Mumbai University Solved Question Papers
Criminology and Penology
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
LLB 3 years · Sem 4
Oct 2025 - 75/25 Examination
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LLB 3 years Sem 4 Criminology and Penology Oct 2025 - 75/25 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 24 October 2026.
Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.
Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.
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The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.
The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the Oct 2025 - 75/25 examination.
The law in these answers is stated as at October 2026. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Sakshya Adhiniyam replaced the IPC, the CrPC and the Evidence Act on 1 July 2024, so older papers that cite the old sections are answered under the new ones. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 repealed the Act of 2000 (s.111). The Maharashtra Prisons (Furlough and Parole) Rules, 2024 superseded the Rules of 1959, and on 4 May 2026 the Bombay High Court struck down their requirement of one year of actual imprisonment before regular parole (Vinodkumar Chellappan Pillai v. State of Maharashtra). Food adulteration now falls under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which repealed the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the Oct 2025 - 75/25 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the Oct 2025 - 75/25 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 2½ hours · Total marks 75 · 22 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q.1
Q.1: Answer any six of the following in one or two sentences
12 Marks - 2 marks each
(1)What is the main necessity for the administration of justice?[2]
Answer
The main necessity for the administration of justice is to keep peace and order by putting the force of the State behind the law. Without it, every person would be judge in his own cause, and disputes would end in private revenge and violence.
Salmond explained the need in his Jurisprudence (1913).
- People are moved by their own interests and passions, so society needs "a common power to keep them all in awe", in Hobbes's phrase.
- Public opinion alone is "an entirely insufficient substitute". Its censure "is least felt by those who need it most", the habitual wrongdoers.
- Therefore "the law and justice of the state is a permanent and necessary condition of peace, order, and civilisation".
What it replaces. Salmond called the administration of justice "the modern and civilised substitute for the primitive practices of private vengeance and violent self-help". Private vengeance became criminal justice, and violent self-help became civil justice.
In short: the State administers justice so that rights are enforced and wrongs punished by impartial courts, not by the stronger party. A formal system also gives certainty, because people know in advance what the law forbids. It protects the accused through fair procedure: a hearing, proof by evidence, and an appeal.
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