munotes®
Sign in
Semester 2: Notes + Solved papers
Or either one alone: ₹499
₹798 ₹998 Unlock Semester 2

KSLU B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Semester 2: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated colleges.

See what you get before you pay

Covers, contents and the first answer of each solved paper are open. No sign-in needed.

As per latest Karnataka State Law University syllabus

What do you get

  • All the notes of all the subjects in Semester 2, as per the current syllabus of Karnataka State Law University.
  • Previous year question papers, with full solutions.
  • Your own dashboard, where you can track everything you have read, subject by subject.
  • Valid for one year, 365 days from the day you pay.
  • If the University revises the syllabus while your year is running, the notes are rewritten to match and you read the new version at no extra cost. You are never asked to buy the same semester twice.

  1. History of Modern India

    Official Notes munotes.in

    History of Modern India

    KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in First Year

    History of Modern India

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I Modern India (From 1707 to 1950)

    1. History of Modern India: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. Colonialism: Its Nature and Its Stages in India 6
    3. The Charter of 1600: A Company That Could Make Law 10
    4. From Factory to Court, 1601 to 1686 14
    5. From Traders to Rulers: The East India Company to 1772 20
    6. Bengal Before 1772: the Dewani, the Dual Government and the Anarchy 28
    7. The Act for the Better Government of India 1858: The Secretary of State and the Council of India 32
    8. The Act for the Better Government of India 1858: Services, Revenues and Parliament 40
    9. The Queen's Proclamation of 1 November 1858 48
    10. Warren Hastings's Judicial Plan of 1772 54
    11. The Plan of 1774, and the Reforms Down to 1780 58
    12. Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1787 62
    13. Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1790 67
    14. Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1793 and the Cornwallis Code 72
    15. Sir John Shore and the Progress of the Adalat System 78
    16. Lord William Bentinck and the Courts 83
    17. The Dual Judicial System: Two Sets of Courts in One Country 87
    18. The Regulating Act 1773: The Supreme Court at Calcutta 92
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Modern India (From 1707 to 1950)

    1. The Charter of 26 March 1774 and the Court It Created 98
    2. The Trial of Raja Nandkumar, 1775 102
    3. Kamaluddin's Case, 1775 107
    4. The Patna Case, 1777 to 1779 112
    5. The Cossijurah Case, 1779 to 1780 118
    6. What the Seven Cases Add Up To 124
    7. The Settlement Act of 1781: What Parliament Fixed 129
    8. The Charter Act of 1793 135
    9. The Charter Act of 1813 148
    10. The Charter Act of 1833 158
    11. The Charter Act of 1853, and the Act of 1854 172
    12. The Charter Acts from 1773 to 1853 Taken Together 183
    13. English Law in India: The Debate 191
    14. Personal Laws and Criminal Law under British Rule 196
    15. Codification, the Law Commissions and Law Reform 200
    16. The Indian High Courts Act 1861 209
    17. The Letters Patent, and the First High Courts 217
    18. The High Courts under the Government of India Act 1935 223
    19. The Federal Court, 1937 to 1950 230
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued Modern India (From 1707 to 1950)

    1. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: What It Actually Was 236
    2. Appeals to the Privy Council, 1726 to 1860 243
    3. Appeals to the Privy Council, 1861 to 1949 248
    4. The End of the Appeal to London, 1947 to 1950 253
    5. The Legal Profession in Pre-British India 259
    6. Law Practitioners in the Mayor's Court, 1726 264
    7. The Legal Profession under the Charter of 1774 269
    8. The Company's Courts, and the Legal Practitioners Acts of 1846 and 1853 274
    9. The Profession under the Indian High Courts Act 1861 281
    10. The Legal Practitioners Act 1879 288
    11. The Indian Bar Committee 1923 and the Indian Bar Councils Act 1926 297
    12. The All-India Bar Committee of 1951 308

    Module II The British Land Revenue System

    1. Land Revenue Before British Rule 316
    2. The Permanent Settlement of Bengal 320
    3. The Ryotwari and Mahal Settlements, and the Policies of 1822 and 1833 324
    4. Peasant Movements in India 328
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III Socio-Religious Reform Movements and Law Reforms.

    1. Social Reform in Nineteenth Century India 332
    2. Reform Movements: the Brahmo Samaj, the Arya Samaj and the Ramakrishna Mission 340
    3. Reform Movements: Western India and the Aligarh Movement 350
    4. The Upliftment of the Depressed Classes 361
    5. Ambedkar, Gandhi and the Poona Pact 375
    6. The Emancipation of Women: Sati and Widow Remarriage 385
    7. The Emancipation of Women: Child Marriage, the Age of Consent and Education 396
    8. Slavery, Caste Disabilities and Female Infanticide: The Laws 410
    9. The Factory Acts in British India 414

    Module IV Constitutional Development

    1. The Regulating Act 1773 417
    2. The Regulating Act at Work, and the Act of Settlement 1781 427
    3. Pitt's India Act 1784 435
    4. The Indian Councils Act 1861: The Governor-General's Council 446
    5. The Indian Councils Act 1861: Law-Making at the Centre and in the Provinces 453
    6. The 1861 Act at Work, the Amending Acts, and Why There Is No Act of 1891 461
    7. The Indian Councils Act 1892 467
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued Constitutional Development

    1. The Indian Councils Act 1909 474
    2. The August Declaration 1917 485
    3. The Montagu-Chelmsford Report 1918 493
    4. The Government of India Act 1919: The Provinces and Dyarchy 502
    5. The Government of India Act 1919: The Centre, London and the Services 512
    6. The Government of India Act 1935: The Federation and the Centre 522
    7. The Government of India Act 1935: Provincial Autonomy 543
    8. The Government of India Act 1935: the Three Lists 557

    Module V Indian National Movement

    1. Causes of the Revolt of 1857: Political 564
    2. Causes of the Revolt of 1857: Economic 573
    3. Causes of the Revolt of 1857: Social and Religious 580
    4. Causes of the Revolt of 1857: Military 586
    5. The Immediate Cause: The Greased Cartridges, Barrackpore and Meerut 593
    6. The Course of the Revolt, 1857 to 1859: Centres and Leaders 600
    7. Why the Revolt Failed 607
    8. Mutiny, Revolt or War of Independence? The Nature of 1857 613
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued Indian National Movement

    1. The Consequences of the Revolt: An Overview 621
    2. The Rise of Indian Nationalism 626
    3. The Indian National Congress, 1885 633
    4. The Work of the Moderates, 1885 to 1905 641
    5. The Rise of the Extremists 648
    6. The Partition of Bengal, 1905, and the Swadeshi Movement 658
    7. The Surat Split, 1907 667
    8. Revolutionary Nationalism, 1905 to 1935 675
    9. The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh 688
    10. The Non-Cooperation Movement, 1920 to 1922 697
    11. The Simon Commission 1927 707
    12. The Nehru Report 1928 714
    13. The Round Table Conferences 727
    14. The Civil Disobedience Movement 738
    15. The Cripps Mission 1942 750
    16. Quit India and the Road to 1946 759
    17. The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 769
    18. The Indian Independence Act 1947 778
    19. The Genesis and Growth of Communalism 789
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued Indian National Movement

    1. The Partition of India 798
    2. The Constituent Assembly 807
    3. The Constituent Assembly Debates 814
    4. The Integration of the Indian States 824
    5. States Reorganisation 834
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    839 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 839 pages.
    Every chapter in the notes: 109 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 49 chapters

    1. 1 History of Modern India: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 5
    2. 2 Colonialism: Its Nature and Its Stages in India pages 6 to 9
    3. 3 The Charter of 1600: A Company That Could Make Law pages 10 to 13
    4. 4 From Factory to Court, 1601 to 1686 pages 14 to 19
    5. 5 From Traders to Rulers: The East India Company to 1772 pages 20 to 27
    6. 6 Bengal Before 1772: the Dewani, the Dual Government and the Anarchy pages 28 to 31
    7. 7 The Act for the Better Government of India 1858: The Secretary of State and the Council of India pages 32 to 39
    8. 8 The Act for the Better Government of India 1858: Services, Revenues and Parliament pages 40 to 47
    9. 9 The Queen's Proclamation of 1 November 1858 pages 48 to 53
    10. 10 Warren Hastings's Judicial Plan of 1772 pages 54 to 57
    11. 11 The Plan of 1774, and the Reforms Down to 1780 pages 58 to 61
    12. 12 Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1787 pages 62 to 66
    13. 13 Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1790 pages 67 to 71
    14. 14 Lord Cornwallis: the Judicial Plan of 1793 and the Cornwallis Code pages 72 to 77
    15. 15 Sir John Shore and the Progress of the Adalat System pages 78 to 82
    16. 16 Lord William Bentinck and the Courts pages 83 to 86
    17. 17 The Dual Judicial System: Two Sets of Courts in One Country pages 87 to 91
    18. 18 The Regulating Act 1773: The Supreme Court at Calcutta pages 92 to 97
    19. 19 The Charter of 26 March 1774 and the Court It Created pages 98 to 101
    20. 20 The Trial of Raja Nandkumar, 1775 pages 102 to 106
    21. 21 Kamaluddin's Case, 1775 pages 107 to 111
    22. 22 The Patna Case, 1777 to 1779 pages 112 to 117
    23. 23 The Cossijurah Case, 1779 to 1780 pages 118 to 123
    24. 24 What the Seven Cases Add Up To pages 124 to 128
    25. 25 The Settlement Act of 1781: What Parliament Fixed pages 129 to 134
    26. 26 The Charter Act of 1793 pages 135 to 147
    27. 27 The Charter Act of 1813 pages 148 to 157
    28. 28 The Charter Act of 1833 pages 158 to 171
    29. 29 The Charter Act of 1853, and the Act of 1854 pages 172 to 182
    30. 30 The Charter Acts from 1773 to 1853 Taken Together pages 183 to 190
    31. 31 English Law in India: The Debate pages 191 to 195
    32. 32 Personal Laws and Criminal Law under British Rule pages 196 to 199
    33. 33 Codification, the Law Commissions and Law Reform pages 200 to 208
    34. 34 The Indian High Courts Act 1861 pages 209 to 216
    35. 35 The Letters Patent, and the First High Courts pages 217 to 222
    36. 36 The High Courts under the Government of India Act 1935 pages 223 to 229
    37. 37 The Federal Court, 1937 to 1950 pages 230 to 235
    38. 38 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: What It Actually Was pages 236 to 242
    39. 39 Appeals to the Privy Council, 1726 to 1860 pages 243 to 247
    40. 40 Appeals to the Privy Council, 1861 to 1949 pages 248 to 252
    41. 41 The End of the Appeal to London, 1947 to 1950 pages 253 to 258
    42. 42 The Legal Profession in Pre-British India pages 259 to 263
    43. 43 Law Practitioners in the Mayor's Court, 1726 pages 264 to 268
    44. 44 The Legal Profession under the Charter of 1774 pages 269 to 273
    45. 45 The Company's Courts, and the Legal Practitioners Acts of 1846 and 1853 pages 274 to 280
    46. 46 The Profession under the Indian High Courts Act 1861 pages 281 to 287
    47. 47 The Legal Practitioners Act 1879 pages 288 to 296
    48. 48 The Indian Bar Committee 1923 and the Indian Bar Councils Act 1926 pages 297 to 307
    49. 49 The All-India Bar Committee of 1951 pages 308 to 315

    Module II 4 chapters

    1. 50 Land Revenue Before British Rule pages 316 to 319
    2. 51 The Permanent Settlement of Bengal pages 320 to 323
    3. 52 The Ryotwari and Mahal Settlements, and the Policies of 1822 and 1833 pages 324 to 327
    4. 53 Peasant Movements in India pages 328 to 331

    Module III 9 chapters

    1. 54 Social Reform in Nineteenth Century India pages 332 to 339
    2. 55 Reform Movements: the Brahmo Samaj, the Arya Samaj and the Ramakrishna Mission pages 340 to 349
    3. 56 Reform Movements: Western India and the Aligarh Movement pages 350 to 360
    4. 57 The Upliftment of the Depressed Classes pages 361 to 374
    5. 58 Ambedkar, Gandhi and the Poona Pact pages 375 to 384
    6. 59 The Emancipation of Women: Sati and Widow Remarriage pages 385 to 395
    7. 60 The Emancipation of Women: Child Marriage, the Age of Consent and Education pages 396 to 409
    8. 61 Slavery, Caste Disabilities and Female Infanticide: The Laws pages 410 to 413
    9. 62 The Factory Acts in British India pages 414 to 416

    Module IV 15 chapters

    1. 63 The Regulating Act 1773 pages 417 to 426
    2. 64 The Regulating Act at Work, and the Act of Settlement 1781 pages 427 to 434
    3. 65 Pitt's India Act 1784 pages 435 to 445
    4. 66 The Indian Councils Act 1861: The Governor-General's Council pages 446 to 452
    5. 67 The Indian Councils Act 1861: Law-Making at the Centre and in the Provinces pages 453 to 460
    6. 68 The 1861 Act at Work, the Amending Acts, and Why There Is No Act of 1891 pages 461 to 466
    7. 69 The Indian Councils Act 1892 pages 467 to 473
    8. 70 The Indian Councils Act 1909 pages 474 to 484
    9. 71 The August Declaration 1917 pages 485 to 492
    10. 72 The Montagu-Chelmsford Report 1918 pages 493 to 501
    11. 73 The Government of India Act 1919: The Provinces and Dyarchy pages 502 to 511
    12. 74 The Government of India Act 1919: The Centre, London and the Services pages 512 to 521
    13. 75 The Government of India Act 1935: The Federation and the Centre pages 522 to 542
    14. 76 The Government of India Act 1935: Provincial Autonomy pages 543 to 556
    15. 77 The Government of India Act 1935: the Three Lists pages 557 to 563

    Module V 32 chapters

    1. 78 Causes of the Revolt of 1857: Political pages 564 to 572
    2. 79 Causes of the Revolt of 1857: Economic pages 573 to 579
    3. 80 Causes of the Revolt of 1857: Social and Religious pages 580 to 585
    4. 81 Causes of the Revolt of 1857: Military pages 586 to 592
    5. 82 The Immediate Cause: The Greased Cartridges, Barrackpore and Meerut pages 593 to 599
    6. 83 The Course of the Revolt, 1857 to 1859: Centres and Leaders pages 600 to 606
    7. 84 Why the Revolt Failed pages 607 to 612
    8. 85 Mutiny, Revolt or War of Independence? The Nature of 1857 pages 613 to 620
    9. 86 The Consequences of the Revolt: An Overview pages 621 to 625
    10. 87 The Rise of Indian Nationalism pages 626 to 632
    11. 88 The Indian National Congress, 1885 pages 633 to 640
    12. 89 The Work of the Moderates, 1885 to 1905 pages 641 to 647
    13. 90 The Rise of the Extremists pages 648 to 657
    14. 91 The Partition of Bengal, 1905, and the Swadeshi Movement pages 658 to 666
    15. 92 The Surat Split, 1907 pages 667 to 674
    16. 93 Revolutionary Nationalism, 1905 to 1935 pages 675 to 687
    17. 94 The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh pages 688 to 696
    18. 95 The Non-Cooperation Movement, 1920 to 1922 pages 697 to 706
    19. 96 The Simon Commission 1927 pages 707 to 713
    20. 97 The Nehru Report 1928 pages 714 to 726
    21. 98 The Round Table Conferences pages 727 to 737
    22. 99 The Civil Disobedience Movement pages 738 to 749
    23. 100 The Cripps Mission 1942 pages 750 to 758
    24. 101 Quit India and the Road to 1946 pages 759 to 768
    25. 102 The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 pages 769 to 777
    26. 103 The Indian Independence Act 1947 pages 778 to 788
    27. 104 The Genesis and Growth of Communalism pages 789 to 797
    28. 105 The Partition of India pages 798 to 806
    29. 106 The Constituent Assembly pages 807 to 813
    30. 107 The Constituent Assembly Debates pages 814 to 823
    31. 108 The Integration of the Indian States pages 824 to 833
    32. 109 States Reorganisation pages 834 to 839

  2. Law of Torts

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Law of Torts

    KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in First Year

    Law of Torts

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. Law of Torts: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. What a Tort Is 5
    3. The Nature and Scope of Tortious Liability 10
    4. The Object of the Law of Torts 16
    5. Law of Tort or Law of Torts 21
    6. The Evolution of the Law of Torts, in England and in India 25
    7. Tort in India 31
    8. Tort Distinguished from Crime 36
    9. Tort Distinguished from Breach of Contract and Other Wrongs 40
    10. Damnum Sine Injuria 44
    11. Injuria Sine Damno 48
    12. Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium 52
    13. The Mental Element in Tort 56
    14. Who May Sue 60
    15. Death and the Fatal Accidents Act 1855 65
    16. Who May Not Be Sued 71

    Module II

    1. Volenti Non Fit Injuria 76
    2. General Defences I 81
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. General Defences II 85
    2. Vicarious Liability: Basis and Justification 90
    3. Who Is a Servant 95
    4. Course of Employment 99
    5. Liability for an Independent Contractor 103
    6. Other Relations that Attract Vicarious Liability 106
    7. Vicarious Liability of the State 109
    8. Constitutional Tort 113
    9. Joint Tortfeasors 118

    Module III

    1. Negligence: What It Is 122
    2. The Duty of Care 126
    3. Breach of Duty and the Standard of Care 131
    4. Occupiers' Liability: Invitees, Licensees, Trespassers and Children 135
    5. Damage, Causation and Remoteness 142
    6. Res Ipsa Loquitur 146
    7. Contributory and Composite Negligence 150
    8. Medical Negligence 154
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued

    1. Nervous Shock 159
    2. Nuisance: What It Is 163
    3. Public Nuisance 166
    4. Private Nuisance 170
    5. Defences and Remedies in Nuisance 174
    6. Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher 178
    7. Exceptions to Strict Liability 183
    8. Absolute Liability 187
    9. The Bhopal Gas Disaster 192
    10. The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 196
    11. Judicial Remedies: Damages 201
    12. Kinds of Damages 204
    13. Injunction and Specific Restitution of Property 208
    14. Extra-Judicial Remedies 212
    15. Extinguishment and Discharge of Liability in Tort 216
    16. Limitation in an Action for Tort 220

    Module IV

    1. Trespass to the Person 226
    2. Battery 230
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Assault 233
    2. Mayhem 236
    3. False Imprisonment 239
    4. Defamation: What It Is 244
    5. Libel and Slander 248
    6. The Essentials of Defamation 252
    7. Defences to Defamation 255
    8. Defamation in India 260
    9. Malicious Prosecution 264
    10. Malicious Abuse of Legal Process 268
    11. Torts Affecting Personal Relations 273
    12. Interference with Contractual Rights: Inducing a Breach of Contract 276
    13. Intimidation 283
    14. Conspiracy as a Tort 289
    15. Fraud or Deceit 297
    16. Trespass to Land 301
    17. Trespass ab Initio 305
    18. Remedies for Trespass to Land 308
    19. Trespass to Goods 312
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Detinue 315
    2. Conversion 319

    Module V

    1. Why a Consumer Law, and the Scheme of the Act of 2019 323
    2. Who Is a Consumer 327
    3. Goods and Defect 331
    4. Service and Deficiency 335
    5. Types of Services and Denial of Service 339
    6. Commercial and Professional Services 342
    7. Medical Services under the Act 345
    8. Unfair and Restrictive Trade Practices 349
    9. Misleading Advertisements and the Liability of an Endorser 353
    10. Consumer Rights and the Consumer Protection Councils 357
    11. The Central Consumer Protection Authority 360
    12. The District Commission 364
    13. How a Complaint Is Decided 368
    14. The State Commission 372
    15. The National Commission 376
    16. Mediation under the Act 380
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued

    1. Product Liability 384
    2. Offences and Penalties under the Consumer Law 388
    3. Judicial Review of the Consumer Commissions 392
    4. The Motor Vehicles Act 1988: Scheme and Definitions 397
    5. What a Motor Accident Claim Is 401
    6. Claims Tribunals: Constitution and Jurisdiction 405
    7. The Application for Compensation 409
    8. The Award of the Claims Tribunal 415
    9. Computing Just Compensation 420
    10. Appeal, Recovery and Rules 425
    11. Liability without Fault 429
    12. Hit and Run, and the Golden Hour 437
    13. Compulsory Third-Party Insurance 443
    14. The Insurer: Duties, Defences and Pay and Recover 449
    15. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act I: Licensing 457
    16. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act II: Conductors and Registration 461
    17. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act III: Permits and State Undertakings 465
    18. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act IV: Construction, Traffic and Foreign Vehicles 469
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued

    1. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act V: Offences and Miscellaneous 474
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    480 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 480 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011
    Every chapter in the notes: 109 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 16 chapters

    1. 1 Law of Torts: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 4
    2. 2 What a Tort Is pages 5 to 9
    3. 3 The Nature and Scope of Tortious Liability pages 10 to 15
    4. 4 The Object of the Law of Torts pages 16 to 20
    5. 5 Law of Tort or Law of Torts pages 21 to 24
    6. 6 The Evolution of the Law of Torts, in England and in India pages 25 to 30
    7. 7 Tort in India pages 31 to 35
    8. 8 Tort Distinguished from Crime pages 36 to 39
    9. 9 Tort Distinguished from Breach of Contract and Other Wrongs pages 40 to 43
    10. 10 Damnum Sine Injuria pages 44 to 47
    11. 11 Injuria Sine Damno pages 48 to 51
    12. 12 Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium pages 52 to 55
    13. 13 The Mental Element in Tort pages 56 to 59
    14. 14 Who May Sue pages 60 to 64
    15. 15 Death and the Fatal Accidents Act 1855 pages 65 to 70
    16. 16 Who May Not Be Sued pages 71 to 75

    Module II 11 chapters

    1. 17 Volenti Non Fit Injuria pages 76 to 80
    2. 18 General Defences I pages 81 to 84
    3. 19 General Defences II pages 85 to 89
    4. 20 Vicarious Liability: Basis and Justification pages 90 to 94
    5. 21 Who Is a Servant pages 95 to 98
    6. 22 Course of Employment pages 99 to 102
    7. 23 Liability for an Independent Contractor pages 103 to 105
    8. 24 Other Relations that Attract Vicarious Liability pages 106 to 108
    9. 25 Vicarious Liability of the State pages 109 to 112
    10. 26 Constitutional Tort pages 113 to 117
    11. 27 Joint Tortfeasors pages 118 to 121

    Module III 24 chapters

    1. 28 Negligence: What It Is pages 122 to 125
    2. 29 The Duty of Care pages 126 to 130
    3. 30 Breach of Duty and the Standard of Care pages 131 to 134
    4. 31 Occupiers' Liability: Invitees, Licensees, Trespassers and Children pages 135 to 141
    5. 32 Damage, Causation and Remoteness pages 142 to 145
    6. 33 Res Ipsa Loquitur pages 146 to 149
    7. 34 Contributory and Composite Negligence pages 150 to 153
    8. 35 Medical Negligence pages 154 to 158
    9. 36 Nervous Shock pages 159 to 162
    10. 37 Nuisance: What It Is pages 163 to 165
    11. 38 Public Nuisance pages 166 to 169
    12. 39 Private Nuisance pages 170 to 173
    13. 40 Defences and Remedies in Nuisance pages 174 to 177
    14. 41 Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher pages 178 to 182
    15. 42 Exceptions to Strict Liability pages 183 to 186
    16. 43 Absolute Liability pages 187 to 191
    17. 44 The Bhopal Gas Disaster pages 192 to 195
    18. 45 The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 pages 196 to 200
    19. 46 Judicial Remedies: Damages pages 201 to 203
    20. 47 Kinds of Damages pages 204 to 207
    21. 48 Injunction and Specific Restitution of Property pages 208 to 211
    22. 49 Extra-Judicial Remedies pages 212 to 215
    23. 50 Extinguishment and Discharge of Liability in Tort pages 216 to 219
    24. 51 Limitation in an Action for Tort pages 220 to 225

    Module IV 23 chapters

    1. 52 Trespass to the Person pages 226 to 229
    2. 53 Battery pages 230 to 232
    3. 54 Assault pages 233 to 235
    4. 55 Mayhem pages 236 to 238
    5. 56 False Imprisonment pages 239 to 243
    6. 57 Defamation: What It Is pages 244 to 247
    7. 58 Libel and Slander pages 248 to 251
    8. 59 The Essentials of Defamation pages 252 to 254
    9. 60 Defences to Defamation pages 255 to 259
    10. 61 Defamation in India pages 260 to 263
    11. 62 Malicious Prosecution pages 264 to 267
    12. 63 Malicious Abuse of Legal Process pages 268 to 272
    13. 64 Torts Affecting Personal Relations pages 273 to 275
    14. 65 Interference with Contractual Rights: Inducing a Breach of Contract pages 276 to 282
    15. 66 Intimidation pages 283 to 288
    16. 67 Conspiracy as a Tort pages 289 to 296
    17. 68 Fraud or Deceit pages 297 to 300
    18. 69 Trespass to Land pages 301 to 304
    19. 70 Trespass ab Initio pages 305 to 307
    20. 71 Remedies for Trespass to Land pages 308 to 311
    21. 72 Trespass to Goods pages 312 to 314
    22. 73 Detinue pages 315 to 318
    23. 74 Conversion pages 319 to 322

    Module V 35 chapters

    1. 75 Why a Consumer Law, and the Scheme of the Act of 2019 pages 323 to 326
    2. 76 Who Is a Consumer pages 327 to 330
    3. 77 Goods and Defect pages 331 to 334
    4. 78 Service and Deficiency pages 335 to 338
    5. 79 Types of Services and Denial of Service pages 339 to 341
    6. 80 Commercial and Professional Services pages 342 to 344
    7. 81 Medical Services under the Act pages 345 to 348
    8. 82 Unfair and Restrictive Trade Practices pages 349 to 352
    9. 83 Misleading Advertisements and the Liability of an Endorser pages 353 to 356
    10. 84 Consumer Rights and the Consumer Protection Councils pages 357 to 359
    11. 85 The Central Consumer Protection Authority pages 360 to 363
    12. 86 The District Commission pages 364 to 367
    13. 87 How a Complaint Is Decided pages 368 to 371
    14. 88 The State Commission pages 372 to 375
    15. 89 The National Commission pages 376 to 379
    16. 90 Mediation under the Act pages 380 to 383
    17. 91 Product Liability pages 384 to 387
    18. 92 Offences and Penalties under the Consumer Law pages 388 to 391
    19. 93 Judicial Review of the Consumer Commissions pages 392 to 396
    20. 94 The Motor Vehicles Act 1988: Scheme and Definitions pages 397 to 400
    21. 95 What a Motor Accident Claim Is pages 401 to 404
    22. 96 Claims Tribunals: Constitution and Jurisdiction pages 405 to 408
    23. 97 The Application for Compensation pages 409 to 414
    24. 98 The Award of the Claims Tribunal pages 415 to 419
    25. 99 Computing Just Compensation pages 420 to 424
    26. 100 Appeal, Recovery and Rules pages 425 to 428
    27. 101 Liability without Fault pages 429 to 436
    28. 102 Hit and Run, and the Golden Hour pages 437 to 442
    29. 103 Compulsory Third-Party Insurance pages 443 to 448
    30. 104 The Insurer: Duties, Defences and Pay and Recover pages 449 to 456
    31. 105 The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act I: Licensing pages 457 to 460
    32. 106 The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act II: Conductors and Registration pages 461 to 464
    33. 107 The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act III: Permits and State Undertakings pages 465 to 468
    34. 108 The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act IV: Construction, Traffic and Foreign Vehicles pages 469 to 473
    35. 109 The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act V: Offences and Miscellaneous pages 474 to 480
    Every paper that is solved: 38 papers
    • 2026 Jan
    • 2026 Jan (100 marks)
    • 2025 Jun
    • 2025 Jun (100 marks)
    • 2025 Jan
    • 2025 Jan (100 marks)
    • 2024 Aug
    • 2023 Sep
    • 2023 Mar
    • 2022 Oct
    • 2022 Oct (70 marks)
    • 2022 Apr
    • 2021 Oct
    • 2021 Mar
    • 2021 Mar (70 marks)
    • 2021 Mar (100 marks)
    • 2020 Nov
    • 2019 Dec
    • 2019 Dec (100 marks)
    • 2019 Jun
    • 2019 Jun (100 marks)
    • 2018 Dec
    • 2018 Dec (100 marks)
    • 2018 Jun
    • 2017 Dec
    • 2017 Jun
    • 2016 Dec
    • 2016 Jun
    • 2015 Dec
    • 2015 Jun
    • 2014 Dec
    • 2014 Jun
    • 2013 Dec
    • 2013 Jun
    • 2012 Dec
    • 2012 Jun
    • 2012 Jan
    • 2011 Jan

  3. Political Science (Organisation and Institutions)

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Political Science (Organisation and Institutions)

    KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in First Year

    Political Science (Organisation and Institutions)

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I

    1. Political Science, Organisation and Institutions: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. What a Constitution Is, and What It Is For 5
    3. The Parts of a Constitution 10
    4. Written and Unwritten, Codified and Uncodified 13
    5. The Classification of Constitutions, and What Makes a Good Constitution 18
    6. What a Constitutional Convention Is 24
    7. The Conventions of the United Kingdom 28
    8. The British Constitution: A Brief History, Its Nature, Sources and Features 33
    9. The Constitution of the United Kingdom in Outline 39
    10. Amendment: Why Constitutions Change, and the Methods Compared 44
    11. The Amending Power 50
    12. Article V of the United States Constitution 55
    13. Swiss Total and Partial Revision 59
    14. The Modern Classification of Government 63
    15. Unitary Government 69
    16. Federal Government 74
    17. Unitary and Federal Government Compared 82
    18. The American Federation: Division of Powers and the States 87
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module I continued

    1. Switzerland: Development, Unique Features and the Cantons 91
    2. The Quasi-Federal State 96
    3. India as a Quasi-Federal State 102
    4. A Federation With a Unitary Bias 110
    5. Indian Federalism in the Supreme Court 116

    Module II

    1. The Organisation of Government: Its Three Organs 123
    2. The Legislature: Meaning, Functions, and One House or Two 131
    3. The Two Houses of Parliament 137
    4. The British Parliament: The House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Speaker 142
    5. The American Congress: The House of Representatives and the Senate 148
    6. How an Ordinary Bill Is Passed 153
    7. The Budget, and Parliamentary Committees 158
    8. A Money Bill 163
    9. The Executive: Meaning, Kinds and Functions 168
    10. Parliamentary Government 173
    11. Presidential Government 183
    12. Parliamentary and Presidential Government Compared 189
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued

    1. The Swiss Collegial Executive 195
    2. The Plural Executive of the Former USSR 199
    3. The Civil Service: Meaning, Features and Functions 205
    4. The Civil Services Under the Company 211
    5. The Civil Services Under the Crown 219
    6. The Judiciary: Its Role and Functions 230
    7. The Three Methods of Appointing Judges 237
    8. How Judges Are Appointed in India 244
    9. The Importance of the Independence of the Judiciary 251
    10. The Measures That Ensure Judicial Independence 257
    11. Judicial Review 264
    12. Judicial Review in India and the USA Compared 271
    13. The Rule of Law 277
    14. The Theory of Separation of Powers 284
    15. Montesquieu's Theory of the Separation of Powers 291
    16. The Liberal Interpretation: Checks and Balances 299
    17. Separation of Powers in the United States 305
    18. Separation of Powers in India 312
    19. The Doctrine of Separation of Powers Evaluated 319
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III

    1. Citizenship: Meaning, History, Acquisition and Loss 325
    2. Citizenship by Birth and by Descent 330
    3. Citizenship by Registration, by Naturalisation, and by Territory 335
    4. Losing Citizenship: Renunciation, Termination and Deprivation 340
    5. What a Political Party Is 345
    6. British Political Parties and His Majesty's Opposition 350
    7. American Political Parties and the Two-Party System 355
    8. French Political Parties and the Multi-Party System 358
    9. The Significance of Political Parties in India 361
    10. The Features of Political Parties in India 366
    11. The Future of the Multi-Party System in India 371
    12. Public Opinion and the Media 376
    13. Interest Groups and Pressure Groups 382
    14. Political Parties and Interest Groups Distinguished 387
    15. Lobbying as a Technique 392
    16. Lobbying in India and in the United States 397

    Module IV

    1. The Electorate: Who May Vote, and Mill's View 403
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued

    1. Single Member and Multi Member Constituencies 408
    2. Methods of Election and Balloting 415
    3. The System of Plural Voting 420
    4. Universal Adult Suffrage 426
    5. Women's Enfranchisement: The Arguments For and Against 434
    6. The Fight for Women's Suffrage in the USA 441
    7. The Challenges to Women's Representation in India 449

    Module V

    1. The Concept of Representation 457
    2. The Role of the Representative 465
    3. The Bases of Representation, and Territorial Representation 473
    4. Functional Representation and Its Difficulties 480
    5. Minority Representation 486
    6. The Second Ballot System 494
    7. Proportional Representation: The List System 499
    8. Proportional Representation: The Hare Plan or Single Transferable Vote 505
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    511 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 511 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011
    Every chapter in the notes: 86 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 23 chapters

    1. 1 Political Science, Organisation and Institutions: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 4
    2. 2 What a Constitution Is, and What It Is For pages 5 to 9
    3. 3 The Parts of a Constitution pages 10 to 12
    4. 4 Written and Unwritten, Codified and Uncodified pages 13 to 17
    5. 5 The Classification of Constitutions, and What Makes a Good Constitution pages 18 to 23
    6. 6 What a Constitutional Convention Is pages 24 to 27
    7. 7 The Conventions of the United Kingdom pages 28 to 32
    8. 8 The British Constitution: A Brief History, Its Nature, Sources and Features pages 33 to 38
    9. 9 The Constitution of the United Kingdom in Outline pages 39 to 43
    10. 10 Amendment: Why Constitutions Change, and the Methods Compared pages 44 to 49
    11. 11 The Amending Power pages 50 to 54
    12. 12 Article V of the United States Constitution pages 55 to 58
    13. 13 Swiss Total and Partial Revision pages 59 to 62
    14. 14 The Modern Classification of Government pages 63 to 68
    15. 15 Unitary Government pages 69 to 73
    16. 16 Federal Government pages 74 to 81
    17. 17 Unitary and Federal Government Compared pages 82 to 86
    18. 18 The American Federation: Division of Powers and the States pages 87 to 90
    19. 19 Switzerland: Development, Unique Features and the Cantons pages 91 to 95
    20. 20 The Quasi-Federal State pages 96 to 101
    21. 21 India as a Quasi-Federal State pages 102 to 109
    22. 22 A Federation With a Unitary Bias pages 110 to 115
    23. 23 Indian Federalism in the Supreme Court pages 116 to 122

    Module II 31 chapters

    1. 24 The Organisation of Government: Its Three Organs pages 123 to 130
    2. 25 The Legislature: Meaning, Functions, and One House or Two pages 131 to 136
    3. 26 The Two Houses of Parliament pages 137 to 141
    4. 27 The British Parliament: The House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Speaker pages 142 to 147
    5. 28 The American Congress: The House of Representatives and the Senate pages 148 to 152
    6. 29 How an Ordinary Bill Is Passed pages 153 to 157
    7. 30 The Budget, and Parliamentary Committees pages 158 to 162
    8. 31 A Money Bill pages 163 to 167
    9. 32 The Executive: Meaning, Kinds and Functions pages 168 to 172
    10. 33 Parliamentary Government pages 173 to 182
    11. 34 Presidential Government pages 183 to 188
    12. 35 Parliamentary and Presidential Government Compared pages 189 to 194
    13. 36 The Swiss Collegial Executive pages 195 to 198
    14. 37 The Plural Executive of the Former USSR pages 199 to 204
    15. 38 The Civil Service: Meaning, Features and Functions pages 205 to 210
    16. 39 The Civil Services Under the Company pages 211 to 218
    17. 40 The Civil Services Under the Crown pages 219 to 229
    18. 41 The Judiciary: Its Role and Functions pages 230 to 236
    19. 42 The Three Methods of Appointing Judges pages 237 to 243
    20. 43 How Judges Are Appointed in India pages 244 to 250
    21. 44 The Importance of the Independence of the Judiciary pages 251 to 256
    22. 45 The Measures That Ensure Judicial Independence pages 257 to 263
    23. 46 Judicial Review pages 264 to 270
    24. 47 Judicial Review in India and the USA Compared pages 271 to 276
    25. 48 The Rule of Law pages 277 to 283
    26. 49 The Theory of Separation of Powers pages 284 to 290
    27. 50 Montesquieu's Theory of the Separation of Powers pages 291 to 298
    28. 51 The Liberal Interpretation: Checks and Balances pages 299 to 304
    29. 52 Separation of Powers in the United States pages 305 to 311
    30. 53 Separation of Powers in India pages 312 to 318
    31. 54 The Doctrine of Separation of Powers Evaluated pages 319 to 324

    Module III 16 chapters

    1. 55 Citizenship: Meaning, History, Acquisition and Loss pages 325 to 329
    2. 56 Citizenship by Birth and by Descent pages 330 to 334
    3. 57 Citizenship by Registration, by Naturalisation, and by Territory pages 335 to 339
    4. 58 Losing Citizenship: Renunciation, Termination and Deprivation pages 340 to 344
    5. 59 What a Political Party Is pages 345 to 349
    6. 60 British Political Parties and His Majesty's Opposition pages 350 to 354
    7. 61 American Political Parties and the Two-Party System pages 355 to 357
    8. 62 French Political Parties and the Multi-Party System pages 358 to 360
    9. 63 The Significance of Political Parties in India pages 361 to 365
    10. 64 The Features of Political Parties in India pages 366 to 370
    11. 65 The Future of the Multi-Party System in India pages 371 to 375
    12. 66 Public Opinion and the Media pages 376 to 381
    13. 67 Interest Groups and Pressure Groups pages 382 to 386
    14. 68 Political Parties and Interest Groups Distinguished pages 387 to 391
    15. 69 Lobbying as a Technique pages 392 to 396
    16. 70 Lobbying in India and in the United States pages 397 to 402

    Module IV 8 chapters

    1. 71 The Electorate: Who May Vote, and Mill's View pages 403 to 407
    2. 72 Single Member and Multi Member Constituencies pages 408 to 414
    3. 73 Methods of Election and Balloting pages 415 to 419
    4. 74 The System of Plural Voting pages 420 to 425
    5. 75 Universal Adult Suffrage pages 426 to 433
    6. 76 Women's Enfranchisement: The Arguments For and Against pages 434 to 440
    7. 77 The Fight for Women's Suffrage in the USA pages 441 to 448
    8. 78 The Challenges to Women's Representation in India pages 449 to 456

    Module V 8 chapters

    1. 79 The Concept of Representation pages 457 to 464
    2. 80 The Role of the Representative pages 465 to 472
    3. 81 The Bases of Representation, and Territorial Representation pages 473 to 479
    4. 82 Functional Representation and Its Difficulties pages 480 to 485
    5. 83 Minority Representation pages 486 to 493
    6. 84 The Second Ballot System pages 494 to 498
    7. 85 Proportional Representation: The List System pages 499 to 504
    8. 86 Proportional Representation: The Hare Plan or Single Transferable Vote pages 505 to 511
    Every paper that is solved: 29 papers
    • 2026 Jan
    • 2026 Jan (100 marks)
    • 2025 Jun
    • 2025 Jun (100 marks)
    • 2025 Jan
    • 2024 Aug
    • 2023 Mar
    • 2022 Oct
    • 2022 Apr
    • 2021 Oct
    • 2021 Oct (100 marks)
    • 2021 Mar
    • 2021 Mar (100 marks)
    • 2020 Nov
    • 2019 Dec
    • 2019 Dec (100 marks)
    • 2019 Jun
    • 2017 Dec
    • 2016 Dec
    • 2016 Jun
    • 2015 Dec
    • 2015 Jun
    • 2014 Jun
    • 2013 Dec
    • 2013 Jun
    • 2012 Dec
    • 2012 Jun
    • 2012 Jan
    • 2011 Jun

  4. Indian Society: Continuity and Change

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Indian Society: Continuity and Change

    KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in First Year

    Indian Society: Continuity and Change

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I INTRODUCTION

    1. Indian Society, Continuity and Change: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. The Nature of Indian Society, and Why We Study It 5
    3. The Pluralistic Nature of Indian Society 10
    4. Race and Ethnicity 15
    5. The Evolution of Indian Society: From Vedic Times to Modernity 20
    6. The Geographical Features of India, and How They Shaped Its Society 25
    7. Unity in Diversity in India 29
    8. Communalism, Casteism and Regionalism 33
    9. Linguism and Extremism: Threats to the Unity of India 38
    10. Terrorism: Meaning, Magnitude and Nature 42
    11. The UAPA: The Terrorist Act and the Terrorist Organisation 46

    Module II THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE

    1. The Structural-Functional Perspective: Srinivas, Dube and Marriott 54
    2. The Indological Perspective: Radhakamal Mukerjee, Ghurye and Dumont 59
    3. The Marxist Perspective: D. P. Mukerji, A. R. Desai and Ramkrishna Mukherjee 64
    4. The Subaltern Perspective: Ambedkar, Guha and Hardiman 69
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III MARRIAGE, FAMILY AND KINSHIP

    1. Marriage: Meaning and Functions 74
    2. Forms of Marriage 78
    3. The Evolution of Marriage and the Family 83
    4. Hindu Marriage: Its Objectives, Rites and Rituals 88
    5. Conditions, Ceremonies and Registration of a Hindu Marriage 92
    6. Religious Ritual and the Rules of Marriage 98
    7. The Family: Meaning and Functions 103
    8. Theories of the Origin of the Family 107
    9. Types of Family 112
    10. The Joint Family: Definition, Characteristics, Merits, Demerits and Disintegration 116
    11. The Mitakshara Joint Family 121
    12. Marriage Under Muslim Law: Contract or Sacrament 126
    13. The Essential Requisites of a Valid Muslim Marriage 131
    14. Valid, Void and Irregular Marriages 135
    15. Mehr: What It Is and Why the Law Insists On It 139
    16. The Classification of Mehr 143
    17. Talaq, and Why Muslim Law Permits Divorce 147
    18. Christian Marriage: Its Aims, Values, Rites and Rituals 151
    19. Christian Personal Law and the Act of 1872 155
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module III continued MARRIAGE, FAMILY AND KINSHIP

    1. Marriages Between Indian Christians 161
    2. Kinship 169
    3. Kinship Organisation in India: Irawati Karve's Regional Zones 174
    4. Recent Trends in Marriage 178
    5. Changing Patterns of the Family 183
    6. Law and Social Change 187

    Module IV CASTE AND CLASS IN INDIA

    1. Social Stratification 193
    2. Caste 198
    3. Class 203
    4. Varnasrama and Social Change, Fourth to Sixth Century 208
    5. The Evolution of Caste: From Varna to Jati and After 215
    6. Caste Among Muslims and Christians 219
    7. Caste and Class: Opposites, or Two Faces of Inequality? 223
    8. The Jajmani System 227
    9. Changes in Caste and Class Relations 231
    10. Theories of the Origin of Caste 235
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V CONTEMPORARY DISCOURSES

    1. Contextualisation and Indigenisation in Indian Sociology 240
    2. Native Categories in the Analysis of Indian Society 244
    3. Sociology for India and Sociology of India 248
    4. Sanskritisation and Westernization 252
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    255 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 255 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011
    Every chapter in the notes: 54 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 11 chapters

    1. 1 Indian Society, Continuity and Change: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 4
    2. 2 The Nature of Indian Society, and Why We Study It pages 5 to 9
    3. 3 The Pluralistic Nature of Indian Society pages 10 to 14
    4. 4 Race and Ethnicity pages 15 to 19
    5. 5 The Evolution of Indian Society: From Vedic Times to Modernity pages 20 to 24
    6. 6 The Geographical Features of India, and How They Shaped Its Society pages 25 to 28
    7. 7 Unity in Diversity in India pages 29 to 32
    8. 8 Communalism, Casteism and Regionalism pages 33 to 37
    9. 9 Linguism and Extremism: Threats to the Unity of India pages 38 to 41
    10. 10 Terrorism: Meaning, Magnitude and Nature pages 42 to 45
    11. 11 The UAPA: The Terrorist Act and the Terrorist Organisation pages 46 to 53

    Module II 4 chapters

    1. 12 The Structural-Functional Perspective: Srinivas, Dube and Marriott pages 54 to 58
    2. 13 The Indological Perspective: Radhakamal Mukerjee, Ghurye and Dumont pages 59 to 63
    3. 14 The Marxist Perspective: D. P. Mukerji, A. R. Desai and Ramkrishna Mukherjee pages 64 to 68
    4. 15 The Subaltern Perspective: Ambedkar, Guha and Hardiman pages 69 to 73

    Module III 25 chapters

    1. 16 Marriage: Meaning and Functions pages 74 to 77
    2. 17 Forms of Marriage pages 78 to 82
    3. 18 The Evolution of Marriage and the Family pages 83 to 87
    4. 19 Hindu Marriage: Its Objectives, Rites and Rituals pages 88 to 91
    5. 20 Conditions, Ceremonies and Registration of a Hindu Marriage pages 92 to 97
    6. 21 Religious Ritual and the Rules of Marriage pages 98 to 102
    7. 22 The Family: Meaning and Functions pages 103 to 106
    8. 23 Theories of the Origin of the Family pages 107 to 111
    9. 24 Types of Family pages 112 to 115
    10. 25 The Joint Family: Definition, Characteristics, Merits, Demerits and Disintegration pages 116 to 120
    11. 26 The Mitakshara Joint Family pages 121 to 125
    12. 27 Marriage Under Muslim Law: Contract or Sacrament pages 126 to 130
    13. 28 The Essential Requisites of a Valid Muslim Marriage pages 131 to 134
    14. 29 Valid, Void and Irregular Marriages pages 135 to 138
    15. 30 Mehr: What It Is and Why the Law Insists On It pages 139 to 142
    16. 31 The Classification of Mehr pages 143 to 146
    17. 32 Talaq, and Why Muslim Law Permits Divorce pages 147 to 150
    18. 33 Christian Marriage: Its Aims, Values, Rites and Rituals pages 151 to 154
    19. 34 Christian Personal Law and the Act of 1872 pages 155 to 160
    20. 35 Marriages Between Indian Christians pages 161 to 168
    21. 36 Kinship pages 169 to 173
    22. 37 Kinship Organisation in India: Irawati Karve's Regional Zones pages 174 to 177
    23. 38 Recent Trends in Marriage pages 178 to 182
    24. 39 Changing Patterns of the Family pages 183 to 186
    25. 40 Law and Social Change pages 187 to 192

    Module IV 10 chapters

    1. 41 Social Stratification pages 193 to 197
    2. 42 Caste pages 198 to 202
    3. 43 Class pages 203 to 207
    4. 44 Varnasrama and Social Change, Fourth to Sixth Century pages 208 to 214
    5. 45 The Evolution of Caste: From Varna to Jati and After pages 215 to 218
    6. 46 Caste Among Muslims and Christians pages 219 to 222
    7. 47 Caste and Class: Opposites, or Two Faces of Inequality? pages 223 to 226
    8. 48 The Jajmani System pages 227 to 230
    9. 49 Changes in Caste and Class Relations pages 231 to 234
    10. 50 Theories of the Origin of Caste pages 235 to 239

    Module V 4 chapters

    1. 51 Contextualisation and Indigenisation in Indian Sociology pages 240 to 243
    2. 52 Native Categories in the Analysis of Indian Society pages 244 to 247
    3. 53 Sociology for India and Sociology of India pages 248 to 251
    4. 54 Sanskritisation and Westernization pages 252 to 255
    Every paper that is solved: 32 papers
    • 2026 Jan
    • 2026 Jan (100 marks)
    • 2025 Jun
    • 2025 Jan
    • 2024 Aug
    • 2023 Mar
    • 2023 Mar (70 marks)
    • 2022 Apr
    • 2022 Apr (70 marks)
    • 2021 Oct
    • 2021 Oct (100 marks)
    • 2021 Mar
    • 2021 Mar (70 marks)
    • 2021 Mar (100 marks)
    • 2020 Nov
    • 2019 Dec
    • 2019 Dec (100 marks)
    • 2019 Jun
    • 2018 Dec
    • 2017 Dec
    • 2016 Dec
    • 2015 Dec (70 marks)
    • 2015 Dec (100 marks)
    • 2015 Jun
    • 2014 Dec
    • 2014 Jun
    • 2013 Dec
    • 2013 Jun
    • 2012 Dec
    • 2012 Jun
    • 2012 Jan
    • 2011 Jun

  5. Money, Banking and International Trade

    Official Notes munotes.in

    Money, Banking and International Trade

    KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 2

    Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

    For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

    munotes.in First Year

    Money, Banking and International Trade

    Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

    Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

    This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

    Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

    The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

    munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

    munotes.in

    Contents

    Module I Value of Money

    1. Money, Banking and International Trade: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
    2. What Money Is, and Why Its Supply Is Measured 4
    3. Money: Its Definitions, Its Role in a Modern Economy, and Its Evils 11
    4. The Measures of Money Supply in India 17
    5. The Value of Money and Fisher's Cash Transactions Approach 24
    6. The Cash Balance Approach: Marshall, Pigou and Keynes 30
    7. Index Numbers: Meaning, Kinds, Uses and Limitations 35
    8. The Steps in Constructing an Index Number 38
    9. Simple Index Numbers: The Aggregative and Price Relatives Methods 42
    10. Weighted Index Numbers: Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher 44
    11. The Consumer Price Index: The Family Budget Method 47
    12. Inflation: Meaning, Types and Causes 51
    13. The Effects of Inflation on Production, Consumption and Distribution 56
    14. Methods to Control Inflation: Monetary, Fiscal and Administrative 60
    15. Deflation: Its Meaning, Causes, Effects and Control 64

    Module II Money Market

    1. The Financial System: Two Markets, One Job 69
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module II continued Money Market

    1. The Indian Money Market: Structure and Instruments 75
    2. The Features and the Defects of the Indian Money Market 81
    3. The Structure of the Indian Banking System 87
    4. Commercial Banks and Their Functions 92
    5. The Balance Sheet of a Commercial Bank 97
    6. Portfolio Management of Commercial Banks: Liquidity and Profitability 102
    7. Credit Creation by Commercial Banks 107

    Module III Central Banking

    1. The Central Bank and Its Functions 111
    2. The Reserve Bank of India: Its Functions and Role 116
    3. Methods of Credit Control: Quantitative and Qualitative 121
    4. What Determines the Money Supply, and How the RBI Controls It 127
    5. Monetary Policy: Its Meaning, Objectives and Limits 135
    6. Monetary Policy and the Monetary Policy Committee 141

    Module IV International trade

    1. What International Trade Is, and How It Differs from Internal Trade 147
    2. The Importance of International Trade, and Its Disadvantages 151
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module IV continued International trade

    1. The Classical Theory: Absolute Advantage and Comparative Cost 156
    2. The Comparative Cost Theory Examined: Assumptions, Criticism and Restatement 161
    3. The Modern Theory: The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of International Trade 166
    4. Terms of Trade: Meaning, Concepts and Determinants 171
    5. Tariffs: Meaning, Kinds and Effects 177
    6. Quotas: Meaning, Kinds, Objectives and Effects, and Tariffs and Quotas Compared 182

    Module V Balance of Payments and Foreign Exchange

    1. The Balance of Payments: What It Is 187
    2. The Structure of the Balance of Payments 195
    3. Disequilibrium in the Balance of Payments 202
    4. Correcting a Disequilibrium 211
    5. Foreign Exchange and the Foreign Exchange Market 221
    6. The Determination of the Exchange Rate: Demand, Supply and Parity 225
    7. Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates 230
    8. Exchange Control: Meaning, Objectives and Methods 235
    9. GATT: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1947 to 1994 240
    munotes.in

    Contents continued

    Module V continued Balance of Payments and Foreign Exchange

    1. The World Trade Organization 242
    2. The WTO Agreements: TRIPS, TRIMS and the Others 247
    3. India and the WTO: The Impact on the Indian Economy 253
    4. Foreign Direct Investment in India 257
    5. Multinational Corporations: Definition, Features and Kinds 261
    6. International Business Decisions and the Modes of Entry 263
    7. MNCs: Benefits and Costs to Host and Home Countries, and the Problems MNCs Face 266
    munotes.in

    Page 1 onwards

    munotes.in

    267 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

    Notes
    2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 267 pages.
    Papers
    Previous year question paper solutions. 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2015
    Every chapter in the notes: 53 chapters across 5 modules

    Module I 15 chapters

    1. 1 Money, Banking and International Trade: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 3
    2. 2 What Money Is, and Why Its Supply Is Measured pages 4 to 10
    3. 3 Money: Its Definitions, Its Role in a Modern Economy, and Its Evils pages 11 to 16
    4. 4 The Measures of Money Supply in India pages 17 to 23
    5. 5 The Value of Money and Fisher's Cash Transactions Approach pages 24 to 29
    6. 6 The Cash Balance Approach: Marshall, Pigou and Keynes pages 30 to 34
    7. 7 Index Numbers: Meaning, Kinds, Uses and Limitations pages 35 to 37
    8. 8 The Steps in Constructing an Index Number pages 38 to 41
    9. 9 Simple Index Numbers: The Aggregative and Price Relatives Methods pages 42 to 43
    10. 10 Weighted Index Numbers: Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher pages 44 to 46
    11. 11 The Consumer Price Index: The Family Budget Method pages 47 to 50
    12. 12 Inflation: Meaning, Types and Causes pages 51 to 55
    13. 13 The Effects of Inflation on Production, Consumption and Distribution pages 56 to 59
    14. 14 Methods to Control Inflation: Monetary, Fiscal and Administrative pages 60 to 63
    15. 15 Deflation: Its Meaning, Causes, Effects and Control pages 64 to 68

    Module II 8 chapters

    1. 16 The Financial System: Two Markets, One Job pages 69 to 74
    2. 17 The Indian Money Market: Structure and Instruments pages 75 to 80
    3. 18 The Features and the Defects of the Indian Money Market pages 81 to 86
    4. 19 The Structure of the Indian Banking System pages 87 to 91
    5. 20 Commercial Banks and Their Functions pages 92 to 96
    6. 21 The Balance Sheet of a Commercial Bank pages 97 to 101
    7. 22 Portfolio Management of Commercial Banks: Liquidity and Profitability pages 102 to 106
    8. 23 Credit Creation by Commercial Banks pages 107 to 110

    Module III 6 chapters

    1. 24 The Central Bank and Its Functions pages 111 to 115
    2. 25 The Reserve Bank of India: Its Functions and Role pages 116 to 120
    3. 26 Methods of Credit Control: Quantitative and Qualitative pages 121 to 126
    4. 27 What Determines the Money Supply, and How the RBI Controls It pages 127 to 134
    5. 28 Monetary Policy: Its Meaning, Objectives and Limits pages 135 to 140
    6. 29 Monetary Policy and the Monetary Policy Committee pages 141 to 146

    Module IV 8 chapters

    1. 30 What International Trade Is, and How It Differs from Internal Trade pages 147 to 150
    2. 31 The Importance of International Trade, and Its Disadvantages pages 151 to 155
    3. 32 The Classical Theory: Absolute Advantage and Comparative Cost pages 156 to 160
    4. 33 The Comparative Cost Theory Examined: Assumptions, Criticism and Restatement pages 161 to 165
    5. 34 The Modern Theory: The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of International Trade pages 166 to 170
    6. 35 Terms of Trade: Meaning, Concepts and Determinants pages 171 to 176
    7. 36 Tariffs: Meaning, Kinds and Effects pages 177 to 181
    8. 37 Quotas: Meaning, Kinds, Objectives and Effects, and Tariffs and Quotas Compared pages 182 to 186

    Module V 16 chapters

    1. 38 The Balance of Payments: What It Is pages 187 to 194
    2. 39 The Structure of the Balance of Payments pages 195 to 201
    3. 40 Disequilibrium in the Balance of Payments pages 202 to 210
    4. 41 Correcting a Disequilibrium pages 211 to 220
    5. 42 Foreign Exchange and the Foreign Exchange Market pages 221 to 224
    6. 43 The Determination of the Exchange Rate: Demand, Supply and Parity pages 225 to 229
    7. 44 Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates pages 230 to 234
    8. 45 Exchange Control: Meaning, Objectives and Methods pages 235 to 239
    9. 46 GATT: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1947 to 1994 pages 240 to 241
    10. 47 The World Trade Organization pages 242 to 246
    11. 48 The WTO Agreements: TRIPS, TRIMS and the Others pages 247 to 252
    12. 49 India and the WTO: The Impact on the Indian Economy pages 253 to 256
    13. 50 Foreign Direct Investment in India pages 257 to 260
    14. 51 Multinational Corporations: Definition, Features and Kinds pages 261 to 262
    15. 52 International Business Decisions and the Modes of Entry pages 263 to 265
    16. 53 MNCs: Benefits and Costs to Host and Home Countries, and the Problems MNCs Face pages 266 to 267
    Every paper that is solved: 16 papers
    • 2026 Jan
    • 2026 Jan (100 marks)
    • 2025 Jun
    • 2025 Jun (100 marks)
    • 2025 Jan
    • 2024 Aug
    • 2023 Mar
    • 2022 Oct
    • 2021 Oct
    • 2021 Mar
    • 2021 Mar (100 marks)
    • 2020 Dec
    • 2019 Dec
    • 2019 Jun
    • 2018 Dec
    • 2015 Dec

Questions

Can I download it?

No, and that is deliberate. Everything is read on the site, on any device you sign in on. There is nothing to lose, and nothing to forward.

How long do I keep it?

365 days from the day you pay.

What if the syllabus changes?

Revisions are written into the same subject, and you keep reading the current version for as long as your access runs.

Can I buy one subject instead of the whole semester?

Not yet. It is priced per semester because the solved answers cross-reference modules across all five subjects, and splitting them breaks the links that make the answers useful.

Is this enough to pass?

It covers the prescribed syllabus and every question the papers listed on this page asked. It is not a substitute for your lectures or for reading the bare Acts, and we would not claim otherwise.

Can I get a refund?

Once a semester is unlocked it stays unlocked, and there is no way to hand back reading you have already done. That is why this page shows you so much before you pay: the cover of every subject, every chapter in it by name, and the page each one starts on. Read that first and buy only if it is the book you want. If something genuinely went wrong, being charged twice or paying and having nothing unlock, write to us and we refund it: the cancellation and refund policy sets out which cases those are.

Does it renew automatically?

No. It is one payment for one semester. Nothing is charged again unless you choose to buy another semester yourself.

₹798 ₹998
Notes and solved papers, 365 days
Or either one alone: ₹499
Unlock Semester 2
Issue