KSLU Solved Question Papers
Indian Society: Continuity and Change
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 2
2022 Apr Examination
munotes.in
Mumbai
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 2 Indian Society: Continuity and Change 2022 Apr Question Paper with Solutions
First published on munotes.in on 21 October 2026.
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The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by Karnataka State Law University at the 2022 Apr examination.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2022 Apr examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2022 Apr examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 80 · 20 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B. (1) Answer all five Units. (2) One essay type question and short note is compulsory from each Unit. (3) Figures to the right indicate marks. (4) Answer should be written either in English or Kannada completely.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1
Unit I
(a)Explain the geographical features of Indian Society.[10]
Answer
For full marks, cover: India's size and setting; its physical divisions (mountains, plains, plateau, desert, coasts, islands), each with its effect on society; rivers and the monsoon; how geography has shaped diversity (settlement, economy, food, dress, housing, regional cultures, tribes); how geography has also given unity; a conclusion.
Size and setting
India is a vast country, about 32.8 lakh square kilometres in area and the seventh largest in the world. It is often called a subcontinent. Mountains guard its north, and the sea surrounds it on three sides. The Arabian Sea lies to the west, the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. This setting has both separated India from its neighbours and kept it open to contact by land and sea.
Physical divisions and their social effects
1. The Himalayas and northern mountains. The Himalayas form a high wall across the north. They protect the plains from cold Central Asian winds and feed the great rivers with snow. Hill communities have their own crops, dress and customs, adapted to cold and steep land. The mountains are also sacred, with pilgrim centres such as Badrinath and Kedarnath.
2. The northern plains. The plains of the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra are among the most fertile lands in the world. Easy farming supported dense population, large villages, towns and kingdoms. Much of India's classical culture grew up here, and the plains remain the most crowded part of the country.
3. The peninsular plateau. South of the plains lies the Deccan plateau, an old and rocky table-land, edged by the Western and Eastern Ghats. Its uneven land and lower rainfall in places made agriculture harder. Regional kingdoms and distinct Dravidian languages and cultures developed here.
4. The Thar desert. In the north-west, the Thar desert has scanty rain and few rivers. People here adapted through pastoralism, careful water storage, mud houses and colourful dress. Settlements are scattered, and community life centres on wells and tanks.
5. The coastal plains. India has a coastline of about 7,500 kilometres. Coastal people live by fishing, trade and shipping. Ports linked India with Arabia, Africa and South-East Asia, which brought traders, new faiths and new ideas. The Christians of Kerala, the Parsis of Gujarat and the Muslim trading communities of the western coast show this openness.
6. The islands. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep are far from the mainland. Some island tribes lived in isolation for centuries and kept very distinct ways of life.
7. The north-western passes. The mountain wall is not closed everywhere. Passes in the north-west, such as the Khyber, let traders, migrants and armies enter the plains over many centuries. Each wave of newcomers added new peoples, languages and customs to Indian society, which is one reason for its variety.
Rivers and the monsoon
Rivers have been the lifelines of Indian society. Settlements, pilgrim centres and cities grew on their banks, and many rivers, such as the Ganga, the Godavari and the Kaveri, are held sacred. The monsoon brings most of the year's rain, mainly between June and September. Farming, festivals and the agricultural calendar follow its rhythm. A failed monsoon once meant famine, and dependence on rain shaped beliefs and rituals.
How geography has shaped diversity
- Economy. Rice is the staple in the wet east and south, wheat in the drier north-west, and millets in the dry uplands.
- Food, dress and housing. Cotton clothing suits the hot plains, wool the hills, and sloping roofs the rainy coasts.
- Regional cultures and languages. Mountains, forests and rivers separated groups, so distinct languages and cultures grew in different regions.
- Tribes. Hills and forests of central India and the North East sheltered tribal communities, who kept their own languages, beliefs and economies.
- Population. Fertile plains and deltas are densely settled, while deserts and mountains are thinly peopled.
How geography has given unity
Geography has also helped unite India. The Himalayas and the seas give the land natural boundaries. Ancient texts describe the land between the mountains and the sea as one country, Bharatavarsha. Pilgrimage to rivers, mountains and coastal shrines in every corner has carried people across regions. The common dependence on the monsoon gives a shared rhythm to agricultural life.
Geography at a glance
| Region | Main feature | Effect on society |
|---|---|---|
| Himalayas | High mountains, snow | Hill cultures, sacred sites, river source |
| Northern plains | Fertile river valleys | Dense population, kingdoms, classical culture |
| Deccan plateau | Rocky upland | Regional kingdoms, Dravidian cultures |
| Region | Main feature | Effect on society |
|---|---|---|
| Thar desert | Low rainfall | Pastoralism, water conservation |
| Coasts | Long sea front | Trade, fishing, outside contact |
| Islands | Isolation | Distinct tribal ways of life |
Conclusion. India's geography, from the Himalayas to the coasts, has shaped where people live, what they grow and eat, and how they dress and build. It has also shaped how regional cultures and tribal ways of life developed. The same geography, with its natural boundaries, sacred rivers and shared monsoon, has also given India a sense of being one land. Geography is thus a root of both its diversity and its unity.
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