Science Technology and Human Rights Notes | LL.M. Semester 3 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I

1. What This Paper Is About 1
2. What a Human Right Is 5
3. The Right to Share in Scientific Advancement 9
4. Privacy and Health in the Universal Declaration 13
5. The Right to Science in the Covenant 17
6. The Duty to Conserve, Develop and Diffuse Science 21
7. Freedom Indispensable for Scientific Research 28
8. International Co-operation in Science 36
9. The Right to Health in the Covenant 42
10. General Comment 25 and the Content of the Right 49
11. Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Quality 57
12. Participation in Scientific Progress 62
13. Benefit Sharing 69
14. Dual Use: the Same Technology Both Ways 78
15. Scientific Temper as a Fundamental Duty 84
16. Science Under Article 21 90
17. Education and the Diffusion of Knowledge 98
18. The Directive Principles on Health and Work 103
19. The Environment in the Constitution 110
20. The Scientist: Rights and Responsibilities 116
21. The Precautionary Principle 122
22. How a Technology Becomes a Rights Question 129
23. Privacy and Surveillance 136
24. Bodily Integrity and Intervention Without Consent 142
25. Equality and the Digital Divide 149
26. Health and Medical Technology 155
27. Work, Automation and Livelihood 160
28. Expression and Information Technology 166
29. Environment and Technological Harm 172
30. Weapons, Warfare and the Right to Life 179
31. Biotechnology, Genetics and Human Dignity 185
32. Artificial Intelligence and Decisions by Machines 191
33. Reproductive Technology and Autonomy 196
34. Forensic Science and the Rights of the Accused 201
35. Technology and the Rights of the Child 206
36. Technology and Persons with Disabilities 212
37. Access to Medicines and Patents 218
38. The State's Duty to Regulate Technology 224
39. Remedies When Technology Causes Harm 229

Module II

1. What Medical Law Is 234
2. The Doctor and the Patient 239
3. The Right to Health Under Article 21 244
4. Emergency Treatment and the Duty to Treat 250
5. Informed Consent: the Principle 256
6. Informed Consent: the Indian Standard 261
7. Consent for a Person Who Cannot Consent 267
8. Medical Confidentiality and Its Limits 273
9. Health Data and Privacy 279
10. Medical Negligence: the Civil Action 284
11. Medical Negligence: the Criminal Standard 289
12. Medical Services Under Consumer Law 294
13. Compensation and How It Is Measured 299
14. Regulating the Profession 304
15. Regulating the Hospital 310
16. Drugs, Standards and Control 315
17. Clinical Trials and Research on Patients 320
18. Access to Medicines: Price and Patent 327
19. Organ Transplantation: the Scheme of the Act 333
20. Brain Stem Death and the Law 339
21. Transplantation: Regulation and Registration 344
22. Trade in Organs and Its Punishment 350
23. Termination of Pregnancy: the Act 356
24. Abortion, Autonomy and the 2021 Amendment 363
25. Sex Selection: the PCPNDT Scheme 369
26. PCPNDT: Registration and Authorities 376
27. PCPNDT: Offences and Enforcement 382
28. Assisted Reproductive Technology: the Scheme 389
29. ART: Donors, Consent and the Commissioning Couple 395
30. ART: Authorities and the National Registry 402
31. ART: Offences and Penalties 408
32. Surrogacy: the Scheme of the Act 414
33. Surrogacy: Clinics, Registration and Procedure 422
34. Surrogacy: Boards and Appropriate Authorities 428
35. Surrogacy: Offences, and the Rights Question 434
36. Mental Health: Capacity and the Advance Directive 441
37. The Nominated Representative 448
38. The Rights of a Person with Mental Illness 454
39. HIV: Consent, Testing and Treatment 461
40. HIV: Confidentiality and Disclosure 468
41. HIV: Ombudsman, Courts and Remedies 476
42. Euthanasia, the Living Will and Dying with Dignity 483
43. Public Health Powers and Epidemics 490
44. Medical Examination, Medical Evidence and the Accused 496
45. The Unborn, the Newborn and the Law 502

Module III

1. What Ethics Adds to Law 509
2. Human Experimentation Before Nuremberg 514
3. The Nuremberg Code 519
4. The Declaration of Helsinki 525
5. Research Ethics Committees 531
6. Free and Informed Consent in Research 537
7. Vulnerable Participants and Exploitation 543
8. Research Carried Out in Developing Countries 549
9. Placebo, Standard of Care and After the Trial 555
10. Registration, Publication and Research Integrity 562
11. The Genome and Human Dignity 568
12. The Genome: Rights of the Person Concerned 574
13. Research on the Genome and Its Limits 580
14. The Genome: Solidarity and Implementation 587
15. Genetic Data: What It Is and Why It Is Special 594
16. Genetic Data: Collection and Consent 601
17. Genetic Data: Access, Privacy and Quality 608
18. Genetic Data: Use, Storage and Benefit Sharing 614
19. The Bioethics Declaration: Scope and Aims 621
20. The Bioethics Declaration: the Core Principles 627
21. The Bioethics Declaration: Society and the Future 633
22. The Bioethics Declaration: Applying the Principles 640
23. The Bioethics Declaration: Promotion and Final Provisions 647
24. Benefit Sharing, Biopiracy and Traditional Knowledge 655
25. Precaution, Risk and Dual-Use Research 665
26. The Ethics of Emerging Technology 674

Module IV

1. The Information Society and Human Rights 682
2. Access to the Internet 688
3. The Right to Information 696
4. Privacy as a Fundamental Right 705
5. Informational Privacy and the Proportionality Test 712
6. Data Protection: Scope and Consent 720
7. Data Protection: Duties of the Data Fiduciary 729
8. Data Protection: Rights and Duties of the Data Principal 737
9. Data Protection: Exemptions and the Board 745
10. Data Protection: Penalties, Appeals and the Rest of the Act 755
11. Surveillance, Interception and Monitoring 765
12. Speech Online and Its Limits 774
13. Intermediaries, Safe Harbour and Takedown 781
14. Internet Shutdowns 792
15. Cybercrime: the Scheme of the IT Act 801
16. Identity Theft and Cheating by Personation 808
17. Violation of Privacy and Obscene Material Online 814
18. Cyber Terrorism: Section 66F 822
19. Investigation, Jurisdiction and the Transnational Problem 830
20. Digital Identity and Biometrics 838
21. Children Online 846
22. Disinformation, Elections and the Public Sphere 854
23. What a Normative Response Is 861
24. The 1975 Declaration: How It Came About 868
25. The 1975 Declaration: What It Obliges States To Do 874
26. Article 15 of the Covenant Read Whole 882
27. General Comment 25 as the Authoritative Reading 889
28. The UNESCO Trilogy of 1997, 2003 and 2005 897
29. Professional Self-Regulation as a Normative Response 904
30. The Regional Response: the Council of Europe 910
31. Special Procedures and the Special Rapporteur 917
32. Reporting, Treaty Bodies and Enforcement 923
33. India and the International Response 929
34. The Gaps in the International Response 936
35. Technologies That Did Not Exist in 1975 944