KSLU Solved Question Papers
Political Science (Organisation and Institutions)
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 2
2025 Jun Examination
munotes.in
Mumbai
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 2 Political Science (Organisation and Institutions) 2025 Jun Question Paper with Solutions
First published on munotes.in on 21 October 2026.
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Contents
The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2025 Jun examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2025 Jun examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 80 · 20 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1
Unit I
(a)What is meant by the Constitution ? Explain the importance and classification of Constitutions.[10]
Answer
For full marks, cover: the meaning of a constitution, with two definitions; its importance under several heads (supreme law, organisation of government, limits on power, rights, legitimacy, stability, national ideals, federal balance); its classification (written and unwritten, enacted and evolved, rigid and flexible, by source, historical and a priori, unitary and federal); India's place; one case (Minerva Mills); and a conclusion.
Meaning
A constitution is the body of fundamental rules by which a state is organised and governed. Garner calls it "the body of fundamental law, either written or customary, which has to do with the organization of the state."
- Judge Cooley defined it as "the fundamental law of the state, containing the principles upon which government is founded, regulating the division of the sovereign powers and directing to what persons each of these powers is to be confided and the manner in which it is to be exercised."
- Bryce said it consists of the rules "which determine the form of its government and the respective rights and duties of it toward its citizens and of the citizens toward the government."
Importance of a constitution
1. Every state needs one. Garner, following Schulze, says "the state, in short, is unthinkable without a constitution of some kind." A state without fixed rules would be ruled by force or whim.
2. It is the fundamental law. A written constitution usually stands above ordinary laws. Garner explains that a statute, "to be valid or 'constitutional', must conform in its provisions to the former."
3. It organises the government. It sets up the legislature, executive and judiciary, fixes their powers and their relations. It also defines the electorate.
4. It limits power. By fixing what each organ may do, it prevents arbitrary rule. Borgeaud, quoted by Garner, calls a written constitution "a law of political protection, a law of guarantees, guaranteeing the people against the government and the minority against the majority."
5. It protects rights. Most constitutions contain a declaration of rights. Garner calls this part "the constitution of liberty."
6. It gives legitimacy. Government exercised under an accepted constitution has the people's authority behind it.
7. It gives stability and continuity. Rulers change but the constitution continues. A good amending clause lets it change lawfully, without revolution.
8. It states national ideals. A preamble and directive principles declare the goals of the nation, as India's Preamble declares justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.
9. It balances the centre and the units in a federation, by dividing powers between them.
10. It provides for its own growth. Garner says no written constitution "is complete without" an amending provision. John Stuart Mill observed that no constitution can expect to last unless it guarantees progress as well as order.
Classification of constitutions
1. Written and unwritten. A written constitution is embodied in a formal document, as in the United States and India. An unwritten constitution rests mainly on custom, convention and scattered statutes, as in Britain. Garner warns that the difference is one of degree.
2. Enacted and evolved. An enacted constitution is made at a fixed time by an assembly or a ruler. An evolved one grows through history.
3. Rigid and flexible. Bryce's test: a flexible constitution is changed like ordinary law (Britain); a rigid one needs a special procedure (United States).
4. By source. Garner names charters granted by kings, constitutions framed by ordinary legislatures, and constitutions framed by constituent assemblies.
5. Historical and a priori. Maine contrasted constitutions grown from experience with those "founded on speculative assumptions remote from experience."
6. Unitary and federal. A unitary constitution keeps all power at the centre; a federal one divides it between the centre and the units.
| Basis | Kinds | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Form | Written / unwritten | India / Britain |
| Method of change | Rigid / flexible | USA / Britain |
| Source | Royal grant / legislature / constituent assembly | France 1814 / India 1949 |
| Distribution of power | Unitary / federal | Britain / USA |
India's place
India's Constitution is written and enacted by a Constituent Assembly, partly rigid and partly flexible, and federal with a strong centre. It is supreme, and even its amending power has limits. In Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1980 SC 1789, Parliament had added clauses to article 368 declaring that no amendment could be questioned in any court and that the amending power had no limits. The Supreme Court struck them down. Chandrachud CJ said "a limited amending power is one of the basic features of our Constitution." He added that "the donee of a limited power cannot by the exercise of that power convert the limited power into an unlimited one."
Conclusion. A constitution is the fundamental law that organises the state and fixes the rights of citizens against government. It is important because it is the supreme law, organises and limits government, protects rights and gives legitimacy and stability. Constitutions are classed as written or unwritten, enacted or evolved, rigid or flexible, by source, and as unitary or federal. India's written, federal Constitution, guarded by Minerva Mills, shows a constitution that limits even its own amending power.
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