Mumbai University Solved Question Papers
Law and Social Transformation of India
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
LLM · Foundation Course
2022 Examination
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LLM Foundation Course Law and Social Transformation of India 2022 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 12 August 2026.
Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.
Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.
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The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.
The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the 2022 examination.
The answers in this volume state the law as it stands today, not as it stood when the paper was set, and in this subject that reaches almost every question. The Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Indian Evidence Act were replaced on 1 July 2024 by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, so where a question asks about a section of the old Code by number, the answer gives that section and its successor. Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure was substituted by the Mediation Act, 2023. The reservation of one third of the seats in the Lok Sabha and the State assemblies for women was notified into force on 16 April 2026 and operates after the next census and delimitation. And on 1 August 2024 seven judges held that a State may sub-classify within the Scheduled Castes.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the 2022 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2022 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3½ hours · Total marks 100 · 37 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
SECTION I
PART A. Write Short Notes on the following
any ten of fifteen · 30 Marks
1.Objectives of The Right of Children (Free and Compulsory) Education Act, 2009[3]
Answer
The Act gives effect to Article 21A, inserted by the Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002, which makes free and compulsory education a fundamental right of every child from six to fourteen years. It follows Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993) 1 SCC 645, which had read the right to education into Article 21.
Its objectives are: free and compulsory elementary education for every child in a neighbourhood school until completion of elementary education; no capitation fee and no screening procedure at admission (Section 13); no denial of admission for want of a transfer certificate or age proof, and admission of a child at an age-appropriate class with special training (Sections 4 and 14); no expulsion, no detention and no board examination up to Class VIII (Section 16, since relaxed by the 2019 amendment permitting detention in Classes V and VIII after a re-examination); no corporal punishment or mental harassment (Section 17); reservation of at least 25 per cent of Class I seats in unaided private schools for children of weaker sections and disadvantaged groups with State reimbursement (Section 12(1)(c)); prescribed norms for infrastructure and for pupil-teacher ratio in the Schedule; a bar on teachers being deployed for non-educational work other than census, election and disaster duties (Section 27); and School Management Committees with parents in the majority (Section 21).
Section 12(1)(c) was upheld in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v. Union of India (2012) 6 SCC 102, and Pramati Educational Trust v. Union of India (2014) 8 SCC 1 held it inapplicable to minority institutions.
Conclusion. The Act converts a directive principle into an enforceable entitlement and shifts the duty from the parent to the State and the school, which is why enrolment at the elementary stage is now near-universal even though quality of learning remains the unfinished part of the promise.
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