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Criminology and Penology
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
LLB 3 years · Sem 4
Nov 2010 Examination
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LLB 3 years Sem 4 Criminology and Penology Nov 2010 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 24 October 2026.
Published by munotes.in, Mumbai.
Model answers written and edited by the munotes.in editorial desk.
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The University does not publish an official answer key for this paper. The answers in this volume are model answers, written to show how a full-mark answer is built. They are a study aid, not an authority on what an examiner marked.
The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the Nov 2010 examination.
The law in these answers is stated as at October 2026. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Sakshya Adhiniyam replaced the IPC, the CrPC and the Evidence Act on 1 July 2024, so older papers that cite the old sections are answered under the new ones. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 repealed the Act of 2000 (s.111). The Maharashtra Prisons (Furlough and Parole) Rules, 2024 superseded the Rules of 1959, and on 4 May 2026 the Bombay High Court struck down their requirement of one year of actual imprisonment before regular parole (Vinodkumar Chellappan Pillai v. State of Maharashtra). Food adulteration now falls under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which repealed the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the Nov 2010 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the Nov 2010 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 100 · 25 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
1.
Q.1: Answer in not more than two sentences
20 Marks - 2 marks each
(a)Name any two schools of criminology before positive school of criminology.[2]
Answer
The positive school of Lombroso, Ferri and Garofalo arose in Italy in the 1870s. Two schools came before it.
- The pre-classical school. It is the name for thinking about crime before the eighteenth century. Crime was treated as sin, caused by "innate depravity, and the instigation of the devil", in Sutherland's words. Guilt was tested by ordeal and oath, and punishments were cruel, "arbitrary and unequal".
- The classical school. Founded by Cesare Beccaria, whose On Crimes and Punishments appeared in 1764, and developed by Jeremy Bentham. It held that people act by free will, choosing pleasure and avoiding pain. So crimes and their punishments must be fixed by law in advance, and each punishment must be just enough to deter.
A third. The neo-classical school followed the classical one after the French Revolution. It kept free will but excused children and the insane, and allowed mitigating circumstances. The positive school then replaced free will with the scientific study of the causes of crime.
Why the order matters. Each school arose by correcting the one before it. The classical school rejected the arbitrary cruelty of the pre-classical period. The positive school then rejected the classical school's indifference to the offender.
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