KSLU Solved Question Papers
Political Science (International Relations and Organisation)
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 4
2023 Mar Examination
munotes.in
Mumbai
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 4 Political Science (International Relations and Organisation) 2023 Mar Question Paper with Solutions
First published on munotes.in on 21 October 2026.
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The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by Karnataka State Law University at the 2023 Mar examination.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2023 Mar examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2023 Mar examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 80 · 20 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B. (1) Answer all five Units. (2) One essay type question and short note is compulsory from each Unit. (3) Figures to the right indicate marks. (4) Answer should be written either in English or Kannada completely.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1
Unit 1
(a)Define and distinguish between 'State, Nation and Nationality' with illustrations.[10]
Answer
For full marks, cover: definitions of the state (Montevideo Convention, 1933, art. 1, with Island of Palmas on territorial sovereignty), the nation and nationality (Mill, Renan); the differences between state and nation, nation and nationality, and state and nationality, with a comparison table; illustrations: one nation in two states (Germany 1949 to 1990), many nationalities in one state (Switzerland, India), a nationality without a state (the Kurds), a multinational state breaking up (the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia); the nation-state as the meeting point; a conclusion.
The state
A state is a political organisation of people living on a defined territory under a government that is independent of outside control. The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933) lists its legal qualifications: "(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other States" (art. 1).
The heart of statehood is sovereignty over a territory. In Island of Palmas Case (Netherlands v. United States), Award of 4 April 1928, the United States claimed a small island as part of the Philippines, ceded by Spain in 1898, relying on Spain's discovery. The Netherlands relied on its long and peaceful exercise of authority there. The arbitrator, Max Huber, held that "Sovereignty in the relations between States signifies independence", the right to exercise the functions of a state on a territory to the exclusion of others. A bare title of discovery could not defeat the continuous and peaceful display of sovereignty, so the island was Dutch. The award bears on this question because it shows what makes a state a state: real, exclusive authority over a territory. A nation or a nationality may lack it.
The nation
A nation is a people bound by a sense of unity who are politically organised, possessing or claiming a state of their own. The French scholar Ernest Renan described a nation as "a soul, a spiritual principle", made of shared memories and the present wish to live together.
Nationality
Nationality is the feeling of oneness among a group of people, arising from common descent, language, religion, history and culture. J. S. Mill (1861) said a portion of mankind is a nationality "if they are united among themselves by common sympathies which do not exist between them and any others". Nationality is cultural and psychological. It need not be politically organised.
The differences
State and nation. The state is a legal and political entity; the nation is a community of sentiment. A state requires sovereignty and territory; a nation requires only shared identity and political will. A state may hold several nations, and a nation may be spread over several states.
Nation and nationality. A nationality becomes a nation when it gains political consciousness and seeks self-government. Nationality is the earlier, cultural stage; the nation is the politically organised stage.
State and nationality. A state is defined by law and power; a nationality by feeling. A state can exist without a single nationality, and a nationality without a state.
| Point | State | Nation | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nature | Legal and political | Political community of sentiment | Cultural and psychological |
| Essential element | Sovereignty over territory | Political unity and will | Sense of oneness |
| Territory | Essential | Usually, but may be divided | Not essential |
| Sovereignty | Essential | May seek it | Not required |
| Example | India, the Republic | The Indian people | The Kurds |
Illustrations
- One nation, two states. After 1949 the German nation was divided between two states, West and East Germany, until reunification in 1990.
- One state, many nationalities. Switzerland has, in Mill's words, "a strong sentiment of nationality, though the cantons are of different races, different languages, and different religions". India is one state and one nation that holds many linguistic and religious groups; its Constitution lists 22 languages in the Eighth Schedule.
- A nationality without a state. The Kurds have a strong sense of common identity but are divided among several states and have no state of their own.
- A multinational state that broke up. The Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991 into fifteen states, and Yugoslavia broke up in 1991 and 1992, when their nationalities chose separate statehood.
The nation-state
When state, nation and nationality coincide, the result is the nation-state: one people with one government over one territory. Mill thought it "a necessary condition of free institutions that the boundaries of governments should coincide in the main with those of nationalities". In practice few states fit the model exactly.
Conclusion. A state is a legal and political organisation with a permanent population, defined territory, government and capacity for foreign relations. Island of Palmas shows that sovereignty over territory is its core. A nation is a people politically united by sentiment, and a nationality is a people culturally united by a sense of oneness. Germany's division, Switzerland and India, the Kurds and the breakup of the Soviet Union show that the three often fail to coincide. Where they do, the nation-state results.
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