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Legal Writing and Legal Language
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BA LLB (BLS LLB) 5 Years · Sem 2
2023-24 Examination
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BA LLB (BLS LLB) 5 Years Sem 2 Legal Writing and Legal Language 2023-24 Question Paper with Solutions
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First published on munotes.in on 23 October 2026.
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The question paper reproduced here is the paper as set by the University of Mumbai at the 2023-24 examination.
Contents
The questions below are the paper as the University of Mumbai set it at the 2023-24 examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2023-24 examination, reproduced as the University of Mumbai set them, in the order it set them. Nothing has been reworded, added or left out. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 2½ hours · Total marks 75 · 22 questions answered
Instructions printed on the paper
- N.B: All questions are compulsory. Figures to the right indicate full marks. Please check whether you have got the right question paper.
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q.1
Q.1 Answer in one or two sentences
any 6 of 8 · 12 Marks
(1)What are bye-laws?[2]
Answer
Bye-laws are rules made by a local authority, such as a municipal corporation or a panchayat. Bodies such as a cooperative society or a university also make them. They apply to the body's own area or its own members, and are made under a power given by an Act.
Examples. Building bye-laws of a municipal corporation, which control how high a building may be. Bye-laws of a cooperative housing society, which govern its members' rights and meetings.
They are a form of delegated or subordinate legislation. That has three consequences.
- They are law. Article 13(3)(a) of the Constitution counts a "bye-law" as "law". So a bye-law must also respect the fundamental rights.
- They must stay within the parent Act. In St. Johns Teachers Training Institute v. Regional Director, National Council for Teacher Education, (2003) 3 SCC 321, the Supreme Court said subordinate legislation may "supplement" the Act but never "supplant" it. A bye-law beyond the Act is ultra vires, meaning beyond the power, and void.
- Procedure. Sometimes an Act says bye-laws are to be made "after previous publication". Then section 23 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 requires a draft to be published and objections considered first. Under section 21 the power to make bye-laws includes the power to amend or cancel them.
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