Jurisprudence and Legal Theory Notes | B.A. LL.B. (Five Year Course) Semester 8 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I

1. What Jurisprudence Means 1
2. The Nature of Jurisprudence 5
3. The Scope of Jurisprudence 8
4. Why Jurisprudence Is Studied 11
5. What Law Is 14
6. The Definitions of Law 18
7. Law as a Normative Order 23
8. The Functions of Law 26
9. The Purposes of Law 29
10. The Classification of Law 32
11. Public Law and Private Law 35
12. Positive Law and Positive Morality 38
13. What Justice Means 41
14. The Kinds of Justice 44
15. Justice According to Law, and Equity 48
16. Legal Wrongs and Moral Wrongs 52
17. Sanctions 56
18. What a State Is 59
19. Population and Territory 62
20. Government as an Element of the State 65
21. Sovereignty 68
22. The Divine Theory of the Origin of the State 72
23. The Social Contract Theory 76
24. The Patriarchal Theory 80
25. The Matriarchal Theory 83

Module II

1. What a Source of Law Is 86
2. Formal and Material Sources of Law 89
3. What a Custom Is 92
4. Kinds of Custom 96
5. General and Local Custom 100
6. Trade Usage and Conventional Custom 104
7. The Essentials of a Valid Custom: Antiquity, Continuity and Peaceable Enjoyment 108
8. The Essentials of a Valid Custom: Reasonableness, Certainty, Consistency and Obligatory Force 112
9. Custom in the Indian Courts 117
10. What a Precedent Is 122
11. Precedent as a Source of Law in India 126
12. The Doctrine of Stare Decisis 131
13. Kinds of Precedent 135
14. The Declaratory Theory, and Whether Judges Make Law 139
15. Prospective Overruling 143
16. Ratio Decidendi 147
17. How to Find the Ratio of a Case 151
18. Obiter Dicta 155
19. Per Incuriam and Sub Silentio 159
20. What Destroys or Weakens the Binding Force of a Precedent 163
21. Distinguishing and Overruling 167
22. The Merits and Demerits of Precedent 171
23. What Legislation Is 175
24. Supreme Legislation 179
25. Subordinate and Delegated Legislation 182
26. The Merits and Demerits of Legislation 186
27. Codification of Law 190
28. Statutory Interpretation: Why It Is Needed 194
29. The Literal, Golden and Mischief Rules 198
30. The Subsidiary Rules of Interpretation 202
31. Convention as a Source of Law 206
32. Public Interest Litigation, Juristic Writing and Equity as Sources 210

Module III

1. What a School of Jurisprudence Is 214
2. The Central Notion of Natural Law 218
3. The Basic Tenets of Natural Law 222
4. Natural Law in the Greek Period 226
5. Natural Law in the Roman Period 230
6. Natural Law in the Christian and Medieval Periods 233
7. Natural Law in the Modern Period 237
8. Natural Law in Indian Law 242
9. What Legal Positivism Is 246
10. Bentham and the Principle of Utility 250
11. Austin's Command Theory of Law 254
12. Austin's Sovereign, and the Criticism of the Command Theory 258
13. Hart's Concept of Law 262
14. Hart's Rule of Recognition and the Hart Debates 267
15. Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law 272
16. The Grundnorm 276
17. Law and Morality 280
18. The Ancient Indian Concept of Dharma 284
19. Savigny and the Volksgeist 288
20. Puchta on Custom and the State 292
21. Maine: From Status to Contract 295
22. The Basic Tenets of the Historical School 299
23. The Rise of the Sociological School 303
24. Roscoe Pound and Social Engineering 306
25. Pound's Scheme of Interests 311
26. Ihering, Duguit and Ehrlich 315
27. The Basic Tenets of the Sociological School 320
28. The American Realist School 324
29. The Scandinavian Realist School 329
30. The Basic Tenets of the Realist School 334
31. Feminist Legal Theory 338
32. The Schools of Feminist Legal Theory 342

Module IV

1. What a Legal Right Is 346
2. The Theories of Rights: Will, Interest and Gray 349
3. The Elements of a Legal Right 353
4. The Characteristics of a Legal Right 357
5. Duties, and the Correlation of Rights and Duties 361
6. The Kinds of Duty 365
7. Hohfeld's Scheme of Jural Relations 369
8. Jural Correlatives and Jural Opposites 373
9. Liberty, Power, Immunity and Capacity in Practice 377
10. Perfect and Imperfect, Positive and Negative Rights 381
11. Rights in Rem and Rights in Personam 385
12. Proprietary and Personal Rights, Inheritable and Uninheritable 389
13. Rights in Re Propria and Rights in Re Aliena 393
14. Primary and Secondary, Legal and Equitable, Vested and Contingent Rights 397
15. What a Legal Person Is 402
16. Natural and Artificial Persons 406
17. The Legal Status of an Animal 410
18. The Legal Status of a Minor 414
19. The Legal Status of a Person of Unsound Mind and of a Drunken Person 418
20. The Legal Status of an Unborn Person 423
21. The Legal Status of a Dead Person 427
22. Corporation Sole and Corporation Aggregate 431
23. The Characteristics and Advantages of Incorporation 435
24. The Theories of Corporate Personality 439
25. What Property Is 443
26. The Philosophical Theories of Property 447
27. Corporeal and Incorporeal Property 452
28. Real and Personal, Movable and Immovable Property 455
29. The Modes of Acquiring Property 459
30. Title: Original and Derivative 463
31. Encumbrances: Lease, Servitude, Security and Trust 467
32. What Possession Is 472
33. Corpus and Animus: The Two Elements of Possession 476
34. Possession in Fact and Possession in Law 479
35. Mediate and Immediate Possession 483
36. Corporeal and Incorporeal Possession 486
37. The Modes of Acquiring Possession 489
38. Why Possession Is Protected 493
39. Possessory Remedies and Adverse Possession 497
40. What Ownership Is 501
41. The Characteristics of Ownership 505
42. Austin on Ownership 508
43. Possession and Ownership Distinguished 511
44. The Kinds of Ownership 514
45. The Modes of Acquiring Ownership 518
46. What an Obligation Is 521
47. Perfect and Imperfect Obligations 524
48. Simple and Solidary Obligations 527
49. The Sources of Obligations 531
50. Question of Fact and Question of Law 535