Mumbai University Solved Question Papers
Criminology and Penology
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
LLB 3 years · Sem 4
Nov 2016 Examination
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LLB 3 years Sem 4 Criminology and Penology Nov 2016 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 24 October 2026.
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Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.
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The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.
The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the Nov 2016 examination.
The law in these answers is stated as at October 2026. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Sakshya Adhiniyam replaced the IPC, the CrPC and the Evidence Act on 1 July 2024, so older papers that cite the old sections are answered under the new ones. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 repealed the Act of 2000 (s.111). The Maharashtra Prisons (Furlough and Parole) Rules, 2024 superseded the Rules of 1959, and on 4 May 2026 the Bombay High Court struck down their requirement of one year of actual imprisonment before regular parole (Vinodkumar Chellappan Pillai v. State of Maharashtra). Food adulteration now falls under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which repealed the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the Nov 2016 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the Nov 2016 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 100 · 25 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B: (1) Answer the questions as per the instructions given below.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
1.
Q.1: Answer in not more than two sentences
20 Marks - 2 marks each
(a)Define Criminology.[2]
Answer
Criminology is the scientific study of crime, of criminals and of society's response to crime. The word comes from the Latin crimen, crime, and "-logy", study; Raffaele Garofalo's book Criminologia (Turin, 1885) gave it currency.
The standard definition is Edwin H. Sutherland's: criminology "is the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the processes of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws."
Its three divisions (Sutherland):
- the sociology of law, the study of how criminal laws develop;
- criminal aetiology, the scientific study of the causes of crime; and
- penology, which is "concerned with the control of crime".
Other views. Each school put a different thing at the centre. Lombroso studied the criminal as a physical type (criminal anthropology). Ferri called the subject criminal sociology in 1882, to take in anthropology, psychology, statistics and the means to combat crime. Tarde called criminology "nothing more than a case of sociology".
Its aim, in Sutherland's words, is "the development of a body of general and verified principles" about law, crime and treatment or prevention, and their use in programmes to control crime. It is wider than criminal law, which only defines offences and fixes their punishments.
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