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General English
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 1
2021 Oct Examination
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Mumbai
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 1 General English 2021 Oct Question Paper with Solutions
First published on munotes.in on 21 October 2026.
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Contents
The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2021 Oct examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2021 Oct examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 80 · 15 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B. (1) Answer Section - A and Section - B completely. (2) Section - A and Section - B consists of 40 marks each. (3) Figures to the right indicate marks. (4) Write neatly and clearly.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
SECTION I
Section A
Answer any four · 40 Marks
Q1What are the contributions made by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan to the study of philosophy ?[10]
Answer
For full marks, cover: what "analyse" asks of this question; his new reading of the Vedanta and of maya; his method of sympathetic interpretation; bringing Indian thought into world philosophy; his criticism of pluralism in Western thought; intuition or integral insight, and its place beside intellect and science; religion as experience, not creed; God and the Absolute; philosophy applied to society and ethics; an assessment of the kind of contribution he made.
Introduction
Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan did not build a closed system of his own. His contribution lies in a set of connected ideas. He set them out in books such as Indian Philosophy and An Idealist View of Life, and summed them up in his essay "My Search for Truth" (1937). To analyse his contribution, we take each idea in turn and ask what it added to philosophy.
1. A new reading of the Vedanta
Christian critics of his student days said that the Vedanta left no room for ethics. They also said it treated the world as an illusion. Radhakrishnan replied that maya does not mean the world is unreal. It means the world depends on the ultimate reality and is always passing away, while the real does not change. So the world has a lower status, but it is not a dream. He pointed out that even Sankara separates the world's existence from both Brahman and mere illusion.
What it added: Hindu thought could now be read as ethically serious. Work for the poor and for social reform, he argued, is demanded by Hindu religion, not opposed to it. To the truly religious, all life is a sacrament.
2. A method of interpretation
In his two volumes of Indian Philosophy, written for J. H. Muirhead's "Library of Philosophy", he tried to interpret and not merely record. He judged thinkers by their moments of clearest insight. He asked the reader to stand in the ancient thinker's place, with his knowledge and beliefs. Otherwise, he warned, we produce only caricatures.
What it added: a sympathetic method for the history of philosophy. Students of any tradition can use it.
3. Indian thought in the world's philosophy
Before him, Indian philosophy was often seen as quaint and out of date. Radhakrishnan showed that ancient Indian thinkers asked the same kinds of questions as modern thinkers. They also reached a similar variety of answers. The Encyclopaedia Britannica (fourteenth edition) asked him to write its article on Indian philosophy.
What it added: Indian philosophy became a recognised field of study in Western universities.
4. A critic of Western philosophy
In The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy (1920), he examined thinkers such as Leibniz, William James, Eucken and Bertrand Russell. He argued that their leaning towards pluralism came from religious prejudice, not from philosophy itself. He also wrote articles in the journal Mind showing that Bergson was really an absolutist.
What it added: an Indian philosopher now took part as an equal in Western debates. An American professor, Hinman, discussed him alongside Bosanquet as a representative idealist.
5. Intuition, or integral insight
His central idea is that the deepest truths are known by integral insight, or intuition. This knowledge is not against logic; it goes beyond it. Science is useful for controlling nature, he said, but it cannot tell us what reality is. God and the soul cannot be treated as mathematical equations. Yet intuition is not mere emotion either. Intellect plays a large part in it, and intuition without intellect sinks into obscurantism.
What it added: a middle path between cold rationalism and blind faith. He linked the Hindu view with thinkers such as Plato, Plotinus, St Augustine and Pascal.
6. Religion as experience, not creed
For Radhakrishnan, religion is an insight into reality, not a creed or a code. The founders of religions were people with direct experience of the spirit. Creeds are only imperfect attempts to express that experience. That is why creeds seem to conflict, and why fighting over them is foolish.
What it added: a basis for tolerance and for the comparative study of religions. He lectured on comparative religion at Oxford.
7. God and the Absolute
In the Hibbert Lectures (An Idealist View of Life), he described the Absolute as timeless and unchanging. God is the Absolute in relation to our world. God is the living person who guides the cosmic process and is creating it all the time. History, in this sense, is the epic of the divine will.
What it added: a way to hold together the impersonal Absolute of the Vedanta and the personal God of worship.
8. Philosophy for life and society
He held that modern civilization had become soulless, because politics and economics no longer took their direction from ethics. In East and West in Religion, he wrote that religion means doing justice, loving mercy and making others happy. A saint, for him, is someone who works for his fellow men.
What it added: philosophy became a guide to conduct and social reform, not only a subject for the classroom.
Assessment
His contribution was that of a synthesiser and an interpreter. He was not the founder of a new school. His strength was to join East and West, reason and intuition, and the Absolute and a living God. He wrote in clear language that ordinary readers could follow. Thinkers such as Samuel Alexander, Bertrand Russell and Tagore welcomed his Hibbert Lectures.
Limits
A fair analysis must also note the limits. He himself called his first book juvenile. He said the Tagore study had all the faults of immature youth, and that critics praised The Reign of Religion beyond its merits. His method of reading thinkers at their best can also soften real disagreements between schools. And readers who want a new technical system, argued step by step, will find a synthesis instead. These limits do not cancel his achievement, but they show what kind of achievement it was.
Conclusion. Radhakrishnan contributed to philosophy by giving the Vedanta an ethical reading and by interpreting Indian thought with sympathy. He made it part of world philosophy. He defended intuition as a form of knowledge beside intellect, and he treated religion as experience rather than dogma. Above all, he insisted that philosophy must shape the way we live.
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