B.Sc. (Computer Science) Semester 4: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

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• All the notes of all the subjects in Semester 4, as per the latest syllabus 2026.
• The practical subjects too, worked out exercise by exercise: 1 practical book of 43 chapters, beside 5 theory books of 452.
• Previous year question papers, with full solutions. MEAN Stack Development and Computer Science Practical 4 have no solved papers, so they are not included.
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• If the University revises the syllabus while your year is running, the notes are rewritten to match and you read the new version at no extra cost. You are never asked to buy the same semester twice.

1. Computer Networks

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Computer Networks

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 4

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Second Year

   Computer Networks

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Network models, the physical layer, bandwidth and transmission media, switching, the data link layer and error handling, and wired and wireless LANs

   1. What a Computer Network Is: Its Parts, Uses and Criteria 1
   2. Networking Standards and the Organisations Behind Them: ISO, IEEE and IETF 7
   3. Types of Networks: LAN, MAN and WAN 13
   4. Network Topologies: Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh and Hybrid 19
   5. Basic Networking Hardware: NICs, Hubs, Switches, Routers and More 25
   6. Practical: Looking at Your Own Computer with hostname, getmac and systeminfo 32
   7. Network Models: Why Networks Are Built in Layers 39
   8. The OSI Reference Model: Seven Layers and Their Functions 45
   9. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Its Layers 50
   10. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Compared with the OSI Model 55
   11. Physical Layer Concepts: Data, Signals and Analog Signals 59
   12. Digital Signals: Bit Rate, Bit Length and Signal Levels 64
   13. Signal Impairments: Attenuation, Distortion and Noise 69
   14. Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency 74
   15. Data Rate Limits: The Nyquist and Shannon Formulas 79
   16. Line Coding: Unipolar, NRZ, RZ and Manchester 84
   17. Bipolar Line Codes and Block Coding: AMI, 4B/5B and 8B/10B 89
   18. Analog-to-Digital Conversion: Pulse Code Modulation and Delta Modulation 95

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Network models, the physical layer, bandwidth and transmission media, switching, the data link layer and error handling, and wired and wireless LANs

   1. Transmission Modes: Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex 107
   2. Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Frequency-Division Multiplexing 115
   3. Time-Division Multiplexing: Synchronous and Statistical 121
   4. Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 129
   5. Spread Spectrum, and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 134
   6. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 141
   7. Guided Media: Twisted Pair and Coaxial Cable 147
   8. Guided Media: Optical Fibre 157
   9. Unguided Media: Radio Waves, Microwaves and Infrared 166
   10. Switching Techniques, and Circuit Switching 174
   11. Packet Switching: Datagram and Virtual-Circuit Networks 184
   12. The Data Link Layer and Error Handling: What the Layer Does 192
   13. Link Layer Addressing: The MAC Address 200
   14. Framing: Character Stuffing and Bit Stuffing 208
   15. Error Detection: Parity Checks 216
   16. Error Detection: The Cyclic Redundancy Check 223
   17. Error Detection: The Internet Checksum 231
   18. Error Correction: The Hamming Code 239

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Network models, the physical layer, bandwidth and transmission media, switching, the data link layer and error handling, and wired and wireless LANs

   1. Data Link Protocols: Flow Control, Error Control and Stop-and-Wait 247
   2. Go-Back-N ARQ 254
   3. HDLC: High-level Data Link Control 263
   4. Media Access Control: Random Access, ALOHA and CSMA 269
   5. CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense with Collision Detection 280
   6. CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense with Collision Avoidance 289
   7. Wired and Wireless LANs, and Standard Ethernet 297
   8. Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet 307
   9. IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi: Architecture and Medium Access 314
   10. IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi: Physical Layers, Amendments and Security 323
   11. Practical: A Mixed Network of Wired and Wireless Devices 331
   12. Bluetooth: Piconets and Scatternets 340
   13. WiMAX: IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access 348
   14. Cellular Telephony: Cells, Frequency Reuse, Handoff and 2G 354
   15. Cellular Generations: 3G, 4G and 5G 361
   16. Satellite Networks: GEO, MEO and LEO, and Their Applications 369

   Module II The network layer, routing, IPv6, the transport layer protocols, the application layer and quality of service

   1. Network Layer Fundamentals: Services and Packet Switching 376

   Contents continued

   Module II continued The network layer, routing, IPv6, the transport layer protocols, the application layer and quality of service

   1. IPv4 Addresses: Notation and Classful Addressing 383
   2. Classless Addressing: CIDR, Prefixes and Blocks 389
   3. Special and Private IPv4 Addresses, and NAT 394
   4. Subnetting: Cutting a Block into Subnets 399
   5. Variable-Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) 404
   6. Practical: A Peer-to-Peer Network of Two PCs 409
   7. IP Packet Forwarding: The Forwarding Table and Longest-Prefix Match 416
   8. The IPv4 Datagram: Header Fields and Fragmentation 422
   9. ARP: From an IP Address to a MAC Address 429
   10. ICMPv4: Error-Reporting and Query Messages 438
   11. ICMPv4 at Work: ping, traceroute and pathping 445
   12. The Basics of Mobile IP 454
   13. Routing Techniques: Static and Dynamic Routing 461
   14. Distance Vector Routing and the Bellman-Ford Idea 467
   15. Link State Routing: Flooding and Dijkstra 474
   16. RIP: The Routing Information Protocol 482
   17. Practical: RIP Version 1 and Version 2 Across Three Routers 490
   18. OSPF: Open Shortest Path First 499
   19. Practical: OSPF Across Three Routers 510

   Contents continued

   Module II continued The network layer, routing, IPv6, the transport layer protocols, the application layer and quality of service

   1. BGP, and Practical: Routing Between Three Autonomous Systems 520
   2. IPv6: Why It Was Needed, and Its Packet 530
   3. The IPv6 Addressing Format 536
   4. IPv6 Compared with IPv4 545
   5. ICMPv6: Errors, Queries and Neighbour Discovery 553
   6. Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: Dual Stack, Tunnelling and Translation 561
   7. Transport Layer Protocols and Transport Layer Services 570
   8. UDP: The User Datagram Protocol 576
   9. TCP: Its Features and the Segment 582
   10. TCP Flow Control, Error Control and Congestion Control 589
   11. The TCP Three-Way Handshake, Connection States and netstat 597
   12. SCTP, and TCP, UDP and SCTP Compared 607
   13. The Application Layer and the Client-Server Architecture 614
   14. Iterative and Concurrent Servers 620
   15. HTTP and HTTPS 626
   16. FTP: The File Transfer Protocol 634
   17. Practical: One Server and Two Clients with Static Addresses 643
   18. Email: SMTP, POP3 and IMAP 649
   19. TELNET: Remote Login 656

   Contents continued

   Module II continued The network layer, routing, IPv6, the transport layer protocols, the application layer and quality of service

   1. SSH: The Secure Shell, the Modern Replacement for TELNET 663
   2. DNS: The Name Space and the Hierarchy 671
   3. DNS: Resolution, Records and Queries with nslookup 677
   4. DHCP: How a Host Gets Its Address, and the ipconfig Command 685
   5. Practical: Protocol Analysis with Wireshark 692
   6. Quality of Service: Delay, Jitter and Bandwidth 701
   7. QoS Flow Control Techniques: Scheduling, Traffic Shaping and Admission Control 708
   8. Integrated Services (IntServ) and RSVP 716
   9. Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 725
   10. Current Trends: QoS in Video Streaming 732
   11. QoS in VoIP 739
   12. Secure Communication: TLS and IPsec 747
   13. How This Paper Is Examined, and How to Answer It 755

   Page 1 onwards

   763 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 763 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026

   Every chapter in the notes: 104 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I Network models, the physical layer, bandwidth and transmission media, switching, the data link layer and error handling, and wired and wireless LANs 52 chapters

   1. 1 What a Computer Network Is: Its Parts, Uses and Criteria pages 1 to 6
   2. 2 Networking Standards and the Organisations Behind Them: ISO, IEEE and IETF pages 7 to 12
   3. 3 Types of Networks: LAN, MAN and WAN pages 13 to 18
   4. 4 Network Topologies: Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh and Hybrid pages 19 to 24
   5. 5 Basic Networking Hardware: NICs, Hubs, Switches, Routers and More pages 25 to 31
   6. 6 Practical: Looking at Your Own Computer with hostname, getmac and systeminfo pages 32 to 38
   7. 7 Network Models: Why Networks Are Built in Layers pages 39 to 44
   8. 8 The OSI Reference Model: Seven Layers and Their Functions pages 45 to 49
   9. 9 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Its Layers pages 50 to 54
   10. 10 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Compared with the OSI Model pages 55 to 58
   11. 11 Physical Layer Concepts: Data, Signals and Analog Signals pages 59 to 63
   12. 12 Digital Signals: Bit Rate, Bit Length and Signal Levels pages 64 to 68
   13. 13 Signal Impairments: Attenuation, Distortion and Noise pages 69 to 73
   14. 14 Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency pages 74 to 78
   15. 15 Data Rate Limits: The Nyquist and Shannon Formulas pages 79 to 83
   16. 16 Line Coding: Unipolar, NRZ, RZ and Manchester pages 84 to 88
   17. 17 Bipolar Line Codes and Block Coding: AMI, 4B/5B and 8B/10B pages 89 to 94
   18. 18 Analog-to-Digital Conversion: Pulse Code Modulation and Delta Modulation pages 95 to 106
   19. 19 Transmission Modes: Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex pages 107 to 114
   20. 20 Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Frequency-Division Multiplexing pages 115 to 120
   21. 21 Time-Division Multiplexing: Synchronous and Statistical pages 121 to 128
   22. 22 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing pages 129 to 133
   23. 23 Spread Spectrum, and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum pages 134 to 140
   24. 24 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum pages 141 to 146
   25. 25 Guided Media: Twisted Pair and Coaxial Cable pages 147 to 156
   26. 26 Guided Media: Optical Fibre pages 157 to 165
   27. 27 Unguided Media: Radio Waves, Microwaves and Infrared pages 166 to 173
   28. 28 Switching Techniques, and Circuit Switching pages 174 to 183
   29. 29 Packet Switching: Datagram and Virtual-Circuit Networks pages 184 to 191
   30. 30 The Data Link Layer and Error Handling: What the Layer Does pages 192 to 199
   31. 31 Link Layer Addressing: The MAC Address pages 200 to 207
   32. 32 Framing: Character Stuffing and Bit Stuffing pages 208 to 215
   33. 33 Error Detection: Parity Checks pages 216 to 222
   34. 34 Error Detection: The Cyclic Redundancy Check pages 223 to 230
   35. 35 Error Detection: The Internet Checksum pages 231 to 238
   36. 36 Error Correction: The Hamming Code pages 239 to 246
   37. 37 Data Link Protocols: Flow Control, Error Control and Stop-and-Wait pages 247 to 253
   38. 38 Go-Back-N ARQ pages 254 to 262
   39. 39 HDLC: High-level Data Link Control pages 263 to 268
   40. 40 Media Access Control: Random Access, ALOHA and CSMA pages 269 to 279
   41. 41 CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense with Collision Detection pages 280 to 288
   42. 42 CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense with Collision Avoidance pages 289 to 296
   43. 43 Wired and Wireless LANs, and Standard Ethernet pages 297 to 306
   44. 44 Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet pages 307 to 313
   45. 45 IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi: Architecture and Medium Access pages 314 to 322
   46. 46 IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi: Physical Layers, Amendments and Security pages 323 to 330
   47. 47 Practical: A Mixed Network of Wired and Wireless Devices pages 331 to 339
   48. 48 Bluetooth: Piconets and Scatternets pages 340 to 347
   49. 49 WiMAX: IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access pages 348 to 353
   50. 50 Cellular Telephony: Cells, Frequency Reuse, Handoff and 2G pages 354 to 360
   51. 51 Cellular Generations: 3G, 4G and 5G pages 361 to 368
   52. 52 Satellite Networks: GEO, MEO and LEO, and Their Applications pages 369 to 375

   Module II The network layer, routing, IPv6, the transport layer protocols, the application layer and quality of service 52 chapters

   1. 53 Network Layer Fundamentals: Services and Packet Switching pages 376 to 382
   2. 54 IPv4 Addresses: Notation and Classful Addressing pages 383 to 388
   3. 55 Classless Addressing: CIDR, Prefixes and Blocks pages 389 to 393
   4. 56 Special and Private IPv4 Addresses, and NAT pages 394 to 398
   5. 57 Subnetting: Cutting a Block into Subnets pages 399 to 403
   6. 58 Variable-Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) pages 404 to 408
   7. 59 Practical: A Peer-to-Peer Network of Two PCs pages 409 to 415
   8. 60 IP Packet Forwarding: The Forwarding Table and Longest-Prefix Match pages 416 to 421
   9. 61 The IPv4 Datagram: Header Fields and Fragmentation pages 422 to 428
   10. 62 ARP: From an IP Address to a MAC Address pages 429 to 437
   11. 63 ICMPv4: Error-Reporting and Query Messages pages 438 to 444
   12. 64 ICMPv4 at Work: ping, traceroute and pathping pages 445 to 453
   13. 65 The Basics of Mobile IP pages 454 to 460
   14. 66 Routing Techniques: Static and Dynamic Routing pages 461 to 466
   15. 67 Distance Vector Routing and the Bellman-Ford Idea pages 467 to 473
   16. 68 Link State Routing: Flooding and Dijkstra pages 474 to 481
   17. 69 RIP: The Routing Information Protocol pages 482 to 489
   18. 70 Practical: RIP Version 1 and Version 2 Across Three Routers pages 490 to 498
   19. 71 OSPF: Open Shortest Path First pages 499 to 509
   20. 72 Practical: OSPF Across Three Routers pages 510 to 519
   21. 73 BGP, and Practical: Routing Between Three Autonomous Systems pages 520 to 529
   22. 74 IPv6: Why It Was Needed, and Its Packet pages 530 to 535
   23. 75 The IPv6 Addressing Format pages 536 to 544
   24. 76 IPv6 Compared with IPv4 pages 545 to 552
   25. 77 ICMPv6: Errors, Queries and Neighbour Discovery pages 553 to 560
   26. 78 Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: Dual Stack, Tunnelling and Translation pages 561 to 569
   27. 79 Transport Layer Protocols and Transport Layer Services pages 570 to 575
   28. 80 UDP: The User Datagram Protocol pages 576 to 581
   29. 81 TCP: Its Features and the Segment pages 582 to 588
   30. 82 TCP Flow Control, Error Control and Congestion Control pages 589 to 596
   31. 83 The TCP Three-Way Handshake, Connection States and netstat pages 597 to 606
   32. 84 SCTP, and TCP, UDP and SCTP Compared pages 607 to 613
   33. 85 The Application Layer and the Client-Server Architecture pages 614 to 619
   34. 86 Iterative and Concurrent Servers pages 620 to 625
   35. 87 HTTP and HTTPS pages 626 to 633
   36. 88 FTP: The File Transfer Protocol pages 634 to 642
   37. 89 Practical: One Server and Two Clients with Static Addresses pages 643 to 648
   38. 90 Email: SMTP, POP3 and IMAP pages 649 to 655
   39. 91 TELNET: Remote Login pages 656 to 662
   40. 92 SSH: The Secure Shell, the Modern Replacement for TELNET pages 663 to 670
   41. 93 DNS: The Name Space and the Hierarchy pages 671 to 676
   42. 94 DNS: Resolution, Records and Queries with nslookup pages 677 to 684
   43. 95 DHCP: How a Host Gets Its Address, and the ipconfig Command pages 685 to 691
   44. 96 Practical: Protocol Analysis with Wireshark pages 692 to 700
   45. 97 Quality of Service: Delay, Jitter and Bandwidth pages 701 to 707
   46. 98 QoS Flow Control Techniques: Scheduling, Traffic Shaping and Admission Control pages 708 to 715
   47. 99 Integrated Services (IntServ) and RSVP pages 716 to 724
   48. 100 Differentiated Services (DiffServ) pages 725 to 731
   49. 101 Current Trends: QoS in Video Streaming pages 732 to 738
   50. 102 QoS in VoIP pages 739 to 746
   51. 103 Secure Communication: TLS and IPsec pages 747 to 754
   52. 104 How This Paper Is Examined, and How to Answer It pages 755 to 763
   Every paper that is solved: 4 papers

   • Mar 2026
   • Mar 2025
   • Apr 2024
   • 2022-23

2. Software Engineering

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Software Engineering

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 4

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Second Year

   Software Engineering

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Software engineering and its development models, requirements engineering and analysis, and system and object-oriented modeling with UML

   1. What Software Is: The Nature of Software 1
   2. Software Application Domains and the Changing Nature of Software 7
   3. What Software Engineering Is 13
   4. Software Engineering Principles 19
   5. Software Engineering Practice, and How It Differs from Coding 25
   6. The Software Process Framework 31
   7. Software Engineering as a Layered Technology 36
   8. The Process Framework: Framework and Umbrella Activities 42
   9. Process Patterns 48
   10. The Capability Maturity Model: Five Maturity Levels 54
   11. Key Process Areas and CMMI 60
   12. Process Assessment and Improvement 66
   13. Prescriptive Process Models 72
   14. The Waterfall Model and the V-Model 77
   15. The Incremental Model 82
   16. Rapid Application Development (RAD) 88
   17. Evolutionary Process Models 94
   18. The Prototyping Model 99
   19. The Spiral Model 105

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Software engineering and its development models, requirements engineering and analysis, and system and object-oriented modeling with UML

   1. Specialized Process Models 112
   2. Component-Based Development 118
   3. Aspect-Oriented Development 123
   4. Agile Development 128
   5. The Agile Manifesto 135
   6. Extreme Programming: Values and Process 141
   7. Extreme Programming Practices 147
   8. Scrum: An Overview 153
   9. Requirements and Their Kinds 160
   10. The Requirements Engineering Process 167
   11. Requirements Analysis and the Analysis Model 173
   12. Elicitation Techniques 180
   13. Interviews 186
   14. Workshops 191
   15. Use Cases for Eliciting Requirements 196
   16. The Components of an SRS 202
   17. The Characteristics of a Good SRS 208
   18. Validation of Requirements 214
   19. System Modelling and the UML 220

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Software engineering and its development models, requirements engineering and analysis, and system and object-oriented modeling with UML

   1. Data Flow Diagrams 226
   2. The Use Case Diagram 233
   3. The Class Diagram 241
   4. The Object Diagram 248
   5. The Sequence Diagram 254
   6. The Collaboration Diagram 261
   7. The Activity Diagram 266
   8. The State Chart Diagram 273
   9. The Component Diagram 280
   10. The Deployment Diagram 286

   Module II Software design and architecture, metrics and estimation, project management, and quality assurance and testing

   1. Software Design and the Design Concepts 292
   2. Design Principles: Modularity and Functional Independence 298
   3. Coupling 304
   4. Cohesion 312
   5. Function-Oriented Design 319
   6. The Structure Chart 327
   7. Object-Oriented Design, and the Two Approaches Compared 333
   8. System Architecture Design 339

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Software design and architecture, metrics and estimation, project management, and quality assurance and testing

   1. Design Verification and Validation 346
   2. Monitoring and Control in Design 353
   3. Software Measurement: Measures, Metrics and Indicators 360
   4. Lines of Code and Size-Oriented Metrics 366
   5. LOC-Based Estimation 372
   6. Function Points 378
   7. FP-Based Estimation 384
   8. Use Case Points 389
   9. Object-Oriented Metrics 395
   10. Empirical Estimation Models 402
   11. COCOMO II: The Sub-Models and Object Points 410
   12. COCOMO II: The Effort Equation 417
   13. Estimation in Agile Development 424
   14. The Make/Buy Decision 430
   15. Software Project Management and Project Planning 436
   16. Software Scope 442
   17. Feasibility 448
   18. Resource Estimation 454
   19. Project Scheduling 460

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Software design and architecture, metrics and estimation, project management, and quality assurance and testing

   1. Effort Estimation and Effort Distribution 467
   2. Time-Line Charts 473
   3. Gantt Charts 479
   4. PERT Charts and the Critical Path 484
   5. Risk Management 490
   6. Risk Identification 495
   7. Risk Projection 500
   8. The RMMM Plan 506
   9. Software Quality and Software Quality Assurance 511
   10. SQA Activities 516
   11. Software Reviews 521
   12. Formal Technical Reviews 527
   13. Software Reliability 532
   14. The SQA Plan 539
   15. Software Configuration Management 544
   16. Verification and Validation 551
   17. Testing Principles and Objectives 556
   18. Test Oracles 561
   19. Levels of Testing and Unit Testing 567

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Software design and architecture, metrics and estimation, project management, and quality assurance and testing

   1. Integration Testing 573
   2. System Testing and Acceptance Testing 581
   3. White-Box Testing and Code Coverage 587
   4. Basis Path Testing and Cyclomatic Complexity 594
   5. Black-Box Testing and Equivalence Partitioning 602
   6. Boundary Value Analysis and Decision Tables 608
   7. The Test Plan 616
   8. Test Case Design 622

   Module J The internal project and the examination

   1. The Internal Project: Ten Deliverables on One Sample Project 629
   2. The Semester-End Examination 635

   Page 1 onwards

   640 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 640 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026

   Every chapter in the notes: 104 chapters across 3 modules

   Module I Software engineering and its development models, requirements engineering and analysis, and system and object-oriented modeling with UML 48 chapters

   1. 1 What Software Is: The Nature of Software pages 1 to 6
   2. 2 Software Application Domains and the Changing Nature of Software pages 7 to 12
   3. 3 What Software Engineering Is pages 13 to 18
   4. 4 Software Engineering Principles pages 19 to 24
   5. 5 Software Engineering Practice, and How It Differs from Coding pages 25 to 30
   6. 6 The Software Process Framework pages 31 to 35
   7. 7 Software Engineering as a Layered Technology pages 36 to 41
   8. 8 The Process Framework: Framework and Umbrella Activities pages 42 to 47
   9. 9 Process Patterns pages 48 to 53
   10. 10 The Capability Maturity Model: Five Maturity Levels pages 54 to 59
   11. 11 Key Process Areas and CMMI pages 60 to 65
   12. 12 Process Assessment and Improvement pages 66 to 71
   13. 13 Prescriptive Process Models pages 72 to 76
   14. 14 The Waterfall Model and the V-Model pages 77 to 81
   15. 15 The Incremental Model pages 82 to 87
   16. 16 Rapid Application Development (RAD) pages 88 to 93
   17. 17 Evolutionary Process Models pages 94 to 98
   18. 18 The Prototyping Model pages 99 to 104
   19. 19 The Spiral Model pages 105 to 111
   20. 20 Specialized Process Models pages 112 to 117
   21. 21 Component-Based Development pages 118 to 122
   22. 22 Aspect-Oriented Development pages 123 to 127
   23. 23 Agile Development pages 128 to 134
   24. 24 The Agile Manifesto pages 135 to 140
   25. 25 Extreme Programming: Values and Process pages 141 to 146
   26. 26 Extreme Programming Practices pages 147 to 152
   27. 27 Scrum: An Overview pages 153 to 159
   28. 28 Requirements and Their Kinds pages 160 to 166
   29. 29 The Requirements Engineering Process pages 167 to 172
   30. 30 Requirements Analysis and the Analysis Model pages 173 to 179
   31. 31 Elicitation Techniques pages 180 to 185
   32. 32 Interviews pages 186 to 190
   33. 33 Workshops pages 191 to 195
   34. 34 Use Cases for Eliciting Requirements pages 196 to 201
   35. 35 The Components of an SRS pages 202 to 207
   36. 36 The Characteristics of a Good SRS pages 208 to 213
   37. 37 Validation of Requirements pages 214 to 219
   38. 38 System Modelling and the UML pages 220 to 225
   39. 39 Data Flow Diagrams pages 226 to 232
   40. 40 The Use Case Diagram pages 233 to 240
   41. 41 The Class Diagram pages 241 to 247
   42. 42 The Object Diagram pages 248 to 253
   43. 43 The Sequence Diagram pages 254 to 260
   44. 44 The Collaboration Diagram pages 261 to 265
   45. 45 The Activity Diagram pages 266 to 272
   46. 46 The State Chart Diagram pages 273 to 279
   47. 47 The Component Diagram pages 280 to 285
   48. 48 The Deployment Diagram pages 286 to 291

   Module II Software design and architecture, metrics and estimation, project management, and quality assurance and testing 54 chapters

   1. 49 Software Design and the Design Concepts pages 292 to 297
   2. 50 Design Principles: Modularity and Functional Independence pages 298 to 303
   3. 51 Coupling pages 304 to 311
   4. 52 Cohesion pages 312 to 318
   5. 53 Function-Oriented Design pages 319 to 326
   6. 54 The Structure Chart pages 327 to 332
   7. 55 Object-Oriented Design, and the Two Approaches Compared pages 333 to 338
   8. 56 System Architecture Design pages 339 to 345
   9. 57 Design Verification and Validation pages 346 to 352
   10. 58 Monitoring and Control in Design pages 353 to 359
   11. 59 Software Measurement: Measures, Metrics and Indicators pages 360 to 365
   12. 60 Lines of Code and Size-Oriented Metrics pages 366 to 371
   13. 61 LOC-Based Estimation pages 372 to 377
   14. 62 Function Points pages 378 to 383
   15. 63 FP-Based Estimation pages 384 to 388
   16. 64 Use Case Points pages 389 to 394
   17. 65 Object-Oriented Metrics pages 395 to 401
   18. 66 Empirical Estimation Models pages 402 to 409
   19. 67 COCOMO II: The Sub-Models and Object Points pages 410 to 416
   20. 68 COCOMO II: The Effort Equation pages 417 to 423
   21. 69 Estimation in Agile Development pages 424 to 429
   22. 70 The Make/Buy Decision pages 430 to 435
   23. 71 Software Project Management and Project Planning pages 436 to 441
   24. 72 Software Scope pages 442 to 447
   25. 73 Feasibility pages 448 to 453
   26. 74 Resource Estimation pages 454 to 459
   27. 75 Project Scheduling pages 460 to 466
   28. 76 Effort Estimation and Effort Distribution pages 467 to 472
   29. 77 Time-Line Charts pages 473 to 478
   30. 78 Gantt Charts pages 479 to 483
   31. 79 PERT Charts and the Critical Path pages 484 to 489
   32. 80 Risk Management pages 490 to 494
   33. 81 Risk Identification pages 495 to 499
   34. 82 Risk Projection pages 500 to 505
   35. 83 The RMMM Plan pages 506 to 510
   36. 84 Software Quality and Software Quality Assurance pages 511 to 515
   37. 85 SQA Activities pages 516 to 520
   38. 86 Software Reviews pages 521 to 526
   39. 87 Formal Technical Reviews pages 527 to 531
   40. 88 Software Reliability pages 532 to 538
   41. 89 The SQA Plan pages 539 to 543
   42. 90 Software Configuration Management pages 544 to 550
   43. 91 Verification and Validation pages 551 to 555
   44. 92 Testing Principles and Objectives pages 556 to 560
   45. 93 Test Oracles pages 561 to 566
   46. 94 Levels of Testing and Unit Testing pages 567 to 572
   47. 95 Integration Testing pages 573 to 580
   48. 96 System Testing and Acceptance Testing pages 581 to 586
   49. 97 White-Box Testing and Code Coverage pages 587 to 593
   50. 98 Basis Path Testing and Cyclomatic Complexity pages 594 to 601
   51. 99 Black-Box Testing and Equivalence Partitioning pages 602 to 607
   52. 100 Boundary Value Analysis and Decision Tables pages 608 to 615
   53. 101 The Test Plan pages 616 to 621
   54. 102 Test Case Design pages 622 to 628

   Module J The internal project and the examination 2 chapters

   1. 103 The Internal Project: Ten Deliverables on One Sample Project pages 629 to 634
   2. 104 The Semester-End Examination pages 635 to 640
   Every paper that is solved: 4 papers

   • Mar 2026
   • Mar 2025
   • Apr 2024
   • 2022-23

3. IoT Technologies

   Official Notes munotes.in

   IoT Technologies

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 4

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Second Year

   IoT Technologies

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I IoT and its components and frameworks, the system on chip, hardware platforms, and hardware interfacing and communication protocols

   1. What the Internet of Things Is, and Its Definition 1
   2. The Characteristics and Scope of the IoT 9
   3. The History and Evolution of the IoT 15
   4. IoT and M2M Compared 21
   5. The Three-Layer IoT Architecture 26
   6. The Five-Layer IoT Architecture 31
   7. The Physical Design of an IoT System 36
   8. The Logical Design of an IoT System 41
   9. Enabling Technologies in the IoT, and Cloud Computing 46
   10. Big Data in the IoT 51
   11. Artificial Intelligence in the IoT 56
   12. Embedded Systems in the IoT 61
   13. The Components of an IoT System 66
   14. Smart Things and Their Identifiers 70
   15. IoT Frameworks, and AWS IoT 75
   16. Google Cloud IoT 80
   17. Azure IoT Hub 84
   18. System on Chip: What It Is, Its Structure and Characteristics 88
   19. The Elements of an SoC, and the FPGA 95
   20. The GPU 101

   Contents continued

   Module I continued IoT and its components and frameworks, the system on chip, hardware platforms, and hardware interfacing and communication protocols

   1. The APU 106
   2. Compute Units 111
   3. An Introduction to the ARM Architecture 116
   4. The ATmega328 Architecture 121
   5. IoT Hardware Platforms: An Overview and Comparison 126
   6. The Raspberry Pi 131
   7. The Arduino 137
   8. The NodeMCU 144
   9. IoT Board Capabilities 149
   10. Selection Criteria: Choosing an IoT Board for an Application 154
   11. Practical: Preparing the IoT Hardware 159
   12. Hardware Interfacing and Communication Protocols 165
   13. The LED 170
   14. The Push Button 176
   15. The Camera Module 182
   16. Motors: DC, Servo and Stepper 188
   17. The 8x8 LED Grid 196
   18. Pulse-Width Modulation 205
   19. Practical: PWM and Stepper Motor Control 213

   Contents continued

   Module I continued IoT and its components and frameworks, the system on chip, hardware platforms, and hardware interfacing and communication protocols

   1. UART: Serial Communication 224
   2. GPIO: General-Purpose Input/Output 232
   3. Practical: GPIO, Lighting the LED With and Without a Button 239
   4. The I2C Bus 245
   5. The SPI Bus 254
   6. Practical: The SPI Interface and a Camera Module 264
   7. Practical: Controlling an 8x8 LED Grid 273

   Module II Sensors and actuators, IoT protocols and security, web and cloud integration, wireless sensor networks, edge and fog computing, and IoT applications

   1. Sensors and Actuators 285
   2. Digital and Analog Sensors 294
   3. Temperature Sensors 300
   4. Humidity Sensors 308
   5. Motion Sensors 315
   6. Light Sensors 322
   7. Gas Sensors 328
   8. Ultrasonic Sensors 336
   9. Interfacing a Relay Switch 343
   10. The Servo Motor 350

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Sensors and actuators, IoT protocols and security, web and cloud integration, wireless sensor networks, edge and fog computing, and IoT applications

   1. Practical: Sensor Integration with Analog and Digital Sensors 358
   2. IoT Protocols: An Overview 368
   3. HTTP in the IoT 375
   4. MQTT: The Publish-Subscribe Model 382
   5. MQTT: Quality of Service and Its Packets 389
   6. CoAP: The Constrained Application Protocol 397
   7. XMPP: The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol 406
   8. UPnP: Universal Plug and Play 413
   9. Privacy in the IoT 420
   10. Security Issues in the IoT 427
   11. Web and Cloud Integration in the IoT 433
   12. Setting Up a Web Server for the IoT 441
   13. Practical: A Web Trigger, Controlling GPIO from a Web Server 448
   14. Data Exchange with an IoT Device 455
   15. Node-RED Basics 462
   16. Practical: Node-RED for an IoT Dashboard 470
   17. Cloud Platforms for the IoT 480
   18. Practical: Sending Sensor Data Online with HTTP and MQTT 488
   19. Practical: A Smart Monitoring System 498

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Sensors and actuators, IoT protocols and security, web and cloud integration, wireless sensor networks, edge and fog computing, and IoT applications

   1. Wireless Sensor Networks: The Basics 508
   2. The Architecture of a WSN 515
   3. The Types of WSN 521
   4. The Role of WSNs in IoT Communication 527
   5. Edge and Fog Computing: Their Definitions 534
   6. The Purpose and Use Cases of Edge and Fog Computing 540
   7. Edge, Fog and Cloud Compared 547
   8. Edge Architectures 553
   9. Edge Communication Models 560
   10. IoT Applications: An Overview 568
   11. Case Study: IoT in Healthcare 575
   12. Case Study: IoT in Agriculture 584
   13. Case Study: IoT in Transportation 592
   14. Case Study: IoT in Smart Cities 600
   15. How This Paper Is Examined, and How to Answer It 608

   Page 1 onwards

   617 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 617 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026

   Every chapter in the notes: 90 chapters across 2 modules

   Module I IoT and its components and frameworks, the system on chip, hardware platforms, and hardware interfacing and communication protocols 46 chapters

   1. 1 What the Internet of Things Is, and Its Definition pages 1 to 8
   2. 2 The Characteristics and Scope of the IoT pages 9 to 14
   3. 3 The History and Evolution of the IoT pages 15 to 20
   4. 4 IoT and M2M Compared pages 21 to 25
   5. 5 The Three-Layer IoT Architecture pages 26 to 30
   6. 6 The Five-Layer IoT Architecture pages 31 to 35
   7. 7 The Physical Design of an IoT System pages 36 to 40
   8. 8 The Logical Design of an IoT System pages 41 to 45
   9. 9 Enabling Technologies in the IoT, and Cloud Computing pages 46 to 50
   10. 10 Big Data in the IoT pages 51 to 55
   11. 11 Artificial Intelligence in the IoT pages 56 to 60
   12. 12 Embedded Systems in the IoT pages 61 to 65
   13. 13 The Components of an IoT System pages 66 to 69
   14. 14 Smart Things and Their Identifiers pages 70 to 74
   15. 15 IoT Frameworks, and AWS IoT pages 75 to 79
   16. 16 Google Cloud IoT pages 80 to 83
   17. 17 Azure IoT Hub pages 84 to 87
   18. 18 System on Chip: What It Is, Its Structure and Characteristics pages 88 to 94
   19. 19 The Elements of an SoC, and the FPGA pages 95 to 100
   20. 20 The GPU pages 101 to 105
   21. 21 The APU pages 106 to 110
   22. 22 Compute Units pages 111 to 115
   23. 23 An Introduction to the ARM Architecture pages 116 to 120
   24. 24 The ATmega328 Architecture pages 121 to 125
   25. 25 IoT Hardware Platforms: An Overview and Comparison pages 126 to 130
   26. 26 The Raspberry Pi pages 131 to 136
   27. 27 The Arduino pages 137 to 143
   28. 28 The NodeMCU pages 144 to 148
   29. 29 IoT Board Capabilities pages 149 to 153
   30. 30 Selection Criteria: Choosing an IoT Board for an Application pages 154 to 158
   31. 31 Practical: Preparing the IoT Hardware pages 159 to 164
   32. 32 Hardware Interfacing and Communication Protocols pages 165 to 169
   33. 33 The LED pages 170 to 175
   34. 34 The Push Button pages 176 to 181
   35. 35 The Camera Module pages 182 to 187
   36. 36 Motors: DC, Servo and Stepper pages 188 to 195
   37. 37 The 8x8 LED Grid pages 196 to 204
   38. 38 Pulse-Width Modulation pages 205 to 212
   39. 39 Practical: PWM and Stepper Motor Control pages 213 to 223
   40. 40 UART: Serial Communication pages 224 to 231
   41. 41 GPIO: General-Purpose Input/Output pages 232 to 238
   42. 42 Practical: GPIO, Lighting the LED With and Without a Button pages 239 to 244
   43. 43 The I2C Bus pages 245 to 253
   44. 44 The SPI Bus pages 254 to 263
   45. 45 Practical: The SPI Interface and a Camera Module pages 264 to 272
   46. 46 Practical: Controlling an 8x8 LED Grid pages 273 to 284

   Module II Sensors and actuators, IoT protocols and security, web and cloud integration, wireless sensor networks, edge and fog computing, and IoT applications 44 chapters

   1. 47 Sensors and Actuators pages 285 to 293
   2. 48 Digital and Analog Sensors pages 294 to 299
   3. 49 Temperature Sensors pages 300 to 307
   4. 50 Humidity Sensors pages 308 to 314
   5. 51 Motion Sensors pages 315 to 321
   6. 52 Light Sensors pages 322 to 327
   7. 53 Gas Sensors pages 328 to 335
   8. 54 Ultrasonic Sensors pages 336 to 342
   9. 55 Interfacing a Relay Switch pages 343 to 349
   10. 56 The Servo Motor pages 350 to 357
   11. 57 Practical: Sensor Integration with Analog and Digital Sensors pages 358 to 367
   12. 58 IoT Protocols: An Overview pages 368 to 374
   13. 59 HTTP in the IoT pages 375 to 381
   14. 60 MQTT: The Publish-Subscribe Model pages 382 to 388
   15. 61 MQTT: Quality of Service and Its Packets pages 389 to 396
   16. 62 CoAP: The Constrained Application Protocol pages 397 to 405
   17. 63 XMPP: The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol pages 406 to 412
   18. 64 UPnP: Universal Plug and Play pages 413 to 419
   19. 65 Privacy in the IoT pages 420 to 426
   20. 66 Security Issues in the IoT pages 427 to 432
   21. 67 Web and Cloud Integration in the IoT pages 433 to 440
   22. 68 Setting Up a Web Server for the IoT pages 441 to 447
   23. 69 Practical: A Web Trigger, Controlling GPIO from a Web Server pages 448 to 454
   24. 70 Data Exchange with an IoT Device pages 455 to 461
   25. 71 Node-RED Basics pages 462 to 469
   26. 72 Practical: Node-RED for an IoT Dashboard pages 470 to 479
   27. 73 Cloud Platforms for the IoT pages 480 to 487
   28. 74 Practical: Sending Sensor Data Online with HTTP and MQTT pages 488 to 497
   29. 75 Practical: A Smart Monitoring System pages 498 to 507
   30. 76 Wireless Sensor Networks: The Basics pages 508 to 514
   31. 77 The Architecture of a WSN pages 515 to 520
   32. 78 The Types of WSN pages 521 to 526
   33. 79 The Role of WSNs in IoT Communication pages 527 to 533
   34. 80 Edge and Fog Computing: Their Definitions pages 534 to 539
   35. 81 The Purpose and Use Cases of Edge and Fog Computing pages 540 to 546
   36. 82 Edge, Fog and Cloud Compared pages 547 to 552
   37. 83 Edge Architectures pages 553 to 559
   38. 84 Edge Communication Models pages 560 to 567
   39. 85 IoT Applications: An Overview pages 568 to 574
   40. 86 Case Study: IoT in Healthcare pages 575 to 583
   41. 87 Case Study: IoT in Agriculture pages 584 to 591
   42. 88 Case Study: IoT in Transportation pages 592 to 599
   43. 89 Case Study: IoT in Smart Cities pages 600 to 607
   44. 90 How This Paper Is Examined, and How to Answer It pages 608 to 617
   Every paper that is solved: 4 papers

   • Mar 2026
   • Mar 2025
   • Apr 2024
   • 2022-23

4. Mobile Application Development

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Mobile Application Development

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 4

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Second Year

   Mobile Application Development

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Android Studio and Kotlin, control flow and OOP, the Android core components, and layout design and UI interactions

   1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal and the Two Questions 1
   2. Setting Up Android Studio and the SDK 4
   3. The Android Virtual Device (AVD) and a Real Phone 10
   4. Your First Kotlin App, from an Empty Views Activity 16
   5. Inside an Android Project: Every File and What It Is For 23
   6. Kotlin Basics: a Kotlin Program and fun main 32
   7. Variables: val and var 40
   8. Data Types: Numbers, Characters, Booleans, Strings and Null 46
   9. Type Conversion 54
   10. Operators 59
   11. Simple Input and Output: TextView, EditText and Button 67
   12. Control Statements and if 74
   13. when 81
   14. Loops: for, while and do-while 87
   15. Functions 94
   16. Default and Named Arguments 102
   17. Extension Functions 107
   18. OOP Concepts in Kotlin 112
   19. Classes and Objects 119
   20. Constructors, init Blocks and Properties 124

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Android Studio and Kotlin, control flow and OOP, the Android core components, and layout design and UI interactions

   1. Data Classes 130
   2. Inheritance: open, override and super 138
   3. Abstract Classes and Interfaces 146
   4. Companion Object and Object Declarations 153
   5. Control Flow and Classes in Action: a Marks App 159
   6. Android Core Components and the Activity 167
   7. Explicit Intents: Opening Another Activity and Carrying Data 174
   8. Implicit Intents: Asking Another App 181
   9. The Activity Lifecycle: a Demo with Logs 192
   10. State Changes: Rotation and Saving State 202
   11. Fragments: Modular UI 210
   12. The Fragment Lifecycle 222
   13. Toasts 232
   14. Dialogs 239
   15. Simple Navigation Between Screens and the Back Stack 253
   16. Layouts and the View Hierarchy 263
   17. LinearLayout 272
   18. RelativeLayout 281
   19. ConstraintLayout 289

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Android Studio and Kotlin, control flow and OOP, the Android core components, and layout design and UI interactions

   1. Views and UI Controls: TextView and EditText 297
   2. Button and ImageView 307
   3. More UI Controls: CheckBox, RadioButton, Switch and Spinner 316
   4. Event Handling and onClickListener 328
   5. Simple Data Validation 342
   6. Styling UI: Themes and Styles 351
   7. The Manifest and Its Configuration 364

   Module II Lists and menus, data persistence and Firebase, multimedia, animations and the camera, location, background tasks and deployment

   1. ListView and ArrayAdapter 378
   2. A Custom Adapter: Rows of Your Own 385
   3. RecyclerView 395
   4. Changing a RecyclerView: Adding, Removing and Notifying 404
   5. The Options Menu and the App Bar 414
   6. The Context Menu 423
   7. The Popup Menu 434
   8. Fragments with RecyclerView Navigation: a List and Its Detail 443
   9. SharedPreferences 455
   10. SQLite Basics: SQLiteOpenHelper and a Table 464

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Lists and menus, data persistence and Firebase, multimedia, animations and the camera, location, background tasks and deployment

   1. SQLite CRUD: Insert, Read, Update and Delete 475
   2. Firebase Realtime Database: What It Is and Setting It Up 483
   3. Firebase: Read and Write 494
   4. Firebase Security Rules 504
   5. Testing Firebase with the Emulator Suite 516
   6. Dynamic UI Based on Data 531
   7. ImageView and Switching Images 540
   8. Playing Audio with MediaPlayer 552
   9. Simple Animations with XML 565
   10. Asking for a Permission at Run Time 578
   11. Accessing the Camera: Capture and Display 587
   12. Accessing Location with GPS 597
   13. Background Tasks with JobScheduler 606
   14. App Versioning: versionCode and versionName 619
   15. App Signing: the Keystore and the Release Build 630
   16. Deploying to Google Play 645
   17. Services: Started and Foreground 661
   18. Sensors 678

   Contents continued

   Module J The journal and the practical examination

   1. The Certified Journal: What Goes in It 694
   2. Practice Questions for Q.1: Module 1 700
   3. Practice Questions for Q.2: Module 2 716

   Page 1 onwards

   736 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 736 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. Revised edition 2026. 2023, 2024, 2025

   Every chapter in the notes: 77 chapters across 3 modules

   Module I Android Studio and Kotlin, control flow and OOP, the Android core components, and layout design and UI interactions 46 chapters

   1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal and the Two Questions pages 1 to 3
   2. 2 Setting Up Android Studio and the SDK pages 4 to 9
   3. 3 The Android Virtual Device (AVD) and a Real Phone pages 10 to 15
   4. 4 Your First Kotlin App, from an Empty Views Activity pages 16 to 22
   5. 5 Inside an Android Project: Every File and What It Is For pages 23 to 31
   6. 6 Kotlin Basics: a Kotlin Program and fun main pages 32 to 39
   7. 7 Variables: val and var pages 40 to 45
   8. 8 Data Types: Numbers, Characters, Booleans, Strings and Null pages 46 to 53
   9. 9 Type Conversion pages 54 to 58
   10. 10 Operators pages 59 to 66
   11. 11 Simple Input and Output: TextView, EditText and Button pages 67 to 73
   12. 12 Control Statements and if pages 74 to 80
   13. 13 when pages 81 to 86
   14. 14 Loops: for, while and do-while pages 87 to 93
   15. 15 Functions pages 94 to 101
   16. 16 Default and Named Arguments pages 102 to 106
   17. 17 Extension Functions pages 107 to 111
   18. 18 OOP Concepts in Kotlin pages 112 to 118
   19. 19 Classes and Objects pages 119 to 123
   20. 20 Constructors, init Blocks and Properties pages 124 to 129
   21. 21 Data Classes pages 130 to 137
   22. 22 Inheritance: open, override and super pages 138 to 145
   23. 23 Abstract Classes and Interfaces pages 146 to 152
   24. 24 Companion Object and Object Declarations pages 153 to 158
   25. 25 Control Flow and Classes in Action: a Marks App pages 159 to 166
   26. 26 Android Core Components and the Activity pages 167 to 173
   27. 27 Explicit Intents: Opening Another Activity and Carrying Data pages 174 to 180
   28. 28 Implicit Intents: Asking Another App pages 181 to 191
   29. 29 The Activity Lifecycle: a Demo with Logs pages 192 to 201
   30. 30 State Changes: Rotation and Saving State pages 202 to 209
   31. 31 Fragments: Modular UI pages 210 to 221
   32. 32 The Fragment Lifecycle pages 222 to 231
   33. 33 Toasts pages 232 to 238
   34. 34 Dialogs pages 239 to 252
   35. 35 Simple Navigation Between Screens and the Back Stack pages 253 to 262
   36. 36 Layouts and the View Hierarchy pages 263 to 271
   37. 37 LinearLayout pages 272 to 280
   38. 38 RelativeLayout pages 281 to 288
   39. 39 ConstraintLayout pages 289 to 296
   40. 40 Views and UI Controls: TextView and EditText pages 297 to 306
   41. 41 Button and ImageView pages 307 to 315
   42. 42 More UI Controls: CheckBox, RadioButton, Switch and Spinner pages 316 to 327
   43. 43 Event Handling and onClickListener pages 328 to 341
   44. 44 Simple Data Validation pages 342 to 350
   45. 45 Styling UI: Themes and Styles pages 351 to 363
   46. 46 The Manifest and Its Configuration pages 364 to 377

   Module II Lists and menus, data persistence and Firebase, multimedia, animations and the camera, location, background tasks and deployment 28 chapters

   1. 47 ListView and ArrayAdapter pages 378 to 384
   2. 48 A Custom Adapter: Rows of Your Own pages 385 to 394
   3. 49 RecyclerView pages 395 to 403
   4. 50 Changing a RecyclerView: Adding, Removing and Notifying pages 404 to 413
   5. 51 The Options Menu and the App Bar pages 414 to 422
   6. 52 The Context Menu pages 423 to 433
   7. 53 The Popup Menu pages 434 to 442
   8. 54 Fragments with RecyclerView Navigation: a List and Its Detail pages 443 to 454
   9. 55 SharedPreferences pages 455 to 463
   10. 56 SQLite Basics: SQLiteOpenHelper and a Table pages 464 to 474
   11. 57 SQLite CRUD: Insert, Read, Update and Delete pages 475 to 482
   12. 58 Firebase Realtime Database: What It Is and Setting It Up pages 483 to 493
   13. 59 Firebase: Read and Write pages 494 to 503
   14. 60 Firebase Security Rules pages 504 to 515
   15. 61 Testing Firebase with the Emulator Suite pages 516 to 530
   16. 62 Dynamic UI Based on Data pages 531 to 539
   17. 63 ImageView and Switching Images pages 540 to 551
   18. 64 Playing Audio with MediaPlayer pages 552 to 564
   19. 65 Simple Animations with XML pages 565 to 577
   20. 66 Asking for a Permission at Run Time pages 578 to 586
   21. 67 Accessing the Camera: Capture and Display pages 587 to 596
   22. 68 Accessing Location with GPS pages 597 to 605
   23. 69 Background Tasks with JobScheduler pages 606 to 618
   24. 70 App Versioning: versionCode and versionName pages 619 to 629
   25. 71 App Signing: the Keystore and the Release Build pages 630 to 644
   26. 72 Deploying to Google Play pages 645 to 660
   27. 73 Services: Started and Foreground pages 661 to 677
   28. 74 Sensors pages 678 to 693

   Module J The journal and the practical examination 3 chapters

   1. 75 The Certified Journal: What Goes in It pages 694 to 699
   2. 76 Practice Questions for Q.1: Module 1 pages 700 to 715
   3. 77 Practice Questions for Q.2: Module 2 pages 716 to 736
   Every paper that is solved: 3 papers

   • Mar 2025
   • Apr 2024
   • 2022-23

5. MEAN Stack Development

   Official Notes munotes.in

   MEAN Stack Development

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 4

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Second Year

   MEAN Stack Development

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I The MEAN stack, Node.js, Express, MongoDB with Mongoose, and Angular

   1. How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal and the Two Questions 1
   2. Full Stack Web Development: the Browser, the Server and the Database 5
   3. The MEAN Stack: Architecture and How a Request Flows 10
   4. Setting Up the MEAN Development Environment 17
   5. Introduction to Node.js and Installing It 23
   6. Your First Node.js Programs: the REPL, a File and process.argv 28
   7. package.json and npm init 34
   8. Installing Packages with npm: dependencies, node_modules and the Lock File 39
   9. Node Modules: Core, Local and Third-Party 49
   10. module.exports, exports and ES Modules 55
   11. The Event Loop 61
   12. Asynchronous Programming: Callbacks, Promises and async/await 67
   13. Events and the EventEmitter 78
   14. Creating a Basic Node.js HTTP Server 86
   15. Handling Routes and Requests in Node.js 92
   16. Reading a POST Body and Serving an HTML File in Node.js 98
   17. Introduction to Express 104
   18. Creating an Express Application 113

   Contents continued

   Module I continued The MEAN stack, Node.js, Express, MongoDB with Mongoose, and Angular

   1. Middleware: the Request Pipeline and next() 121
   2. Built-in, Custom and Third-Party Middleware 128
   3. RESTful Routing in Express 135
   4. Creating API Endpoints: GET, POST, PUT and DELETE 141
   5. Testing an API: curl, Postman and Thunder Client 147
   6. Organizing Express Apps with Router Modules 161
   7. Error Handling in Express 168
   8. Environment Configuration with dotenv 176
   9. Installing MongoDB and MongoDB Compass 185
   10. Databases, Collections and Documents 193
   11. The Mongo Shell: Inserting and Finding Documents 200
   12. The Mongo Shell: Updating and Deleting Documents 207
   13. MongoDB Compass: the Same Work in a Window 215
   14. Introduction to Mongoose ODM: Connecting Node.js to MongoDB 222
   15. Defining Schemas and Models 228
   16. CRUD with Mongoose: Creating and Reading Documents 234
   17. CRUD with Mongoose: Updating and Deleting Documents 240
   18. Validation in Mongoose and MongoDB 246
   19. Indexing Basics 252

   Contents continued

   Module I continued The MEAN stack, Node.js, Express, MongoDB with Mongoose, and Angular

   1. An Express API on MongoDB: the Students API 260
   2. Introduction to Angular: a Framework for Single-Page Applications 268
   3. The TypeScript Angular Is Written In 273
   4. Installing the Angular CLI and Creating an Angular App 280
   5. The Angular Project Structure 285
   6. Anatomy of an Angular Component 292
   7. One-Way Data Binding: Interpolation, Property Binding and Event Binding 298
   8. Two-Way Data Binding with ngModel 302
   9. *ngIf: Showing and Hiding Part of a Page 306
   10. *ngFor: Repeating Part of a Page for Every Item 311
   11. Services and Dependency Injection 317
   12. Component Communication: @Input and @Output 323

   Module II Angular modules and routing, forms, Angular on a REST API, a CRUD application, and deployment

   1. NgModule and Creating a Feature Module 329
   2. Angular Routing: Setup and Navigation 335
   3. RouterLink and RouterOutlet 342
   4. Route Parameters 349
   5. Lazy Loading of Modules 357

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Angular modules and routing, forms, Angular on a REST API, a CRUD application, and deployment

   1. Template-Driven and Reactive Forms 365
   2. Building a Form with the Reactive Forms Module 374
   3. Form Validation and Error Messages 384
   4. Submitting Form Data to a Backend API 391
   5. HttpClient and a Data Service 397
   6. GET, POST, PUT and DELETE Requests from Angular 406
   7. Displaying Server Data in Templates 415
   8. Observables and the Async Pipe 423
   9. Error Handling in HTTP Requests 432
   10. The Student Records App: the Plan and the Backend 443
   11. The Student Records App: the Angular Frontend 451
   12. The Student Records App: Validation and User Notifications 461
   13. Deploying to the Cloud: Render or Vercel for the Backend, Netlify for the Frontend 476
   14. Preparing the Angular Build 483
   15. Serving the Angular App with Express: a Single Deployment 490
   16. Environment Variables and Production Setup 497
   17. Introduction to Git and Version Control 506
   18. Git: Branches, .gitignore and a Remote Repository 513
   19. Authentication: Passwords, Tokens and Protected Routes 523

   Contents continued

   Module II continued Angular modules and routing, forms, Angular on a REST API, a CRUD application, and deployment

   1. Real-Time Updates with Socket.IO 534

   Module J The journal and the practical examination

   1. The Certified Journal: What Goes in It 543
   2. Practice Questions for Q.1: Module 1 549
   3. Practice Questions for Q.2: Module 2 560

   Page 1 onwards

   575 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 575 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 77 chapters across 3 modules

   Module I The MEAN stack, Node.js, Express, MongoDB with Mongoose, and Angular 49 chapters

   1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: the Journal and the Two Questions pages 1 to 4
   2. 2 Full Stack Web Development: the Browser, the Server and the Database pages 5 to 9
   3. 3 The MEAN Stack: Architecture and How a Request Flows pages 10 to 16
   4. 4 Setting Up the MEAN Development Environment pages 17 to 22
   5. 5 Introduction to Node.js and Installing It pages 23 to 27
   6. 6 Your First Node.js Programs: the REPL, a File and process.argv pages 28 to 33
   7. 7 package.json and npm init pages 34 to 38
   8. 8 Installing Packages with npm: dependencies, node_modules and the Lock File pages 39 to 48
   9. 9 Node Modules: Core, Local and Third-Party pages 49 to 54
   10. 10 module.exports, exports and ES Modules pages 55 to 60
   11. 11 The Event Loop pages 61 to 66
   12. 12 Asynchronous Programming: Callbacks, Promises and async/await pages 67 to 77
   13. 13 Events and the EventEmitter pages 78 to 85
   14. 14 Creating a Basic Node.js HTTP Server pages 86 to 91
   15. 15 Handling Routes and Requests in Node.js pages 92 to 97
   16. 16 Reading a POST Body and Serving an HTML File in Node.js pages 98 to 103
   17. 17 Introduction to Express pages 104 to 112
   18. 18 Creating an Express Application pages 113 to 120
   19. 19 Middleware: the Request Pipeline and next() pages 121 to 127
   20. 20 Built-in, Custom and Third-Party Middleware pages 128 to 134
   21. 21 RESTful Routing in Express pages 135 to 140
   22. 22 Creating API Endpoints: GET, POST, PUT and DELETE pages 141 to 146
   23. 23 Testing an API: curl, Postman and Thunder Client pages 147 to 160
   24. 24 Organizing Express Apps with Router Modules pages 161 to 167
   25. 25 Error Handling in Express pages 168 to 175
   26. 26 Environment Configuration with dotenv pages 176 to 184
   27. 27 Installing MongoDB and MongoDB Compass pages 185 to 192
   28. 28 Databases, Collections and Documents pages 193 to 199
   29. 29 The Mongo Shell: Inserting and Finding Documents pages 200 to 206
   30. 30 The Mongo Shell: Updating and Deleting Documents pages 207 to 214
   31. 31 MongoDB Compass: the Same Work in a Window pages 215 to 221
   32. 32 Introduction to Mongoose ODM: Connecting Node.js to MongoDB pages 222 to 227
   33. 33 Defining Schemas and Models pages 228 to 233
   34. 34 CRUD with Mongoose: Creating and Reading Documents pages 234 to 239
   35. 35 CRUD with Mongoose: Updating and Deleting Documents pages 240 to 245
   36. 36 Validation in Mongoose and MongoDB pages 246 to 251
   37. 37 Indexing Basics pages 252 to 259
   38. 38 An Express API on MongoDB: the Students API pages 260 to 267
   39. 39 Introduction to Angular: a Framework for Single-Page Applications pages 268 to 272
   40. 40 The TypeScript Angular Is Written In pages 273 to 279
   41. 41 Installing the Angular CLI and Creating an Angular App pages 280 to 284
   42. 42 The Angular Project Structure pages 285 to 291
   43. 43 Anatomy of an Angular Component pages 292 to 297
   44. 44 One-Way Data Binding: Interpolation, Property Binding and Event Binding pages 298 to 301
   45. 45 Two-Way Data Binding with ngModel pages 302 to 305
   46. 46 *ngIf: Showing and Hiding Part of a Page pages 306 to 310
   47. 47 *ngFor: Repeating Part of a Page for Every Item pages 311 to 316
   48. 48 Services and Dependency Injection pages 317 to 322
   49. 49 Component Communication: @Input and @Output pages 323 to 328

   Module II Angular modules and routing, forms, Angular on a REST API, a CRUD application, and deployment 25 chapters

   1. 50 NgModule and Creating a Feature Module pages 329 to 334
   2. 51 Angular Routing: Setup and Navigation pages 335 to 341
   3. 52 RouterLink and RouterOutlet pages 342 to 348
   4. 53 Route Parameters pages 349 to 356
   5. 54 Lazy Loading of Modules pages 357 to 364
   6. 55 Template-Driven and Reactive Forms pages 365 to 373
   7. 56 Building a Form with the Reactive Forms Module pages 374 to 383
   8. 57 Form Validation and Error Messages pages 384 to 390
   9. 58 Submitting Form Data to a Backend API pages 391 to 396
   10. 59 HttpClient and a Data Service pages 397 to 405
   11. 60 GET, POST, PUT and DELETE Requests from Angular pages 406 to 414
   12. 61 Displaying Server Data in Templates pages 415 to 422
   13. 62 Observables and the Async Pipe pages 423 to 431
   14. 63 Error Handling in HTTP Requests pages 432 to 442
   15. 64 The Student Records App: the Plan and the Backend pages 443 to 450
   16. 65 The Student Records App: the Angular Frontend pages 451 to 460
   17. 66 The Student Records App: Validation and User Notifications pages 461 to 475
   18. 67 Deploying to the Cloud: Render or Vercel for the Backend, Netlify for the Frontend pages 476 to 482
   19. 68 Preparing the Angular Build pages 483 to 489
   20. 69 Serving the Angular App with Express: a Single Deployment pages 490 to 496
   21. 70 Environment Variables and Production Setup pages 497 to 505
   22. 71 Introduction to Git and Version Control pages 506 to 512
   23. 72 Git: Branches, .gitignore and a Remote Repository pages 513 to 522
   24. 73 Authentication: Passwords, Tokens and Protected Routes pages 523 to 533
   25. 74 Real-Time Updates with Socket.IO pages 534 to 542

   Module J The journal and the practical examination 3 chapters

   1. 75 The Certified Journal: What Goes in It pages 543 to 548
   2. 76 Practice Questions for Q.1: Module 1 pages 549 to 559
   3. 77 Practice Questions for Q.2: Module 2 pages 560 to 575

6. Computer Science Practical 4

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Computer Science Practical 4

   B.SC. (COMPUTER SCIENCE) · SEMESTER 4

   Strictly as per the University of Mumbai NEP syllabus in force for B.Sc. (Computer Science)

   For B.Sc. (Computer Science) students of the University of Mumbai and all its affiliated colleges

   munotes.in Second Year

   Computer Science Practical 4

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for MU students. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to the University of Mumbai. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Computer Networks practicals: networking commands, peer-to-peer and client-server networks, static and dynamic addressing, RIP, OSPF and BGP routing, and Wireshark

   1. How This Practical Is Examined: Two Questions, the Journal and the 80 Per Cent Rule 1
   2. The Networking Laboratory from Zero: Devices, Cables, Addresses and the Simulator 7
   3. The Router Command Line: Modes, Interfaces, show Commands and Saving 19
   4. Practical 1: Is It Reachable? ping, traceroute and tracert, and pathping 27
   5. Practical 1 continued: Who Am I on the Network? ipconfig and ifconfig, getmac, hostname and systeminfo 37
   6. Practical 1 continued: Who Is Talking to Whom? netstat, arp and nslookup 45
   7. Practical 2: A Peer-to-Peer Network of Two PCs on a Crossover Cable 54
   8. Practical 3: One Server and Two Clients on a Switch, with Static Addresses 59
   9. Practical 3 continued: HTTP and FTP Services on the Server, Tested from the Clients 64
   10. Practical 4: Dynamic Addresses from a DHCP Server 69
   11. Practical 5: A Mixed Network of Wired and Wireless Devices 74
   12. Practical 6: RIP Version 1 Across Three Routers 81
   13. Practical 7: RIP Version 2 and the Subnet Mask 90
   14. Practical 8: OSPF in One Area: Router IDs, Neighbours and Path Choice 97
   15. Practical 8 continued: OSPF in Several Areas, and Why Networks Are Built in Hierarchies 107

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Computer Networks practicals: networking commands, peer-to-peer and client-server networks, static and dynamic addressing, RIP, OSPF and BGP routing, and Wireshark

   1. Practical 9: BGP Between Three Autonomous Systems 115
   2. Practical 9 continued: BGP Peerings, the BGP Table and Testing Inter-AS Communication 123
   3. Practical 10: Wireshark: Capturing, Reading a Packet and Filtering, with ICMP and DNS 130
   4. Practical 10 continued: TCP, HTTP and FTP in Wireshark 138

   Module II IoT Technologies practicals: GPIO, the camera module, an LED matrix, a stepper motor, Node-RED, sensors, a web trigger, sending sensor data online and a smart monitoring system

   1. The IoT Laboratory from Zero: the Raspberry Pi, the Arduino, the Breadboard and the LED 147
   2. Practical 11: Preparing the Raspberry Pi: Raspberry Pi OS, the First Boot and a First Test 154
   3. Practical 11 continued: Preparing the Arduino: the Arduino IDE, a First Sketch and the Serial Monitor 159
   4. Practical 11 continued: The Pin Layout, GPIO Settings and the Onboard Peripherals 163
   5. Practical 12: Blinking an LED from Python and from C++ 172
   6. Practical 12 continued: A Push Button That Toggles the LED 178
   7. Practical 13: The Camera Module: Capturing an Image and a Short Video 184
   8. Practical 13 continued: Storing the Camera's Files and Streaming It Locally 190
   9. Practical 14: The 8x8 LED Matrix: Wiring the Module and Lighting a Pattern 195

   Contents continued

   Module II continued IoT Technologies practicals: GPIO, the camera module, an LED matrix, a stepper motor, Node-RED, sensors, a web trigger, sending sensor data online and a smart monitoring system

   1. Practical 14 continued: Logical Formulas for Patterns, Animations and Scrolling Text 202
   2. Practical 15: The Stepper Motor and Its Driver: Steps, Direction and Speed 212
   3. Practical 15 continued: PWM and the Duty Cycle: What It Changes and What It Does Not 222
   4. Practical 16: Node-RED on the Raspberry Pi: a Flow That Switches an LED from the Browser 229
   5. Practical 16 continued: A Node-RED Dashboard for Sensor Data 236
   6. Practical 17: Analog and Digital Sensors: the LDR, the DHT11 and the Gas Sensor 243
   7. Practical 17 continued: Showing Readings on the Serial Monitor, an OLED or an LCD, and Acting at a Threshold 251
   8. Practical 18: Controlling LEDs from a Flask Web App on the Raspberry Pi 258
   9. Practical 18 continued: Real-Time Feedback, and the Same Page Served by an ESP Board 266
   10. Practical 19: Sending Sensor Data to ThingSpeak over HTTP 276
   11. Practical 19 continued: Publishing Sensor Data over MQTT, with Timestamps 284
   12. Practical 20: A Smart Weather Station: Putting It Together 298
   13. Practical 20 continued: The Weather Station's Alerts, Its Online Log, and Testing It 307

   Contents continued

   Module J The journal and the practical examination

   1. Keeping the Journal, and What Goes on the Page 321
   2. A Worked Practical Paper: Q. 1 and Q. 2 327

   Page 1 onwards

   334 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 334 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 43 chapters across 3 modules

   Module I Computer Networks practicals: networking commands, peer-to-peer and client-server networks, static and dynamic addressing, RIP, OSPF and BGP routing, and Wireshark 19 chapters

   1. 1 How This Practical Is Examined: Two Questions, the Journal and the 80 Per Cent Rule pages 1 to 6
   2. 2 The Networking Laboratory from Zero: Devices, Cables, Addresses and the Simulator pages 7 to 18
   3. 3 The Router Command Line: Modes, Interfaces, show Commands and Saving pages 19 to 26
   4. 4 Practical 1: Is It Reachable? ping, traceroute and tracert, and pathping pages 27 to 36
   5. 5 Practical 1 continued: Who Am I on the Network? ipconfig and ifconfig, getmac, hostname and systeminfo pages 37 to 44
   6. 6 Practical 1 continued: Who Is Talking to Whom? netstat, arp and nslookup pages 45 to 53
   7. 7 Practical 2: A Peer-to-Peer Network of Two PCs on a Crossover Cable pages 54 to 58
   8. 8 Practical 3: One Server and Two Clients on a Switch, with Static Addresses pages 59 to 63
   9. 9 Practical 3 continued: HTTP and FTP Services on the Server, Tested from the Clients pages 64 to 68
   10. 10 Practical 4: Dynamic Addresses from a DHCP Server pages 69 to 73
   11. 11 Practical 5: A Mixed Network of Wired and Wireless Devices pages 74 to 80
   12. 12 Practical 6: RIP Version 1 Across Three Routers pages 81 to 89
   13. 13 Practical 7: RIP Version 2 and the Subnet Mask pages 90 to 96
   14. 14 Practical 8: OSPF in One Area: Router IDs, Neighbours and Path Choice pages 97 to 106
   15. 15 Practical 8 continued: OSPF in Several Areas, and Why Networks Are Built in Hierarchies pages 107 to 114
   16. 16 Practical 9: BGP Between Three Autonomous Systems pages 115 to 122
   17. 17 Practical 9 continued: BGP Peerings, the BGP Table and Testing Inter-AS Communication pages 123 to 129
   18. 18 Practical 10: Wireshark: Capturing, Reading a Packet and Filtering, with ICMP and DNS pages 130 to 137
   19. 19 Practical 10 continued: TCP, HTTP and FTP in Wireshark pages 138 to 146

   Module II IoT Technologies practicals: GPIO, the camera module, an LED matrix, a stepper motor, Node-RED, sensors, a web trigger, sending sensor data online and a smart monitoring system 22 chapters

   1. 20 The IoT Laboratory from Zero: the Raspberry Pi, the Arduino, the Breadboard and the LED pages 147 to 153
   2. 21 Practical 11: Preparing the Raspberry Pi: Raspberry Pi OS, the First Boot and a First Test pages 154 to 158
   3. 22 Practical 11 continued: Preparing the Arduino: the Arduino IDE, a First Sketch and the Serial Monitor pages 159 to 162
   4. 23 Practical 11 continued: The Pin Layout, GPIO Settings and the Onboard Peripherals pages 163 to 171
   5. 24 Practical 12: Blinking an LED from Python and from C++ pages 172 to 177
   6. 25 Practical 12 continued: A Push Button That Toggles the LED pages 178 to 183
   7. 26 Practical 13: The Camera Module: Capturing an Image and a Short Video pages 184 to 189
   8. 27 Practical 13 continued: Storing the Camera's Files and Streaming It Locally pages 190 to 194
   9. 28 Practical 14: The 8x8 LED Matrix: Wiring the Module and Lighting a Pattern pages 195 to 201
   10. 29 Practical 14 continued: Logical Formulas for Patterns, Animations and Scrolling Text pages 202 to 211
   11. 30 Practical 15: The Stepper Motor and Its Driver: Steps, Direction and Speed pages 212 to 221
   12. 31 Practical 15 continued: PWM and the Duty Cycle: What It Changes and What It Does Not pages 222 to 228
   13. 32 Practical 16: Node-RED on the Raspberry Pi: a Flow That Switches an LED from the Browser pages 229 to 235
   14. 33 Practical 16 continued: A Node-RED Dashboard for Sensor Data pages 236 to 242
   15. 34 Practical 17: Analog and Digital Sensors: the LDR, the DHT11 and the Gas Sensor pages 243 to 250
   16. 35 Practical 17 continued: Showing Readings on the Serial Monitor, an OLED or an LCD, and Acting at a Threshold pages 251 to 257
   17. 36 Practical 18: Controlling LEDs from a Flask Web App on the Raspberry Pi pages 258 to 265
   18. 37 Practical 18 continued: Real-Time Feedback, and the Same Page Served by an ESP Board pages 266 to 275
   19. 38 Practical 19: Sending Sensor Data to ThingSpeak over HTTP pages 276 to 283
   20. 39 Practical 19 continued: Publishing Sensor Data over MQTT, with Timestamps pages 284 to 297
   21. 40 Practical 20: A Smart Weather Station: Putting It Together pages 298 to 306
   22. 41 Practical 20 continued: The Weather Station's Alerts, Its Online Log, and Testing It pages 307 to 320

   Module J The journal and the practical examination 2 chapters

   1. 42 Keeping the Journal, and What Goes on the Page pages 321 to 326
   2. 43 A Worked Practical Paper: Q. 1 and Q. 2 pages 327 to 334

Questions