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B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 1 General Principles of Sociology Oct 2025 Question Paper with Solutions

SPPU Solved Question Papers

General Principles of Sociology

Previous Year Question Paper with Solution

B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 1

Oct 2025 Examination

munotes.in

Mumbai

First published on munotes.in on 6 November 2026.

Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.

Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.

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The questions below are the paper as Savitribai Phule Pune University set it at the Oct 2025 examination, in the order it was set.

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The Paper as Set

The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the Oct 2025 examination, reproduced as Savitribai Phule Pune University set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.

Duration 3 hours · Total marks 70 · 13 questions answered

How to use this volume

Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.

Read the original question paper

SECTION I

PART A

Answer Any Two · 30 Marks

Q1)What is Social Differentiation; explain in detail the differences between societies?[15]

Answer

For full marks, cover: the meaning of social differentiation and how it differs from stratification; its bases (age, sex, occupation, role, religion, region); its features and functions; the differences between societies: by mode of subsistence (Lenski), by solidarity (Durkheim), by type of relationship (Tonnies), by openness (caste and class); a comparison table; and a conclusion.

1. Meaning of social differentiation

Social differentiation is the process by which members of a society are distinguished from one another by socially recognised differences. People are divided by age, sex, occupation, religion, language and role. Differentiation simply recognises difference; it does not necessarily rank people as higher or lower. When differences are ranked and carry unequal rewards, differentiation becomes stratification.

2. Bases of differentiation

Biological: age and sex (child, adult, elder; male, female).
Occupational: farmer, teacher, lawyer, trader.

Role and status: father, citizen, judge.
Cultural: religion, language, region and ethnicity.

3. Features and functions

It is universal: every society distinguishes people.
It grows with the division of labour: the more complex a society, the more differentiated it is.
It allows specialisation, so that tasks are done by those suited to them.
It creates interdependence: people with different roles need one another.

4. Differences between societies

Societies differ from one another in their economy, their bonds and their structure.

(a) By mode of subsistence (Lenski).

Hunting and gathering: small, mobile groups; little inequality.
Pastoral: herding animals; some wealth in livestock.
Horticultural: simple cultivation with hand tools.
Agrarian: plough agriculture; settled villages, landlords and peasants; sharp inequality.

Industrial: factories, cities, wage labour and specialised occupations.
Post-industrial: services and information dominate.

(b) By solidarity (Durkheim).

Mechanical solidarity: in simple societies, people are alike in beliefs and work; they are bound by likeness; law is repressive.
Organic solidarity: in complex societies, people are bound by interdependence of different roles; law is restitutive.

(c) By type of relationship (Tonnies).

Gemeinschaft (community): close, personal, traditional ties, as in a village.
Gesellschaft (association): impersonal, contractual, self-interested ties, as in a city.

(d) By openness.

Closed societies: position is fixed at birth, as in the caste system.
Open societies: position can be achieved, as in the class system.

5. Comparison

Point	Simple (traditional) society	Complex (modern) society
Economy	Hunting, herding, farming	Industry, services
Differentiation	Low: by age and sex	High: many occupations and roles
Solidarity	Mechanical, likeness	Organic, interdependence
Relationships	Personal (Gemeinschaft)	Impersonal (Gesellschaft)
Status	Ascribed, closed	Achieved, open
Social control	Custom, religion	Law and formal agencies

6. Differentiation in India

Indian society shows both kinds of features: traditional village communities and caste beside modern cities, occupations and class. The Constitution seeks to turn ranked differences into equal citizenship.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Social differentiation is the recognition of differences among members of a society by age, sex, occupation, role and culture; when ranked, it becomes stratification. Societies differ by mode of subsistence, from hunting and gathering to post-industrial, and by solidarity, mechanical or organic. They also differ by relationships, community or association, and by openness, caste or class. As societies grow more complex, differentiation increases and ties of likeness give way to ties of interdependence.

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