means Clustering of Documents pages 369 to 378
   47. 47 Hierarchical Clustering: Agglomerative Methods and Linkage pages 379 to 385
   48. 48 Dendrograms, and Choosing the Number of Clusters pages 386 to 393
   49. 49 Evaluation of Clustering Results: Purity, Silhouette and the Rand Index pages 394 to 404
   50. 50 Clustering for Query Expansion pages 405 to 411
   51. 51 Clustering for Result Grouping pages 412 to 417

   Module II Web information retrieval, link analysis, crawling and near-duplicate detection, learning to rank, cross-lingual retrieval and user-based evaluation 44 chapters

   1. 52 Web Information Retrieval: How Web Search Differs pages 418 to 422
   2. 53 Web Search Architecture pages 423 to 429
   3. 54 The Challenges of Web Search pages 430 to 435
   4. 55 Crawling Web Pages: The Crawler and Its Architecture pages 436 to 443
   5. 56 Building a Small Crawler: Robots.txt, Page Titles and an Index pages 444 to 452
   6. 57 Indexing Web Pages: Parsing, Anchor Text and Distributed Indexes pages 453 to 462
   7. 58 Link Analysis and PageRank in Web Search pages 463 to 469
   8. 59 Link Analysis and Its Role in IR Systems, and the Web Graph pages 470 to 476
   9. 60 Link Analysis Algorithms: In-Degree, Co-Citation and Eigenvector Methods pages 477 to 483
   10. 61 The HITS Algorithm: Hubs and Authorities pages 484 to 491
   11. 62 The PageRank Algorithm: Damping, Teleportation and Power Iteration pages 492 to 500
   12. 63 PageRank on a Ten-Node Web Graph: Convergence over Twenty Iterations pages 501 to 511
   13. 64 Applications of Link Analysis in IR Systems pages 512 to 518
   14. 65 Web Crawling Techniques, and Breadth-First Crawling pages 519 to 525
   15. 66 Depth-First Crawling pages 526 to 532
   16. 67 Focused Crawling pages 533 to 542
   17. 68 Near-Duplicate Page Detection: Shingling and Resemblance pages 543 to 549
   18. 69 Near-Duplicate Detection at Scale: MinHash and SimHash pages 550 to 559
   19. 70 Handling Dynamic Web Content during Crawling pages 560 to 566
   20. 71 Learning to Rank: Algorithms and Techniques pages 567 to 572
   21. 72 Supervised Learning for Ranking: RankSVM pages 573 to 579
   22. 73 RankBoost pages 580 to 586
   23. 74 The Pairwise Approach: RankNet and Pairwise Losses pages 587 to 593
   24. 75 The Listwise Approach: ListNet and LambdaMART pages 594 to 601
   25. 76 Evaluation Metrics for Learning to Rank: DCG, NDCG and MRR pages 602 to 612
   26. 77 Advanced Topics in IR, and Text Summarization: Extractive Methods pages 613 to 619
   27. 78 Graph-Based Extractive Summarization: TextRank and LexRank pages 620 to 626
   28. 79 Abstractive Summarization, and Evaluating Summaries with ROUGE pages 627 to 633
   29. 80 Question Answering: Approaches for Finding Precise Answers pages 634 to 640
   30. 81 Open-Domain Question Answering: Retriever, Reader and Retrieval-Augmented Generation pages 641 to 648
   31. 82 Recommender Systems, and User-Based Collaborative Filtering pages 649 to 655
   32. 83 Item-Based Collaborative Filtering and Matrix Factorization pages 656 to 662
   33. 84 Content-Based Filtering pages 663 to 667
   34. 85 Cross-Lingual and Multilingual Retrieval: The Task and Its Challenges pages 668 to 673
   35. 86 Techniques for Cross-Lingual Retrieval pages 674 to 679
   36. 87 Machine Translation for IR pages 680 to 685
   37. 88 Multilingual Document Representations pages 686 to 691
   38. 89 Query Translation pages 692 to 698
   39. 90 Evaluation Techniques for IR Systems, and User Studies pages 699 to 705
   40. 91 Surveys in IR Evaluation pages 706 to 712
   41. 92 Test Collections and Benchmarking: TREC, CLEF, NTCIR, MS MARCO and BEIR pages 713 to 719
   42. 93 Online Evaluation, and A/B Testing pages 720 to 726
   43. 94 Interleaving Experiments pages 727 to 734
   44. 95 The Examination: How Information Retrieval Is Asked pages 735 to 742
   Every paper that is solved: 4 papers

   • Apr 2026
   • Apr 2025
   • Oct 2025
   • Apr 2024

7. Mini Project - II Research-Oriented Project with Implementation

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Mini Project - II Research-Oriented Project with Implementation

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 6

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Mini Project - II Research-Oriented Project with Implementation

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Research Planning, Literature Survey & Methodology Design Phase

   1. How Mini Project II Is Marked: the Guide's Twenty, the Examiner's Thirty and Passing Each 1
   2. Research in Sixty Hours: the Process from a Question to a Paper 8
   3. The Worked Study in This Book: a Digit Recognizer Small Enough for a Small Device 14
   4. Research Problem Identification: From an Interest to a Researchable Problem 20
   5. Selecting a Topic: Sources of Ideas and the Five Tests a Topic Must Pass 25
   6. Selecting a Topic in Six Domains: AI, Data Science, Cyber Security, Cloud, IoT and Software Engineering 30
   7. Formulating the Problem Statement 35
   8. Research Objectives and the Research Questions They Answer 40
   9. Before the Hypothesis: Variables, Measures and Controls 45
   10. The Hypothesis: When a Study Needs One and How to Write It 50
   11. The Literature Review: What It Is For and How It Is Done 55
   12. Finding Research Papers: Search Services, Keywords and Search Strings 60
   13. Judging a Source: Peer Review, Preprints, Venues and Predatory Journals 65
   14. Reading a Research Paper in Three Passes 70
   15. Recording What You Read: Notes, Zotero and BibTeX 75
   16. Five to Eight Papers in Practice: the Eight the Worked Study Read 80

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Research Planning, Literature Survey & Methodology Design Phase

   1. Identifying the Research Gap 88
   2. Comparative Analysis of the Work Reviewed 94
   3. Summarising the Existing Techniques 99
   4. Research Methodology Design: Turning Objectives into an Experiment 105
   5. Selecting a Dataset: Sources, Licences and Documentation 111
   6. The Worked Study's Dataset: the UCI Handwritten Digits, Looked at Closely 117
   7. Collecting Your Own Data: Logs, Sensors, Surveys and Consent under the DPDP Act 123
   8. Selecting the Algorithm or Model: Matching the Method to the Question 129
   9. The Worked Study's Six Candidates and What Each One Stores 133
   10. Selecting the Tools: Language, Libraries, Environment and Versions 139
   11. Planning the Experimental Setup: Splits, Folds, Seeds and Leakage 143
   12. Defining the Evaluation Metrics: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1 and the Confusion Matrix 148
   13. Defining the Evaluation Metrics Beyond Accuracy: Size, Time and How Sure We Are 156
   14. Research Design Documentation: the Four Documents of Module 1 162
   15. The Research Proposal 167

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Research Planning, Literature Survey & Methodology Design Phase

   1. The Literature Review Matrix 175
   2. The System Model and the Architecture Diagram 181
   3. The Experimental Design Plan 186
   4. The Module 1 Review: Research Problem Identification and Literature Review Before the Guide 192

   Module II Implementation, Experimentation & Evaluation Phase

   1. Module 2 at a Glance: Implementation, Experimentation and Evaluation 197
   2. System Implementation: Organising the Project's Code and Results 202
   3. Model Building: Pipelines, Preprocessing and Fitting 207
   4. Model Building for the Six Candidates, and Choosing k by Cross-Validation 212
   5. Algorithm Implementation: Writing k-Nearest Neighbours Yourself 220
   6. Algorithm Implementation: PCA by Hand, Checked Against scikit-learn 227
   7. The Experimental Setup in Code: One Protocol, One Results Table 234
   8. Code Optimization: Measure First, Then Vectorise 240
   9. Code Optimization: Making the Model Smaller 246
   10. Methodology and Implementation Progress: What the Guide Checks in Module 2 252

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Implementation, Experimentation & Evaluation Phase

   1. Experimental Evaluation: Running the Planned Experiment 258
   2. Model Training and Testing: Ten Folds, Then the Test Set Once 263
   3. Performance Metric Calculation: From Predictions to Scores, by Hand and by Program 269
   4. Performance Metric Calculation for Size and Time 278
   5. Baseline Comparison: Trivial, Simple and Strong Baselines 286
   6. Baseline Comparison: Is the Difference Real? McNemar's Test and the Paired Test 291
   7. Result Analysis: Reading the Results Table 298
   8. Graphical Representation: Choosing and Drawing the Right Chart 304
   9. Graphical Representation: the Accuracy Against Size Chart 310
   10. Interpreting the Results: What the Errors Show 316
   11. Validating the Hypotheses 322
   12. Identifying the Limitations 329
   13. Research Paper Writing: the IEEE Conference Paper and Its Parts 336
   14. Citing and Referencing in IEEE Style 341
   15. Honest Research: Plagiarism, AI Tools and Reporting What Happened 347
   16. Writing the Title and the Abstract 353

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Implementation, Experimentation & Evaluation Phase

   1. Writing the Introduction 358
   2. Writing the Related Work Section 364
   3. Writing the Methodology Section 374
   4. Writing the Results Section: Tables, Figures and Captions 384
   5. Writing the Conclusion and the Future Scope 397
   6. The Final Deliverables: What Is Due at the End of Module 2 403
   7. The Working Prototype 408
   8. The Research Paper in IEEE Format: Six to Eight Pages 415
   9. The GitHub Repository 423
   10. The Presentation 431
   11. The Internal Seminar / Review 439
   12. The External Evaluation: How the Thirty Marks Are Earned 445
   13. The Viva Voce: Questions You Must Be Able to Answer 451
   14. Publishing or Presenting Your Work 459
   15. The Whole Project on One Page: a Checklist from Topic to Viva 466

   Page 1 onwards

   475 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 475 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 76 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Research Planning, Literature Survey & Methodology Design Phase 35 chapters

   1. 1 How Mini Project II Is Marked: the Guide's Twenty, the Examiner's Thirty and Passing Each pages 1 to 7
   2. 2 Research in Sixty Hours: the Process from a Question to a Paper pages 8 to 13
   3. 3 The Worked Study in This Book: a Digit Recognizer Small Enough for a Small Device pages 14 to 19
   4. 4 Research Problem Identification: From an Interest to a Researchable Problem pages 20 to 24
   5. 5 Selecting a Topic: Sources of Ideas and the Five Tests a Topic Must Pass pages 25 to 29
   6. 6 Selecting a Topic in Six Domains: AI, Data Science, Cyber Security, Cloud, IoT and Software Engineering pages 30 to 34
   7. 7 Formulating the Problem Statement pages 35 to 39
   8. 8 Research Objectives and the Research Questions They Answer pages 40 to 44
   9. 9 Before the Hypothesis: Variables, Measures and Controls pages 45 to 49
   10. 10 The Hypothesis: When a Study Needs One and How to Write It pages 50 to 54
   11. 11 The Literature Review: What It Is For and How It Is Done pages 55 to 59
   12. 12 Finding Research Papers: Search Services, Keywords and Search Strings pages 60 to 64
   13. 13 Judging a Source: Peer Review, Preprints, Venues and Predatory Journals pages 65 to 69
   14. 14 Reading a Research Paper in Three Passes pages 70 to 74
   15. 15 Recording What You Read: Notes, Zotero and BibTeX pages 75 to 79
   16. 16 Five to Eight Papers in Practice: the Eight the Worked Study Read pages 80 to 87
   17. 17 Identifying the Research Gap pages 88 to 93
   18. 18 Comparative Analysis of the Work Reviewed pages 94 to 98
   19. 19 Summarising the Existing Techniques pages 99 to 104
   20. 20 Research Methodology Design: Turning Objectives into an Experiment pages 105 to 110
   21. 21 Selecting a Dataset: Sources, Licences and Documentation pages 111 to 116
   22. 22 The Worked Study's Dataset: the UCI Handwritten Digits, Looked at Closely pages 117 to 122
   23. 23 Collecting Your Own Data: Logs, Sensors, Surveys and Consent under the DPDP Act pages 123 to 128
   24. 24 Selecting the Algorithm or Model: Matching the Method to the Question pages 129 to 132
   25. 25 The Worked Study's Six Candidates and What Each One Stores pages 133 to 138
   26. 26 Selecting the Tools: Language, Libraries, Environment and Versions pages 139 to 142
   27. 27 Planning the Experimental Setup: Splits, Folds, Seeds and Leakage pages 143 to 147
   28. 28 Defining the Evaluation Metrics: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1 and the Confusion Matrix pages 148 to 155
   29. 29 Defining the Evaluation Metrics Beyond Accuracy: Size, Time and How Sure We Are pages 156 to 161
   30. 30 Research Design Documentation: the Four Documents of Module 1 pages 162 to 166
   31. 31 The Research Proposal pages 167 to 174
   32. 32 The Literature Review Matrix pages 175 to 180
   33. 33 The System Model and the Architecture Diagram pages 181 to 185
   34. 34 The Experimental Design Plan pages 186 to 191
   35. 35 The Module 1 Review: Research Problem Identification and Literature Review Before the Guide pages 192 to 196

   Module II Implementation, Experimentation & Evaluation Phase 41 chapters

   1. 36 Module 2 at a Glance: Implementation, Experimentation and Evaluation pages 197 to 201
   2. 37 System Implementation: Organising the Project's Code and Results pages 202 to 206
   3. 38 Model Building: Pipelines, Preprocessing and Fitting pages 207 to 211
   4. 39 Model Building for the Six Candidates, and Choosing k by Cross-Validation pages 212 to 219
   5. 40 Algorithm Implementation: Writing k-Nearest Neighbours Yourself pages 220 to 226
   6. 41 Algorithm Implementation: PCA by Hand, Checked Against scikit-learn pages 227 to 233
   7. 42 The Experimental Setup in Code: One Protocol, One Results Table pages 234 to 239
   8. 43 Code Optimization: Measure First, Then Vectorise pages 240 to 245
   9. 44 Code Optimization: Making the Model Smaller pages 246 to 251
   10. 45 Methodology and Implementation Progress: What the Guide Checks in Module 2 pages 252 to 257
   11. 46 Experimental Evaluation: Running the Planned Experiment pages 258 to 262
   12. 47 Model Training and Testing: Ten Folds, Then the Test Set Once pages 263 to 268
   13. 48 Performance Metric Calculation: From Predictions to Scores, by Hand and by Program pages 269 to 277
   14. 49 Performance Metric Calculation for Size and Time pages 278 to 285
   15. 50 Baseline Comparison: Trivial, Simple and Strong Baselines pages 286 to 290
   16. 51 Baseline Comparison: Is the Difference Real? McNemar's Test and the Paired Test pages 291 to 297
   17. 52 Result Analysis: Reading the Results Table pages 298 to 303
   18. 53 Graphical Representation: Choosing and Drawing the Right Chart pages 304 to 309
   19. 54 Graphical Representation: the Accuracy Against Size Chart pages 310 to 315
   20. 55 Interpreting the Results: What the Errors Show pages 316 to 321
   21. 56 Validating the Hypotheses pages 322 to 328
   22. 57 Identifying the Limitations pages 329 to 335
   23. 58 Research Paper Writing: the IEEE Conference Paper and Its Parts pages 336 to 340
   24. 59 Citing and Referencing in IEEE Style pages 341 to 346
   25. 60 Honest Research: Plagiarism, AI Tools and Reporting What Happened pages 347 to 352
   26. 61 Writing the Title and the Abstract pages 353 to 357
   27. 62 Writing the Introduction pages 358 to 363
   28. 63 Writing the Related Work Section pages 364 to 373
   29. 64 Writing the Methodology Section pages 374 to 383
   30. 65 Writing the Results Section: Tables, Figures and Captions pages 384 to 396
   31. 66 Writing the Conclusion and the Future Scope pages 397 to 402
   32. 67 The Final Deliverables: What Is Due at the End of Module 2 pages 403 to 407
   33. 68 The Working Prototype pages 408 to 414
   34. 69 The Research Paper in IEEE Format: Six to Eight Pages pages 415 to 422
   35. 70 The GitHub Repository pages 423 to 430
   36. 71 The Presentation pages 431 to 438
   37. 72 The Internal Seminar / Review pages 439 to 444
   38. 73 The External Evaluation: How the Thirty Marks Are Earned pages 445 to 450
   39. 74 The Viva Voce: Questions You Must Be Able to Answer pages 451 to 458
   40. 75 Publishing or Presenting Your Work pages 459 to 465
   41. 76 The Whole Project on One Page: a Checklist from Topic to Viva pages 466 to 475

8. Computer Science Practical 6

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Computer Science Practical 6

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 6

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Computer Science Practical 6

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Data Science practicals: Excel, data frames and preprocessing, feature scaling, hypothesis testing, ANOVA, regression, decision trees, k-means, PCA and visualization

   1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Mid-Term Practical, the Journal and the Two-Hour Examination 1
   2. The Data Science Laboratory from Zero: Python, pandas, the Libraries and a Spreadsheet 8
   3. Practical 1: Conditional Formatting in Excel 13
   4. Practical 1 continued: A Pivot Table That Summarises a Dataset 22
   5. Practical 1 continued: VLOOKUP from Another Worksheet 28
   6. Practical 1 continued: What-If Analysis with Goal Seek 33
   7. Practical 2: Reading CSV and JSON Files into a Data Frame 39
   8. Practical 2 continued: Missing Values and Outliers 45
   9. Practical 2 continued: Filtering, Sorting and Grouping 51
   10. Practical 3: Standardization and Normalization 56
   11. Practical 3 continued: Dummification of Categorical Variables 61
   12. Practical 4: Hypotheses and the t-Test 66
   13. Practical 4 continued: The Chi-Square Test, and Reading Any Test Result 72
   14. Practical 5: One-Way ANOVA Across Several Groups 77
   15. Practical 5 continued: Post-Hoc Tests: Which Group Means Differ 82
   16. Practical 6: Simple Linear Regression 86
   17. Practical 6 continued: The Coefficients and the Goodness of Fit 93

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Data Science practicals: Excel, data frames and preprocessing, feature scaling, hypothesis testing, ANOVA, regression, decision trees, k-means, PCA and visualization

   1. Practical 6 continued: Multiple Linear Regression and the Extra Predictors 101
   2. Practical 7: Logistic Regression for a Yes or No Outcome 108
   3. Practical 7 continued: The Confusion Matrix, Accuracy, Precision and Recall 114
   4. Practical 7 continued: A Decision Tree and Its Rules 119
   5. Practical 8: K-Means Clustering 125
   6. Practical 8 continued: How Many Clusters: the Elbow Method and Silhouette Analysis 130
   7. Practical 8 continued: Plotting the Clusters and Describing Each One 135
   8. Practical 9: Principal Component Analysis 139
   9. Practical 9 continued: Explained Variance and How Many Components to Keep 148
   10. Practical 9 continued: The Data in the Space of the First Two Components 156
   11. Practical 10: Choosing the Right Chart 163
   12. Practical 10 continued: From Several Charts to One Data Story 171
   13. Practical 10 continued: Presenting the Findings Clearly 177

   Module II Cloud Computing practicals: SOAP and REST web services, a Google REST API, KVM, MTOM, FOSS-Cloud IaaS and PaaS, the AWS Flow Framework and OpenStack

   1. The Cloud Laboratory from Zero: Java, Maven, the .NET SDK and the Linux Shell 183

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Cloud Computing practicals: SOAP and REST web services, a Google REST API, KVM, MTOM, FOSS-Cloud IaaS and PaaS, the AWS Flow Framework and OpenStack

   1. What a Service and a Client Exchange: HTTP, XML, SOAP and JSON 194
   2. Practical 11: A Currency Conversion Web Service, INR to USD 207
   3. Practical 11 continued: The Java Client 217
   4. Practical 11 continued: The .NET Client 228
   5. Practical 11 continued: Validation, Error Handling and Logs 237
   6. Practical 12: A SOAP Service with Two Operations, and Its WSDL 250
   7. Practical 12 continued: Testing with a SOAP Client: the XML, Bad Input and the Endpoint 262
   8. Practical 13: A RESTful Service with CRUD APIs 271
   9. Practical 13 continued: JSON, Validation and HTTP Status Codes 280
   10. Practical 13 continued: Testing with cURL and Postman, and Documenting the Endpoints 290
   11. Practical 14: A Place Search Client on the Google Maps Geocoding API 298
   12. Practical 14 continued: The API Key, Errors, Rate Limits and Readable Output 307
   13. Practical 15: Installing KVM and Checking Hardware Virtualization 317
   14. Practical 15 continued: A Virtual Machine, Its Life Cycle, Snapshots and Its Network 323
   15. Practical 16: Uploading and Downloading Files over SOAP with MTOM 331

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Cloud Computing practicals: SOAP and REST web services, a Google REST API, KVM, MTOM, FOSS-Cloud IaaS and PaaS, the AWS Flow Framework and OpenStack

   1. Practical 16 continued: Size, Type, Storage and Integrity 337
   2. Practical 17: A Mini IaaS: Provisioning a Virtual Server 349
   3. Practical 17 continued: Creating, Attaching and Mounting Storage, and Watching Usage 360
   4. Practical 18: Deploying a Web Application on an Open-Source PaaS 369
   5. Practical 18 continued: Updating, Logs, Health, Scaling and Service Bindings 378
   6. Practical 19: AWS Flow Framework: the Workflow and Activity Contracts 387
   7. Practical 19 continued: Workers, Starting the Workflow and Tracking It 394
   8. Practical 20: OpenStack: a Project, a User, a Private Network and a Router 401
   9. Practical 20 continued: Launching an Instance and Testing Its Connectivity 411

   Module J The journal and the practical examination

   1. Keeping the Journal for Computer Science Practical 6 421
   2. A Worked Practical Examination: Q. 1 and Q. 2 428

   Page 1 onwards

   439 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 439 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 57 chapters across 3 modules

   Module I Data Science practicals: Excel, data frames and preprocessing, feature scaling, hypothesis testing, ANOVA, regression, decision trees, k-means, PCA and visualization 30 chapters

   1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Mid-Term Practical, the Journal and the Two-Hour Examination pages 1 to 7
   2. 2 The Data Science Laboratory from Zero: Python, pandas, the Libraries and a Spreadsheet pages 8 to 12
   3. 3 Practical 1: Conditional Formatting in Excel pages 13 to 21
   4. 4 Practical 1 continued: A Pivot Table That Summarises a Dataset pages 22 to 27
   5. 5 Practical 1 continued: VLOOKUP from Another Worksheet pages 28 to 32
   6. 6 Practical 1 continued: What-If Analysis with Goal Seek pages 33 to 38
   7. 7 Practical 2: Reading CSV and JSON Files into a Data Frame pages 39 to 44
   8. 8 Practical 2 continued: Missing Values and Outliers pages 45 to 50
   9. 9 Practical 2 continued: Filtering, Sorting and Grouping pages 51 to 55
   10. 10 Practical 3: Standardization and Normalization pages 56 to 60
   11. 11 Practical 3 continued: Dummification of Categorical Variables pages 61 to 65
   12. 12 Practical 4: Hypotheses and the t-Test pages 66 to 71
   13. 13 Practical 4 continued: The Chi-Square Test, and Reading Any Test Result pages 72 to 76
   14. 14 Practical 5: One-Way ANOVA Across Several Groups pages 77 to 81
   15. 15 Practical 5 continued: Post-Hoc Tests: Which Group Means Differ pages 82 to 85
   16. 16 Practical 6: Simple Linear Regression pages 86 to 92
   17. 17 Practical 6 continued: The Coefficients and the Goodness of Fit pages 93 to 100
   18. 18 Practical 6 continued: Multiple Linear Regression and the Extra Predictors pages 101 to 107
   19. 19 Practical 7: Logistic Regression for a Yes or No Outcome pages 108 to 113
   20. 20 Practical 7 continued: The Confusion Matrix, Accuracy, Precision and Recall pages 114 to 118
   21. 21 Practical 7 continued: A Decision Tree and Its Rules pages 119 to 124
   22. 22 Practical 8: K-Means Clustering pages 125 to 129
   23. 23 Practical 8 continued: How Many Clusters: the Elbow Method and Silhouette Analysis pages 130 to 134
   24. 24 Practical 8 continued: Plotting the Clusters and Describing Each One pages 135 to 138
   25. 25 Practical 9: Principal Component Analysis pages 139 to 147
   26. 26 Practical 9 continued: Explained Variance and How Many Components to Keep pages 148 to 155
   27. 27 Practical 9 continued: The Data in the Space of the First Two Components pages 156 to 162
   28. 28 Practical 10: Choosing the Right Chart pages 163 to 170
   29. 29 Practical 10 continued: From Several Charts to One Data Story pages 171 to 176
   30. 30 Practical 10 continued: Presenting the Findings Clearly pages 177 to 182

   Module II Cloud Computing practicals: SOAP and REST web services, a Google REST API, KVM, MTOM, FOSS-Cloud IaaS and PaaS, the AWS Flow Framework and OpenStack 25 chapters

   1. 31 The Cloud Laboratory from Zero: Java, Maven, the .NET SDK and the Linux Shell pages 183 to 193
   2. 32 What a Service and a Client Exchange: HTTP, XML, SOAP and JSON pages 194 to 206
   3. 33 Practical 11: A Currency Conversion Web Service, INR to USD pages 207 to 216
   4. 34 Practical 11 continued: The Java Client pages 217 to 227
   5. 35 Practical 11 continued: The .NET Client pages 228 to 236
   6. 36 Practical 11 continued: Validation, Error Handling and Logs pages 237 to 249
   7. 37 Practical 12: A SOAP Service with Two Operations, and Its WSDL pages 250 to 261
   8. 38 Practical 12 continued: Testing with a SOAP Client: the XML, Bad Input and the Endpoint pages 262 to 270
   9. 39 Practical 13: A RESTful Service with CRUD APIs pages 271 to 279
   10. 40 Practical 13 continued: JSON, Validation and HTTP Status Codes pages 280 to 289
   11. 41 Practical 13 continued: Testing with cURL and Postman, and Documenting the Endpoints pages 290 to 297
   12. 42 Practical 14: A Place Search Client on the Google Maps Geocoding API pages 298 to 306
   13. 43 Practical 14 continued: The API Key, Errors, Rate Limits and Readable Output pages 307 to 316
   14. 44 Practical 15: Installing KVM and Checking Hardware Virtualization pages 317 to 322
   15. 45 Practical 15 continued: A Virtual Machine, Its Life Cycle, Snapshots and Its Network pages 323 to 330
   16. 46 Practical 16: Uploading and Downloading Files over SOAP with MTOM pages 331 to 336
   17. 47 Practical 16 continued: Size, Type, Storage and Integrity pages 337 to 348
   18. 48 Practical 17: A Mini IaaS: Provisioning a Virtual Server pages 349 to 359
   19. 49 Practical 17 continued: Creating, Attaching and Mounting Storage, and Watching Usage pages 360 to 368
   20. 50 Practical 18: Deploying a Web Application on an Open-Source PaaS pages 369 to 377
   21. 51 Practical 18 continued: Updating, Logs, Health, Scaling and Service Bindings pages 378 to 386
   22. 52 Practical 19: AWS Flow Framework: the Workflow and Activity Contracts pages 387 to 393
   23. 53 Practical 19 continued: Workers, Starting the Workflow and Tracking It pages 394 to 400
   24. 54 Practical 20: OpenStack: a Project, a User, a Private Network and a Router pages 401 to 410
   25. 55 Practical 20 continued: Launching an Instance and Testing Its Connectivity pages 411 to 420

   Module J The journal and the practical examination 2 chapters

   1. 56 Keeping the Journal for Computer Science Practical 6 pages 421 to 427
   2. 57 A Worked Practical Examination: Q. 1 and Q. 2 pages 428 to 439

9. Information Retrieval Practical

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Information Retrieval Practical

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 6

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Third Year

   Information Retrieval Practical

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Cranfield practicals: preprocessing, Boolean retrieval, TF-IDF, the vector space model, edit distance and spelling correction, and precision, recall and F1

   1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal, the 80 Per Cent Rule and the Two-Hour Paper 1
   2. The Information Retrieval Laboratory from Zero: Python, NLTK, scikit-learn and the Five Datasets 7
   3. Practical 1: Text Preprocessing on the Cranfield Collection 13
   4. Practical 2: Building an Inverted Index for the Cranfield Corpus 21
   5. Practical 3: A Positional Index and Phrase Queries 28
   6. Practical 4: Boolean Retrieval with the Cranfield Queries 35
   7. Practical 5: Computing TF-IDF Weights on Cranfield 43
   8. Practical 6: Ranked Retrieval with the Vector Space Model 50
   9. Practical 7: Boolean against the Vector Space Model, Precision at 10 57
   10. Practical 8: Levenshtein Edit Distance for Query Correction 64
   11. Practical 9: Spelling Correction Built into the Retrieval System 70
   12. Practical 10: Precision, Recall and F1 for Cranfield Query 1 77

   Module II MAP and precision-recall curves, Naive Bayes and SVM classification, k-means and hierarchical clustering, crawling, PageRank and learning to rank

   1. Practical 11: Average Precision and Mean Average Precision 83
   2. Practical 12: The Precision-Recall Curve 90
   3. Text Classification and Clustering from Zero: scikit-learn, Vectorizers, 20 Newsgroups and BBC News 98
   4. Practical 13: Multinomial Naive Bayes on 20 Newsgroups 106

   Contents continued

   Module II continued MAP and precision-recall curves, Naive Bayes and SVM classification, k-means and hierarchical clustering, crawling, PageRank and learning to rank

   1. Practical 14: Linear SVM on 20 Newsgroups, against Naive Bayes 113
   2. Practical 15: K-Means Clustering of BBC News 121
   3. Practical 16: Hierarchical Clustering of BBC News and the Dendrogram 128
   4. Practical 17: Clustering Evaluation with Purity and the Silhouette Score 136
   5. Practical 18: A Web Crawler that Respects robots.txt 144
   6. Practical 19: PageRank on a Ten-Node Web Graph 154
   7. Practical 20: Learning to Rank with RankSVM on LETOR 4.0 162
   8. The Two-Hour Paper: Sitting the Examination 169

   Page 1 onwards

   173 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 173 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 24 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Cranfield practicals: preprocessing, Boolean retrieval, TF-IDF, the vector space model, edit distance and spelling correction, and precision, recall and F1 12 chapters

   1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal, the 80 Per Cent Rule and the Two-Hour Paper pages 1 to 6
   2. 2 The Information Retrieval Laboratory from Zero: Python, NLTK, scikit-learn and the Five Datasets pages 7 to 12
   3. 3 Practical 1: Text Preprocessing on the Cranfield Collection pages 13 to 20
   4. 4 Practical 2: Building an Inverted Index for the Cranfield Corpus pages 21 to 27
   5. 5 Practical 3: A Positional Index and Phrase Queries pages 28 to 34
   6. 6 Practical 4: Boolean Retrieval with the Cranfield Queries pages 35 to 42
   7. 7 Practical 5: Computing TF-IDF Weights on Cranfield pages 43 to 49
   8. 8 Practical 6: Ranked Retrieval with the Vector Space Model pages 50 to 56
   9. 9 Practical 7: Boolean against the Vector Space Model, Precision at 10 pages 57 to 63
   10. 10 Practical 8: Levenshtein Edit Distance for Query Correction pages 64 to 69
   11. 11 Practical 9: Spelling Correction Built into the Retrieval System pages 70 to 76
   12. 12 Practical 10: Precision, Recall and F1 for Cranfield Query 1 pages 77 to 82

   Module II MAP and precision-recall curves, Naive Bayes and SVM classification, k-means and hierarchical clustering, crawling, PageRank and learning to rank 12 chapters

   1. 13 Practical 11: Average Precision and Mean Average Precision pages 83 to 89
   2. 14 Practical 12: The Precision-Recall Curve pages 90 to 97
   3. 15 Text Classification and Clustering from Zero: scikit-learn, Vectorizers, 20 Newsgroups and BBC News pages 98 to 105
   4. 16 Practical 13: Multinomial Naive Bayes on 20 Newsgroups pages 106 to 112
   5. 17 Practical 14: Linear SVM on 20 Newsgroups, against Naive Bayes pages 113 to 120
   6. 18 Practical 15: K-Means Clustering of BBC News pages 121 to 127
   7. 19 Practical 16: Hierarchical Clustering of BBC News and the Dendrogram pages 128 to 135
   8. 20 Practical 17: Clustering Evaluation with Purity and the Silhouette Score pages 136 to 143
   9. 21 Practical 18: A Web Crawler that Respects robots.txt pages 144 to 153
   10. 22 Practical 19: PageRank on a Ten-Node Web Graph pages 154 to 161
   11. 23 Practical 20: Learning to Rank with RankSVM on LETOR 4.0 pages 162 to 168
   12. 24 The Two-Hour Paper: Sitting the Examination pages 169 to 173