Global Trade Under World Trade Organisation Notes | LL.M. Semester 1 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I

1. The World Before the System: Trade Law to 1944 1
2. The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 6
3. The International Monetary Fund 11
4. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 16
5. The Havana Charter and the Organization That Never Was 20
6. GATT 1947: The Agreement That Stood In 24
7. How GATT Worked, and How Far It Succeeded 28
8. The Rounds: Geneva 1947 to Tokyo 1979 33
9. The Uruguay Round 37
10. The Final Act and the Single Undertaking 42
11. The Marrakesh Agreement, Article by Article 45
12. Objectives, Scope and Functions of the WTO 50
13. The Organisational Chart: Ministerial Conference to the Committees 54
14. The Secretariat and the Director-General 58
15. Decision-Making: Consensus, Voting, Interpretations and Waivers 62
16. Membership, Accession, Non-Application and Withdrawal 66
17. Amending the Agreements 70
18. GATT and the WTO Compared 74
19. The Trade Policy Review Mechanism 78
20. The Plurilateral Agreements of Annex 4 81
21. The Ministerial Conferences: Singapore to Yaounde 85
22. Developing Countries, Least-Developed Countries and Special Treatment 89
23. India and the WTO 94
24. The Sources of Law for Global Trade, and the Constitution of India 99
25. The Mission Statement, and Whether the Trade Is Fair and Free 103

Module II

1. What GATT 1994 Consists Of 108
2. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment: Article I 112
3. Schedules of Concessions and Tariff Bindings: Article II 116
4. National Treatment I: Internal Taxation, Article III:2 121
5. National Treatment II: Regulation and Procurement, Article III:4 and III:8 125
6. The Exceptions to MFN: Preferences, the Enabling Clause and Waivers 129
7. Freedom of Transit: Article V 133
8. The Working Articles: Films, Fees, Marks and Publication, Articles IV and VII to X 137
9. The General Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions: Article XI 141
10. The Balance-of-Payments Exceptions: Articles XII, XIV, XV and XVIII:B 146
11. State Trading Enterprises: Article XVII 150
12. Governmental Assistance to Economic Development: Article XVIII 154
13. The General Exceptions: Article XX 158
14. The Security Exceptions: Article XXI 163
15. Customs Unions and Free-Trade Areas: Article XXIV 168
16. The Institutional Articles and Part IV: Articles XXII to XXXVIII 172
17. Dumping I: The Concept and Article VI 176
18. Dumping II: The Investigation, the Duty and the Review 180
19. Dumping III: India's Law and Practice 186
20. Subsidies I: Definition, Specificity and the Prohibited List 190
21. Subsidies II: Countervailing Duties, and India's Cases 196
22. Safeguards: Article XIX and the Agreement 200
23. Customs Valuation: Article VII and the Agreement 206
24. Preshipment Inspection 212
25. Rules of Origin 217
26. Import Licensing Procedures 221
27. The Agreement on Agriculture 226
28. Agriculture and India: Public Stockholding to the Sugar Dispute 232
29. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 237
30. Technical Barriers to Trade 244
31. Trade-Related Investment Measures 249
32. Textiles: The MFA, the ATC and Its Self-Termination 254
33. The Agreement on Trade Facilitation 259
34. The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies 264
35. Trade and the Environment: Tuna Dolphin to Shrimp and After 268

Module III

1. Why Services Entered the Trading System 273
2. Trade in Services Defined: The Four Modes 278
3. Scope and Definitions: Articles I and XXVIII 282
4. MFN under the GATS: Article II and the Exemptions 286
5. The General Obligations: Articles III to V bis 290
6. Domestic Regulation: Article VI 294
7. Recognition of Qualifications: Article VII 298
8. Monopolies, Exclusive Suppliers and Business Practices: Articles VIII and IX 302
9. The Unfinished Rules: Articles X to XIII and XV 306
10. The GATS Exceptions: Articles XIV and XIV bis 310
11. Market Access: Article XVI 314
12. National Treatment and Additional Commitments: Articles XVII and XVIII 318
13. Schedules of Specific Commitments, and How to Read One 322
14. Progressive Liberalisation and Modifying a Schedule: Articles XIX and XXI 326
15. Consultation, Dispute Settlement and the Final Provisions: Articles XXII to XXIX 330
16. The Annexes: Movement of Persons, Air Transport, Telecommunications 334
17. Financial Services 339
18. Maritime Transport Services 343
19. Professional Services, and the Lawyers' Question 347
20. India's Services Trade, Sector by Sector 351
21. The Salient Features of the GATS, Drawn Together 356

Module IV

1. Intellectual Property Before TRIPS: Paris, Berne and WIPO 361
2. Why Intellectual Property Entered the Trade System 365
3. The Structure of TRIPS: Seven Parts 370
4. General Provisions and Basic Principles: Articles 1 to 8 374
5. Copyright and Related Rights: Articles 9 to 14 379
6. Trademarks: Articles 15 to 21 384
7. Geographical Indications: Articles 22 to 24 390
8. Industrial Designs: Articles 25 and 26 396
9. Patents: Articles 27 to 34 400
10. Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits: Articles 35 to 38 406
11. Undisclosed Information: Article 39 410
12. Anti-Competitive Practices in Contractual Licences: Article 40 415
13. Enforcement: Articles 41 to 61 420
14. Acquisition, Transparency and Dispute Settlement: Articles 62 to 64 427
15. Transitional Arrangements and the Institutions: Articles 65 to 73 431
16. TRIPS and Public Health: Doha, Article 31bis and the Pandemic 437
17. What TRIPS Changed in India I: The Patents Act 443
18. What TRIPS Changed in India II: Trademarks and Geographical Indications 449
19. What TRIPS Changed in India III: Copyright, Designs, Circuits, Secrets and Plants 455
20. The Patent Co-operation Treaty 460
21. Dispute Settlement under GATT, and Why It Had to Change 463
22. The Dispute Settlement Body and the Coverage of the DSU: Articles 1 to 3 468
23. Consultations, Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation: Articles 4 and 5 473
24. Panels: Articles 6 to 15 477
25. Appellate Review: Article 17 483
26. Adoption and the Reverse Consensus Rule: Articles 16, 19 and 20 488
27. Implementation, Compensation and Retaliation: Articles 21 and 22 492
28. The System's Discipline: Articles 23 to 27 497
29. The Stages of a WTO Dispute, End to End 502
30. Developing Countries in Dispute Settlement 507
31. India and the Dispute Settlement Process 512
32. The Sugar Dispute 517
33. The Brazil-Canada Aircraft Dispute 522
34. The Appellate Body Crisis and the MPIA 527