SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Semester 9 Notes 2026

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Drafting Pleading and Conveyance
Official Notes munotes.in

Drafting Pleading and Conveyance

SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 9

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fifth Year

Drafting Pleading and Conveyance

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

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Contents

Module 01 Drafting And Pleading
1. Drafting, Pleading and Conveyancing: Their Meaning and Purpose, and the General Principles 1
2. The Parts Every Legal Document Has 4
3. The Language of a Legal Document 10
4. Describing the Parties, and Writing the Recitals 15
5. The Rules Every Pleading Obeys: Order VI 22
6. The Pleading Process: Law, Provisions, Presumptions, Facts and Precedents 31
7. Execution, Attestation and the Witnesses 34
8. Stamp Duty: The Question Asked of Every Document 41
9. When a Document Must Be Registered 49
10. Affidavits, Oaths, and What a Notary Does 56
11. Describing Land So That Nobody Can Dispute It 63
12. A Schedule of Property for a Plot with a Structure 70
13. Title, the Title Search and the Search Report 77
Module 02 Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Civil)
1. What a Plaint Must Contain: Order VII, and the Plaint That Is Returned or Rejected 80
2. The Plaint, Head by Head 89
3. A Complete Plaint: A Suit for Specific Performance of an Agreement for Sale of a Flat 98
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 02 continued Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Civil)
1. The Commercial Suit: Pre-institution Mediation, the Statement of Truth, and the Other Pages a Commercial Plaint Carries 112
2. The Written Statement: Order VIII, the Time Limit, and the Duty to Deny Specifically 120
3. Defences and How to Plead Them: Preliminary Objections, the Parawise Reply, Set-off and Counterclaim 127
4. A Complete Written Statement With a Counterclaim 134
5. The Defendant's Affidavits: in Support of the Written Statement, in Reply to a Motion, and the Statement of Truth 144
6. The Summary Suit: Order XXXVII, and the Claims It Can Be Used For 151
7. A Complete Summary Suit Plaint on a Promissory Note and a Dishonoured Cheque 158
8. Summons for Judgment: the Plaintiff's Summons and Affidavit Under Rule 3(4) 165
9. A Complete Affidavit for Leave to Defend 173
10. The Affidavit in Support: Order XIX, Knowledge Against Belief, and How a Deponent Swears 180
11. A Caveat under Section 148A of the Code of Civil Procedure 186
12. Temporary Injunctions: Order XXXIX, the Three Tests, and the Ex Parte Order 189
13. A Complete Notice of Motion for a Temporary Injunction, With the Affidavit in Support 197
14. An Application to Try an Issue of Law as a Preliminary Issue 205
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Contents continued

Module 02 continued Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Civil)
1. Execution: How a Decree Is Enforced, Which Court Enforces It, and Within What Time 208
2. A Complete Execution Application Under Order XXI Rule 11(2) 225
3. The Three Articles, and Which Court to Move 238
4. What a Writ Petition Must Contain 248
5. The Affidavit in Support, and the Papers That Travel with a Petition 256
6. A Writ Petition Under Article 32 270
7. A Writ Petition Under Article 226 283
8. What the Court Requires of a Public Interest Petitioner 298
9. A Public Interest Litigation Petition 311
10. A Claim Petition before the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal 330
11. Pleadings in a Matrimonial Cause: What a Petition Is, and Which Court Hears It 333
12. The Anatomy of a Matrimonial Petition, Head by Head 338
13. The Grounds of Divorce: Section 13, Ground by Ground 343
14. A Complete Petition for Divorce on Cruelty and Desertion 349
15. Verification, Affidavit and Vakalatnama: The Three Pages Behind Every Petition 358
16. An Adjournment Application in a Civil Suit 366
17. Purshis: the Short Statement a Party Files in a Maharashtra Court 368
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Contents continued

Module 02 continued Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Civil)
1. Praecipe: Asking the Registry, and the Court, for Something 377
Module 03 Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Criminal)
1. Criminal Pleadings Under the New Codes: Which Law Applies, Which Court, and Who Speaks for the State 388
2. Bail: the Vocabulary, the Sections, Default Bail, and What a Court Weighs 396
3. A Complete Bail Application in the Sessions Court, and What Changes in the High Court 406
4. Anticipatory Bail: Section 482, What the Sanhita Kept and Left Out, and What Maharashtra Had Added 413
5. A Complete Anticipatory Bail Application 421
6. Maintenance: The Five Doors, and How to Choose One 427
7. A Complete Application for Interim Maintenance, and One Under Section 144 BNSS 435
8. The Criminal Complaint: Cognizance, the Examination of the Complainant, and the Accused's New Right to Be Heard 444
9. When the Police Will Not Act: the FIR, the Superintendent, and the Application Under Section 175(3) 452
10. A Complete Complaint of Criminal Defamation 460
11. A Complete Application Under Section 175(3), With the Affidavit 470
12. The Reliefs the Domestic Violence Act Allows You to Ask For 480
13. A Notice Under the Domestic Violence Act 490
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Contents continued

Module 03 continued Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Criminal)
1. An Application to the Magistrate Under the Domestic Violence Act 499
2. The Affidavit for an Ex Parte Order 510
3. Section 138: the Offence, the Presumption, and the Timetable From Dishonour to Complaint 521
4. A Complete Demand Notice Under Section 138, Proviso (b) 528
5. The Section 138 Complaint: Who Files It, Where, Against Whom, and Within What Time 535
6. A Complete Section 138 Complaint, With the Affidavit of Evidence Under Section 145 544
7. After the Complaint: Interim Compensation, the Deposit in Appeal, and Compounding 554
8. An Application for the Release of a Seized Vehicle 562
9. An Application for Compounding an Offence 565
Module 04 Writing Exercises On Appeals, Revisions, Petitions And Other Proceedings
1. Civil Appeals and Revisions: the Map of Remedies, and the Time for Each 568
2. The Memorandum of Appeal: Order XLI, the Grounds, the Deposit and the Stay 575
3. A Complete Memorandum of First Appeal to the High Court, With the Application for Stay 582
4. An Appeal From an Order: Order XLIII, and a Complete Appeal Against the Refusal of an Injunction 590
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Contents continued

Module 04 continued Writing Exercises On Appeals, Revisions, Petitions And Other Proceedings
1. The Second Appeal: Section 100, and How to Frame a Substantial Question of Law 599
2. Criminal Appeal in the Court of Session: Against Conviction by a Magistrate, and the Victim's Appeal 607
3. A Complete Memorandum of Appeal to the Sessions Court, With the Application to Suspend the Sentence 613
4. A Complete Criminal Appeal to the High Court Against Conviction, With the Application for Suspension of Sentence 620
5. Civil Revision: Section 115, and What the Proviso Took Away 627
6. A Complete Civil Revision Application in the High Court 633
7. Criminal Revision Before the Sessions Court, With a Complete Revision Application 640
8. Criminal Revision in the High Court, With a Complete Revision Application 648
9. Who May Complain Under the Consumer Protection Act 656
10. Which Commission, and Within What Time 664
11. A Consumer Complaint 671
12. A Reply (Written Version) to a Consumer Complaint 682
13. What the Court Must Be Satisfied Of: Section 23, and the Bars to Relief 685
14. Divorce by Mutual Consent: The Three Things Section 13B Requires 691
15. The Six Months, and When It Can Be Waived 697
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 04 continued Writing Exercises On Appeals, Revisions, Petitions And Other Proceedings
1. A Complete Joint Petition Under Section 13B, With Consent Terms 702
2. Review: What It Is Not, and Civil Review Under Order XLVII 712
3. A Complete Civil Review Petition 717
Module 05 Writing Exercises on Notices and Other Documents
1. Notices: Their Meaning and Importance, and the Notice before Filing a Suit 722
2. A Public Notice: What It Achieves, and What It May Not Say 725
3. A Public Notice 732
4. A Notice under Section 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure 739
5. An Acknowledgment of Liability under Section 18 of the Limitation Act 1963 742
Module 06 Deeds / Parts of Deed
1. The Seven Questions to Settle Before You Draft Any Deed of Transfer 744
2. Stamp Duty and Registration: The Two Costs on Every Deed, and How to Read the Schedule 750
3. Registration: Section 17, and What Must Be Registered 757
4. Section 18, Presentation, and What Section 49 Does to an Unregistered Deed 763
5. An Agreement for Sale, and What It Is Not 769
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Contents continued

Module 06 continued Deeds / Parts of Deed
1. An Agreement for Sale 778
2. An Agreement to Sell with an Arbitration Clause 792
3. Sale: What Section 54 Requires, and When Ownership Passes 795
4. Section 55: The Rights and Liabilities the Law Writes Into Every Sale 800
5. The Sale Deed, Head by Head 805
6. A Complete Sale Deed of a Flat, and the Errors in It 810
7. Mortgage: Section 58, and the Six Kinds It Names 818
8. Simple Mortgage, and Mortgage by Conditional Sale 823
9. Usufructuary Mortgage, and English Mortgage 827
10. A Complete Simple Mortgage Deed 832
11. What the Mortgage Deed Cannot Take Away: Redemption, and the Clog On It 839
12. Leave and Licence in Maharashtra: Why the Law Puts It in Writing 844
13. A Complete Leave and Licence Agreement 850
14. Lease: Section 105, and the Line Between a Lease and a Licence 859
15. A Complete Lease Deed of Commercial Premises 865
16. Gift: Sections 122 to 129, and What Makes a Gift Complete 874
17. Onerous Gifts, and When a Gift Can Be Taken Back 879
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Contents continued

Module 06 continued Deeds / Parts of Deed
1. A Complete Gift Deed 884
2. Agency, and What a Power of Attorney Really Does 892
3. A General Power of Attorney 900
4. A Special Power of Attorney 911
5. A Partition Deed between Members of a Joint Hindu Family 923
6. The Will: Who May Make One, and How Section 63 Says It Is Executed 926
7. What a Will Must Say, and the Clauses That Cause Litigation 933
8. A Complete Will 941
9. The Codicil: What It May Do, and What It May Not 952
10. The Trust: The Indian Trusts Act, and the Certainties a Deed Must Satisfy 959
11. Public Trusts in Maharashtra: Registration, and the Charity Commissioner 965
12. A Complete Trust Deed, Private and Public 971
13. Partnership: Section 4, and What the Deed Must Settle 981
14. A Complete Partnership Deed, and the Registration of the Firm 987
15. An Indemnity Bond 999
16. A Declaration, and How It Differs from an Affidavit 1002
17. A Declaration 1008
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Contents continued

Module 06 continued Deeds / Parts of Deed
1. Confidentiality, and What the Law Will Protect 1016
2. A Confidentiality Agreement 1025
3. A Share Purchase Agreement 1040
4. A Term Sheet for Acquiring a Private Limited Company by Purchase of Shares 1044
5. What a Franchise Agreement Has to Settle 1048
6. The Law a Franchise Agreement Must Respect 1056
7. A Franchise Agreement 1067
Module B Contents of Written Submissions (Journal)
1. The Journal of Written Submissions, and the Visit to the Sub-Registrar's Office 1084
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Page 1 onwards

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1,087 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 1,087 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 144 chapters across 7 modules
Module 01 13 chapters
1. 1 Drafting, Pleading and Conveyancing: Their Meaning and Purpose, and the General Principles pages 1 to 3
2. 2 The Parts Every Legal Document Has pages 4 to 9
3. 3 The Language of a Legal Document pages 10 to 14
4. 4 Describing the Parties, and Writing the Recitals pages 15 to 21
5. 5 The Rules Every Pleading Obeys: Order VI pages 22 to 30
6. 6 The Pleading Process: Law, Provisions, Presumptions, Facts and Precedents pages 31 to 33
7. 7 Execution, Attestation and the Witnesses pages 34 to 40
8. 8 Stamp Duty: The Question Asked of Every Document pages 41 to 48
9. 9 When a Document Must Be Registered pages 49 to 55
10. 10 Affidavits, Oaths, and What a Notary Does pages 56 to 62
11. 11 Describing Land So That Nobody Can Dispute It pages 63 to 69
12. 12 A Schedule of Property for a Plot with a Structure pages 70 to 76
13. 13 Title, the Title Search and the Search Report pages 77 to 79
Module 02 35 chapters
1. 14 What a Plaint Must Contain: Order VII, and the Plaint That Is Returned or Rejected pages 80 to 88
2. 15 The Plaint, Head by Head pages 89 to 97
3. 16 A Complete Plaint: A Suit for Specific Performance of an Agreement for Sale of a Flat pages 98 to 111
4. 17 The Commercial Suit: Pre-institution Mediation, the Statement of Truth, and the Other Pages a Commercial Plaint Carries pages 112 to 119
5. 18 The Written Statement: Order VIII, the Time Limit, and the Duty to Deny Specifically pages 120 to 126
6. 19 Defences and How to Plead Them: Preliminary Objections, the Parawise Reply, Set-off and Counterclaim pages 127 to 133
7. 20 A Complete Written Statement With a Counterclaim pages 134 to 143
8. 21 The Defendant's Affidavits: in Support of the Written Statement, in Reply to a Motion, and the Statement of Truth pages 144 to 150
9. 22 The Summary Suit: Order XXXVII, and the Claims It Can Be Used For pages 151 to 157
10. 23 A Complete Summary Suit Plaint on a Promissory Note and a Dishonoured Cheque pages 158 to 164
11. 24 Summons for Judgment: the Plaintiff's Summons and Affidavit Under Rule 3(4) pages 165 to 172
12. 25 A Complete Affidavit for Leave to Defend pages 173 to 179
13. 26 The Affidavit in Support: Order XIX, Knowledge Against Belief, and How a Deponent Swears pages 180 to 185
14. 27 A Caveat under Section 148A of the Code of Civil Procedure pages 186 to 188
15. 28 Temporary Injunctions: Order XXXIX, the Three Tests, and the Ex Parte Order pages 189 to 196
16. 29 A Complete Notice of Motion for a Temporary Injunction, With the Affidavit in Support pages 197 to 204
17. 30 An Application to Try an Issue of Law as a Preliminary Issue pages 205 to 207
18. 31 Execution: How a Decree Is Enforced, Which Court Enforces It, and Within What Time pages 208 to 224
19. 32 A Complete Execution Application Under Order XXI Rule 11(2) pages 225 to 237
20. 33 The Three Articles, and Which Court to Move pages 238 to 247
21. 34 What a Writ Petition Must Contain pages 248 to 255
22. 35 The Affidavit in Support, and the Papers That Travel with a Petition pages 256 to 269
23. 36 A Writ Petition Under Article 32 pages 270 to 282
24. 37 A Writ Petition Under Article 226 pages 283 to 297
25. 38 What the Court Requires of a Public Interest Petitioner pages 298 to 310
26. 39 A Public Interest Litigation Petition pages 311 to 329
27. 40 A Claim Petition before the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal pages 330 to 332
28. 41 Pleadings in a Matrimonial Cause: What a Petition Is, and Which Court Hears It pages 333 to 337
29. 42 The Anatomy of a Matrimonial Petition, Head by Head pages 338 to 342
30. 43 The Grounds of Divorce: Section 13, Ground by Ground pages 343 to 348
31. 44 A Complete Petition for Divorce on Cruelty and Desertion pages 349 to 357
32. 45 Verification, Affidavit and Vakalatnama: The Three Pages Behind Every Petition pages 358 to 365
33. 46 An Adjournment Application in a Civil Suit pages 366 to 367
34. 47 Purshis: the Short Statement a Party Files in a Maharashtra Court pages 368 to 376
35. 48 Praecipe: Asking the Registry, and the Court, for Something pages 377 to 387
Module 03 22 chapters
1. 49 Criminal Pleadings Under the New Codes: Which Law Applies, Which Court, and Who Speaks for the State pages 388 to 395
2. 50 Bail: the Vocabulary, the Sections, Default Bail, and What a Court Weighs pages 396 to 405
3. 51 A Complete Bail Application in the Sessions Court, and What Changes in the High Court pages 406 to 412
4. 52 Anticipatory Bail: Section 482, What the Sanhita Kept and Left Out, and What Maharashtra Had Added pages 413 to 420
5. 53 A Complete Anticipatory Bail Application pages 421 to 426
6. 54 Maintenance: The Five Doors, and How to Choose One pages 427 to 434
7. 55 A Complete Application for Interim Maintenance, and One Under Section 144 BNSS pages 435 to 443
8. 56 The Criminal Complaint: Cognizance, the Examination of the Complainant, and the Accused's New Right to Be Heard pages 444 to 451
9. 57 When the Police Will Not Act: the FIR, the Superintendent, and the Application Under Section 175(3) pages 452 to 459
10. 58 A Complete Complaint of Criminal Defamation pages 460 to 469
11. 59 A Complete Application Under Section 175(3), With the Affidavit pages 470 to 479
12. 60 The Reliefs the Domestic Violence Act Allows You to Ask For pages 480 to 489
13. 61 A Notice Under the Domestic Violence Act pages 490 to 498
14. 62 An Application to the Magistrate Under the Domestic Violence Act pages 499 to 509
15. 63 The Affidavit for an Ex Parte Order pages 510 to 520
16. 64 Section 138: the Offence, the Presumption, and the Timetable From Dishonour to Complaint pages 521 to 527
17. 65 A Complete Demand Notice Under Section 138, Proviso (b) pages 528 to 534
18. 66 The Section 138 Complaint: Who Files It, Where, Against Whom, and Within What Time pages 535 to 543
19. 67 A Complete Section 138 Complaint, With the Affidavit of Evidence Under Section 145 pages 544 to 553
20. 68 After the Complaint: Interim Compensation, the Deposit in Appeal, and Compounding pages 554 to 561
21. 69 An Application for the Release of a Seized Vehicle pages 562 to 564
22. 70 An Application for Compounding an Offence pages 565 to 567
Module 04 22 chapters
1. 71 Civil Appeals and Revisions: the Map of Remedies, and the Time for Each pages 568 to 574
2. 72 The Memorandum of Appeal: Order XLI, the Grounds, the Deposit and the Stay pages 575 to 581
3. 73 A Complete Memorandum of First Appeal to the High Court, With the Application for Stay pages 582 to 589
4. 74 An Appeal From an Order: Order XLIII, and a Complete Appeal Against the Refusal of an Injunction pages 590 to 598
5. 75 The Second Appeal: Section 100, and How to Frame a Substantial Question of Law pages 599 to 606
6. 76 Criminal Appeal in the Court of Session: Against Conviction by a Magistrate, and the Victim's Appeal pages 607 to 612
7. 77 A Complete Memorandum of Appeal to the Sessions Court, With the Application to Suspend the Sentence pages 613 to 619
8. 78 A Complete Criminal Appeal to the High Court Against Conviction, With the Application for Suspension of Sentence pages 620 to 626
9. 79 Civil Revision: Section 115, and What the Proviso Took Away pages 627 to 632
10. 80 A Complete Civil Revision Application in the High Court pages 633 to 639
11. 81 Criminal Revision Before the Sessions Court, With a Complete Revision Application pages 640 to 647
12. 82 Criminal Revision in the High Court, With a Complete Revision Application pages 648 to 655
13. 83 Who May Complain Under the Consumer Protection Act pages 656 to 663
14. 84 Which Commission, and Within What Time pages 664 to 670
15. 85 A Consumer Complaint pages 671 to 681
16. 86 A Reply (Written Version) to a Consumer Complaint pages 682 to 684
17. 87 What the Court Must Be Satisfied Of: Section 23, and the Bars to Relief pages 685 to 690
18. 88 Divorce by Mutual Consent: The Three Things Section 13B Requires pages 691 to 696
19. 89 The Six Months, and When It Can Be Waived pages 697 to 701
20. 90 A Complete Joint Petition Under Section 13B, With Consent Terms pages 702 to 711
21. 91 Review: What It Is Not, and Civil Review Under Order XLVII pages 712 to 716
22. 92 A Complete Civil Review Petition pages 717 to 721
Module 05 5 chapters
1. 93 Notices: Their Meaning and Importance, and the Notice before Filing a Suit pages 722 to 724
2. 94 A Public Notice: What It Achieves, and What It May Not Say pages 725 to 731
3. 95 A Public Notice pages 732 to 738
4. 96 A Notice under Section 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure pages 739 to 741
5. 97 An Acknowledgment of Liability under Section 18 of the Limitation Act 1963 pages 742 to 743
Module 06 46 chapters
1. 98 The Seven Questions to Settle Before You Draft Any Deed of Transfer pages 744 to 749
2. 99 Stamp Duty and Registration: The Two Costs on Every Deed, and How to Read the Schedule pages 750 to 756
3. 100 Registration: Section 17, and What Must Be Registered pages 757 to 762
4. 101 Section 18, Presentation, and What Section 49 Does to an Unregistered Deed pages 763 to 768
5. 102 An Agreement for Sale, and What It Is Not pages 769 to 777
6. 103 An Agreement for Sale pages 778 to 791
7. 104 An Agreement to Sell with an Arbitration Clause pages 792 to 794
8. 105 Sale: What Section 54 Requires, and When Ownership Passes pages 795 to 799
9. 106 Section 55: The Rights and Liabilities the Law Writes Into Every Sale pages 800 to 804
10. 107 The Sale Deed, Head by Head pages 805 to 809
11. 108 A Complete Sale Deed of a Flat, and the Errors in It pages 810 to 817
12. 109 Mortgage: Section 58, and the Six Kinds It Names pages 818 to 822
13. 110 Simple Mortgage, and Mortgage by Conditional Sale pages 823 to 826
14. 111 Usufructuary Mortgage, and English Mortgage pages 827 to 831
15. 112 A Complete Simple Mortgage Deed pages 832 to 838
16. 113 What the Mortgage Deed Cannot Take Away: Redemption, and the Clog On It pages 839 to 843
17. 114 Leave and Licence in Maharashtra: Why the Law Puts It in Writing pages 844 to 849
18. 115 A Complete Leave and Licence Agreement pages 850 to 858
19. 116 Lease: Section 105, and the Line Between a Lease and a Licence pages 859 to 864
20. 117 A Complete Lease Deed of Commercial Premises pages 865 to 873
21. 118 Gift: Sections 122 to 129, and What Makes a Gift Complete pages 874 to 878
22. 119 Onerous Gifts, and When a Gift Can Be Taken Back pages 879 to 883
23. 120 A Complete Gift Deed pages 884 to 891
24. 121 Agency, and What a Power of Attorney Really Does pages 892 to 899
25. 122 A General Power of Attorney pages 900 to 910
26. 123 A Special Power of Attorney pages 911 to 922
27. 124 A Partition Deed between Members of a Joint Hindu Family pages 923 to 925
28. 125 The Will: Who May Make One, and How Section 63 Says It Is Executed pages 926 to 932
29. 126 What a Will Must Say, and the Clauses That Cause Litigation pages 933 to 940
30. 127 A Complete Will pages 941 to 951
31. 128 The Codicil: What It May Do, and What It May Not pages 952 to 958
32. 129 The Trust: The Indian Trusts Act, and the Certainties a Deed Must Satisfy pages 959 to 964
33. 130 Public Trusts in Maharashtra: Registration, and the Charity Commissioner pages 965 to 970
34. 131 A Complete Trust Deed, Private and Public pages 971 to 980
35. 132 Partnership: Section 4, and What the Deed Must Settle pages 981 to 986
36. 133 A Complete Partnership Deed, and the Registration of the Firm pages 987 to 998
37. 134 An Indemnity Bond pages 999 to 1,001
38. 135 A Declaration, and How It Differs from an Affidavit pages 1,002 to 1,007
39. 136 A Declaration pages 1,008 to 1,015
40. 137 Confidentiality, and What the Law Will Protect pages 1,016 to 1,024
41. 138 A Confidentiality Agreement pages 1,025 to 1,039
42. 139 A Share Purchase Agreement pages 1,040 to 1,043
43. 140 A Term Sheet for Acquiring a Private Limited Company by Purchase of Shares pages 1,044 to 1,047
44. 141 What a Franchise Agreement Has to Settle pages 1,048 to 1,055
45. 142 The Law a Franchise Agreement Must Respect pages 1,056 to 1,066
46. 143 A Franchise Agreement pages 1,067 to 1,083
Module B 1 chapter
1. 144 The Journal of Written Submissions, and the Visit to the Sub-Registrar's Office pages 1,084 to 1,087
Law of Forensic Science
Official Notes munotes.in

Law of Forensic Science

SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 9

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fifth Year

Law of Forensic Science

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Introduction to Forensic Science
1. What Forensic Science Is 1
2. The Principles Forensic Science Rests On 6
3. The Scope of Forensic Science, and Where It Stops 11
4. How the Subject Grew Abroad 15
5. Before the Laboratories: India Before 1849 20
6. The Chemical Examiners to Government 24
7. Anthropometry, and Why India Abandoned It 28
8. The Fingerprint Bureau of 1897 32
9. The Serologist to the Government 36
10. The Scientific Sections of the Police 40
11. The Committees and Commissions 44
12. The Statutes: 1920 to 2022 48
13. The Three New Criminal Laws of 2023 52
14. Where Indian Forensic Science Stands Now 56
15. Forensic Science and Jurisprudence: Modus Operandi, Corpus Delicti and Criminal Profiling 60
16. Article 20(3) and the Evidence the Body Carries 65
17. Consent, and the Limits on Involuntary Techniques 69
18. Article 21, Privacy and the Holding of Forensic Data 74
19. The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act 2022 78
20. The Criminal Justice System of India 83
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Contents continued

Module 01 continued Introduction to Forensic Science
1. Forensic Science as an Integral Component 87
2. How Forensic Evidence Reaches a Criminal Trial 91
3. The Expert Witness: Section 39(1) 95
4. The Forensic Expert at the Crime Scene: Section 176(3) 100
5. Where the System Fails 104
Module 02 Crime Scene Management, Collection of Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation
1. Crime Scene Management 108
2. Seizure, Sealing and Forwarding an Exhibit 112
3. The Chain of Custody 116
4. Forensic Photography and Videography 121
5. What a Forensic Science Laboratory Does 125
6. How a Laboratory Is Divided 129
7. The State Forensic Science Laboratories 132
8. The Central Forensic Science Laboratories 135
9. The Bureau of Police Research and Development, and the Directorate 138
10. The National Crime Records Bureau and the Finger Print Bureaux 141
11. The National Forensic Sciences University Act 2020 145
12. Forensic Physics and the Instruments 148
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Contents continued

Module 02 continued Crime Scene Management, Collection of Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation
1. Ultraviolet and Infrared in Crime Detection 151
2. The Other Divisions a Laboratory Holds 154
3. Reports of Government Scientific Experts: Section 329 158
4. When the Expert Need Not Be Called: Section 330 162
5. The Successor in Office: Section 336 166
6. The Forensic Report, Its Format, and Preparing to Testify 170
7. Examination-in-Chief, Cross-Examination and Re-Examination 174
Module 03 Forensic Science & Law of Evidence
1. Inquest and Post-Mortem: Section 194 178
2. Summons 183
3. How Evidence Is Recorded 189
4. Medical Examination of the Arrested Person: Sections 51 to 53 196
5. Medical Examination of the Victim: Section 184 201
6. Dying Declarations 205
7. Recording and Weighing a Dying Declaration 211
8. The Medical Witness in Court 217
9. Facts Bearing on the Opinion of Experts: Section 40 221
10. The Weight of Expert Evidence 225
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Contents continued

Module 03 continued Forensic Science & Law of Evidence
1. Admitting Scientific Evidence: The Frye and Daubert Standards, and the Indian Test 230
2. The Government Examiner of Questioned Documents 234
3. Questioned Documents: What the Branch Is 238
4. Handwriting Identification 242
5. Signatures and the Classes of Forgery 246
6. Opinion as to Handwriting and Signature: Section 41 250
7. When the Court Compares for Itself: Section 72 254
8. Specimen Signatures, Handwriting and Voice Samples: Section 349 259
9. Alterations, Erasures, Obliterations and Indented Writing 263
10. Ink, Paper, Typescript and Printing 267
11. Counterfeit Currency 271
12. Questioned Document Evidence in an Indian Court 275
Module 04 Forensic Psychology and Forensic Science
1. Forensic Psychology and the Detection of Deception 279
2. Brain Electrical Activation Profile and Brain Mapping 283
3. Narco-Analysis 287
4. The Polygraph 291
5. The Constitutional Line Across All Three 295
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 04 continued Forensic Psychology and Forensic Science
1. The NHRC Guidelines and the Selvi Safeguards for Polygraph, Narco-Analysis and Brain Mapping 299
Module 05 Scientific Investigation Techniques
1. Forensic Biology: What the Branch Is 303
2. Blood: Is It Blood, Whose Species, Whose Group 307
3. Serology: Semen, Saliva and the Other Fluids 311
4. Hair, Fibre and Botanical Trace 315
5. DNA and DNA Profiling 319
6. DNA Evidence in Indian Criminal Courts 323
7. DNA in Paternity and Other Civil Questions 327
8. India Has No DNA Statute 331
9. The DNA Bills, and Why India Still Has No DNA Statute 334
10. Fingerprints: The Three Principles 338
11. Fingerprint Patterns and Their Types 342
12. Classification, and the Henry System 346
13. Developing and Lifting a Latent Print 350
14. Comparison, Points of Similarity, and the Automated Systems 354
15. Fingerprint Evidence in an Indian Court 358
16. Forensic Chemistry: What the Branch Is 362
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 05 continued Scientific Investigation Techniques
1. Forensic Toxicology: What the Branch Is 365
2. The Classes of Poison, and How Each Is Detected 369
3. Viscera, Sampling and the Chemical Examiner's Report 373
4. Narcotic Drugs, Their Analysis, and the Quantity Question 377
5. Alcohol, Its Estimation, and Drunken Driving 381
6. Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence 386
7. The Medico-Legal Autopsy 390
8. Identification of the Living and the Dead 394
9. Time Since Death 397
10. Injuries and Wounds 401
11. Asphyxial Deaths 405
12. Sexual Offences and the Medical Evidence 409
13. Age Determination and the Law 413
14. Forensic Anthropology: What the Branch Is 417
15. The Analysis of Human Bones 420
16. Superimposition and Facial Reconstruction 424
17. Forensic Odontology 427
Module 06 Recent Advances in Forensic Science and the Laws
1. Forensic Ballistics: What the Branch Is 431
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 06 continued Recent Advances in Forensic Science and the Laws
1. Firearms and Their Classification 435
2. Internal, External and Terminal Ballistics 439
3. Rifling, Striations and the Identification of a Firearm 443
4. Cartridge Cases, Firing Pin and Breech Face Marks 447
5. Range of Fire, and Entry and Exit Wounds 450
6. Gunshot Residue 454
7. Ballistics Evidence in an Indian Court 458
8. Explosives, Arson and Fire Debris 462
9. Explosive Trace Detection and the Portable Bomb Sniffer 466
10. Digital and Cyber Forensics 471
11. The Examiner of Electronic Evidence: Section 39(2) 475
12. Electronic Records in Evidence: Section 63 and the Certificate 479
13. Mobile Device Forensics and Location Evidence 484
14. Voice and Speaker Identification 489
15. Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Policing 493
16. Facial Recognition 497
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
500 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 500 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 122 chapters across 6 modules
Module 01 25 chapters
1. 1 What Forensic Science Is pages 1 to 5
2. 2 The Principles Forensic Science Rests On pages 6 to 10
3. 3 The Scope of Forensic Science, and Where It Stops pages 11 to 14
4. 4 How the Subject Grew Abroad pages 15 to 19
5. 5 Before the Laboratories: India Before 1849 pages 20 to 23
6. 6 The Chemical Examiners to Government pages 24 to 27
7. 7 Anthropometry, and Why India Abandoned It pages 28 to 31
8. 8 The Fingerprint Bureau of 1897 pages 32 to 35
9. 9 The Serologist to the Government pages 36 to 39
10. 10 The Scientific Sections of the Police pages 40 to 43
11. 11 The Committees and Commissions pages 44 to 47
12. 12 The Statutes: 1920 to 2022 pages 48 to 51
13. 13 The Three New Criminal Laws of 2023 pages 52 to 55
14. 14 Where Indian Forensic Science Stands Now pages 56 to 59
15. 15 Forensic Science and Jurisprudence: Modus Operandi, Corpus Delicti and Criminal Profiling pages 60 to 64
16. 16 Article 20(3) and the Evidence the Body Carries pages 65 to 68
17. 17 Consent, and the Limits on Involuntary Techniques pages 69 to 73
18. 18 Article 21, Privacy and the Holding of Forensic Data pages 74 to 77
19. 19 The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act 2022 pages 78 to 82
20. 20 The Criminal Justice System of India pages 83 to 86
21. 21 Forensic Science as an Integral Component pages 87 to 90
22. 22 How Forensic Evidence Reaches a Criminal Trial pages 91 to 94
23. 23 The Expert Witness: Section 39(1) pages 95 to 99
24. 24 The Forensic Expert at the Crime Scene: Section 176(3) pages 100 to 103
25. 25 Where the System Fails pages 104 to 107
Module 02 19 chapters
1. 26 Crime Scene Management pages 108 to 111
2. 27 Seizure, Sealing and Forwarding an Exhibit pages 112 to 115
3. 28 The Chain of Custody pages 116 to 120
4. 29 Forensic Photography and Videography pages 121 to 124
5. 30 What a Forensic Science Laboratory Does pages 125 to 128
6. 31 How a Laboratory Is Divided pages 129 to 131
7. 32 The State Forensic Science Laboratories pages 132 to 134
8. 33 The Central Forensic Science Laboratories pages 135 to 137
9. 34 The Bureau of Police Research and Development, and the Directorate pages 138 to 140
10. 35 The National Crime Records Bureau and the Finger Print Bureaux pages 141 to 144
11. 36 The National Forensic Sciences University Act 2020 pages 145 to 147
12. 37 Forensic Physics and the Instruments pages 148 to 150
13. 38 Ultraviolet and Infrared in Crime Detection pages 151 to 153
14. 39 The Other Divisions a Laboratory Holds pages 154 to 157
15. 40 Reports of Government Scientific Experts: Section 329 pages 158 to 161
16. 41 When the Expert Need Not Be Called: Section 330 pages 162 to 165
17. 42 The Successor in Office: Section 336 pages 166 to 169
18. 43 The Forensic Report, Its Format, and Preparing to Testify pages 170 to 173
19. 44 Examination-in-Chief, Cross-Examination and Re-Examination pages 174 to 177
Module 03 22 chapters
1. 45 Inquest and Post-Mortem: Section 194 pages 178 to 182
2. 46 Summons pages 183 to 188
3. 47 How Evidence Is Recorded pages 189 to 195
4. 48 Medical Examination of the Arrested Person: Sections 51 to 53 pages 196 to 200
5. 49 Medical Examination of the Victim: Section 184 pages 201 to 204
6. 50 Dying Declarations pages 205 to 210
7. 51 Recording and Weighing a Dying Declaration pages 211 to 216
8. 52 The Medical Witness in Court pages 217 to 220
9. 53 Facts Bearing on the Opinion of Experts: Section 40 pages 221 to 224
10. 54 The Weight of Expert Evidence pages 225 to 229
11. 55 Admitting Scientific Evidence: The Frye and Daubert Standards, and the Indian Test pages 230 to 233
12. 56 The Government Examiner of Questioned Documents pages 234 to 237
13. 57 Questioned Documents: What the Branch Is pages 238 to 241
14. 58 Handwriting Identification pages 242 to 245
15. 59 Signatures and the Classes of Forgery pages 246 to 249
16. 60 Opinion as to Handwriting and Signature: Section 41 pages 250 to 253
17. 61 When the Court Compares for Itself: Section 72 pages 254 to 258
18. 62 Specimen Signatures, Handwriting and Voice Samples: Section 349 pages 259 to 262
19. 63 Alterations, Erasures, Obliterations and Indented Writing pages 263 to 266
20. 64 Ink, Paper, Typescript and Printing pages 267 to 270
21. 65 Counterfeit Currency pages 271 to 274
22. 66 Questioned Document Evidence in an Indian Court pages 275 to 278
Module 04 6 chapters
1. 67 Forensic Psychology and the Detection of Deception pages 279 to 282
2. 68 Brain Electrical Activation Profile and Brain Mapping pages 283 to 286
3. 69 Narco-Analysis pages 287 to 290
4. 70 The Polygraph pages 291 to 294
5. 71 The Constitutional Line Across All Three pages 295 to 298
6. 72 The NHRC Guidelines and the Selvi Safeguards for Polygraph, Narco-Analysis and Brain Mapping pages 299 to 302
Module 05 33 chapters
1. 73 Forensic Biology: What the Branch Is pages 303 to 306
2. 74 Blood: Is It Blood, Whose Species, Whose Group pages 307 to 310
3. 75 Serology: Semen, Saliva and the Other Fluids pages 311 to 314
4. 76 Hair, Fibre and Botanical Trace pages 315 to 318
5. 77 DNA and DNA Profiling pages 319 to 322
6. 78 DNA Evidence in Indian Criminal Courts pages 323 to 326
7. 79 DNA in Paternity and Other Civil Questions pages 327 to 330
8. 80 India Has No DNA Statute pages 331 to 333
9. 81 The DNA Bills, and Why India Still Has No DNA Statute pages 334 to 337
10. 82 Fingerprints: The Three Principles pages 338 to 341
11. 83 Fingerprint Patterns and Their Types pages 342 to 345
12. 84 Classification, and the Henry System pages 346 to 349
13. 85 Developing and Lifting a Latent Print pages 350 to 353
14. 86 Comparison, Points of Similarity, and the Automated Systems pages 354 to 357
15. 87 Fingerprint Evidence in an Indian Court pages 358 to 361
16. 88 Forensic Chemistry: What the Branch Is pages 362 to 364
17. 89 Forensic Toxicology: What the Branch Is pages 365 to 368
18. 90 The Classes of Poison, and How Each Is Detected pages 369 to 372
19. 91 Viscera, Sampling and the Chemical Examiner's Report pages 373 to 376
20. 92 Narcotic Drugs, Their Analysis, and the Quantity Question pages 377 to 380
21. 93 Alcohol, Its Estimation, and Drunken Driving pages 381 to 385
22. 94 Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence pages 386 to 389
23. 95 The Medico-Legal Autopsy pages 390 to 393
24. 96 Identification of the Living and the Dead pages 394 to 396
25. 97 Time Since Death pages 397 to 400
26. 98 Injuries and Wounds pages 401 to 404
27. 99 Asphyxial Deaths pages 405 to 408
28. 100 Sexual Offences and the Medical Evidence pages 409 to 412
29. 101 Age Determination and the Law pages 413 to 416
30. 102 Forensic Anthropology: What the Branch Is pages 417 to 419
31. 103 The Analysis of Human Bones pages 420 to 423
32. 104 Superimposition and Facial Reconstruction pages 424 to 426
33. 105 Forensic Odontology pages 427 to 430
Module 06 17 chapters
1. 106 Forensic Ballistics: What the Branch Is pages 431 to 434
2. 107 Firearms and Their Classification pages 435 to 438
3. 108 Internal, External and Terminal Ballistics pages 439 to 442
4. 109 Rifling, Striations and the Identification of a Firearm pages 443 to 446
5. 110 Cartridge Cases, Firing Pin and Breech Face Marks pages 447 to 449
6. 111 Range of Fire, and Entry and Exit Wounds pages 450 to 453
7. 112 Gunshot Residue pages 454 to 457
8. 113 Ballistics Evidence in an Indian Court pages 458 to 461
9. 114 Explosives, Arson and Fire Debris pages 462 to 465
10. 115 Explosive Trace Detection and the Portable Bomb Sniffer pages 466 to 470
11. 116 Digital and Cyber Forensics pages 471 to 474
12. 117 The Examiner of Electronic Evidence: Section 39(2) pages 475 to 478
13. 118 Electronic Records in Evidence: Section 63 and the Certificate pages 479 to 483
14. 119 Mobile Device Forensics and Location Evidence pages 484 to 488
15. 120 Voice and Speaker Identification pages 489 to 492
16. 121 Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Policing pages 493 to 496
17. 122 Facial Recognition pages 497 to 500
Property Law and Easement
Official Notes munotes.in

Property Law and Easement

SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 9

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fifth Year

Property Law and Easement

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Concepts, Meaning and types of Properties (Sections 1 to 9 of the T.P. Act, 1882)
1. What Property Means, and Movable against Immovable Property 1
2. The Kinds of Property: Movable and Immovable, Tangible and Intangible, Existing and Future, Real and Personal 6
3. The Interpretation Clause: Attestation, Notice and the Words the Act Runs On 12
4. How the Act Is Arranged, and What It Does Not Cover 18
5. Transfer of Property Defined 23
6. What May Be Transferred 27
7. Persons Competent to Transfer 35
8. The Essentials of a Valid Transfer of Property 39
9. What Passes with a Transfer, and When Writing Is Required 44
10. The Seven Questions to Settle Before You Draft Any Deed of Transfer 49
11. Stamp Duty and Registration: The Two Costs on Every Deed, and How to Read the Schedule 54
Module 02 General Principles Relating to Transfer of Property (Sections 10 to 37)
1. Conditions Restraining Alienation, and Restrictions Repugnant to the Interest Created 61
2. Transfer for the Benefit of an Unborn Person 67
3. The Rule Against Perpetuity 72
4. Direction for Accumulation 78
5. Vested Interest and Contingent Interest 82
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 02 continued General Principles Relating to Transfer of Property (Sections 10 to 37)
1. Conditional Transfers: Conditions Precedent and Subsequent 88
2. Election 95
3. Apportionment 101
Module 03 General Principles Relating to Transfer of Immovable Property (Sections 38 to 53A)
1. Transfer by a Person Authorised Only in Certain Circumstances, and Property Charged with Maintenance 106
2. Restrictive Covenants: When an Obligation Runs with the Land 111
3. Transfer by an Ostensible Owner 116
4. Transfer by a Person Having Authority to Revoke a Former Transfer 122
5. Feeding the Grant by Estoppel 125
6. Transfers by Co-owners and by Persons Having Distinct Interests 130
7. Priority of Rights Created by Transfer, and Rent Paid to a Holder under a Defective Title 135
8. Improvements Made by a Bona Fide Holder under a Defective Title 140
9. Lis Pendens 145
10. Fraudulent Transfer 151
11. Part Performance 156
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 04 Sales and Exchanges (Sections 54 to 57 and 118 to 121)
1. Sale Defined, and How a Sale Is Made 164
2. Rights and Liabilities of Buyer and Seller 169
3. Discharge of Incumbrances on Sale 176
4. Exchange 180
5. What the Registration Act Does, and the Registration Establishment 184
6. Documents of Which Registration Is Compulsory 189
7. Documents of Which Registration Is Optional 195
8. The Effect of Non-registration 199
Module 05 Mortgages (Sections 58 to 98)
1. Mortgage Defined, and the Six Kinds of Mortgage 204
2. How a Mortgage Is Made 209
3. Securities for Advances 213
4. Charges 220
5. The Right of Redemption, and Clogs on It 225
6. Accession, Improvements, Renewed Leases and the Mortgagor's Power to Lease 231
7. Rights and Liabilities of the Mortgagee 237
8. The Mortgagee in Possession 244
9. Priority, Contribution and Marshalling among Mortgagees 250
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 05 continued Mortgages (Sections 58 to 98)
1. Marshalling by a Subsequent Purchaser 256
2. Subrogation, and the Abolition of Tacking 260
3. Suits for Foreclosure, Sale and Redemption 265
Module 06 Leases (Sections 105 to 117)
1. Lease Defined, and How a Lease Is Made 270
2. Rights and Liabilities of Lessor and Lessee 275
3. Transfer of the Lessor's Interest, and Computing the Term 281
4. Determination of a Lease, Forfeiture and Relief 285
5. A Lease under the Transfer of Property Act, and a Tenancy under the Maharashtra Rent Control Act 1999 292
Module 07 Gift and Transfers of Actionable Claims (Sections 122 to 129 and 3, 130 to 137)
1. Gift 297
2. Hiba: The Three Essentials of a Muslim Gift 303
3. Gift, Donatio Mortis Causa and Hiba Compared 308
4. Actionable Claims 312
Module 08 Law of Easements (Sections 1 to 51 of the Easement Act, 1882) and Law of Licenses (Sections 52 to 64 of the Easement Act, 1882)
1. What an Easement Is 318
2. Kinds of Easements 325
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 08 continued Law of Easements (Sections 1 to 51 of the Easement Act, 1882) and Law of Licenses (Sections 52 to 64 of the Easement Act, 1882)
1. Acquisition of Easements, and Easement by Prescription 331
2. The Rights and Incidents of an Easement 339
3. Disturbance of Easements 346
4. Extinction, Suspension and Revival of Easements 351
5. Licences, and Licence against Lease and Easement 358
6. Licences: Transfer, the Death of the Licensor or the Licensee, and the Licence That Cannot Be Revoked 365
7. Leave and Licence in Maharashtra: Why the Law Puts It in Writing 370
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
375 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 375 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 68 chapters across 8 modules
Module 01 11 chapters
1. 1 What Property Means, and Movable against Immovable Property pages 1 to 5
2. 2 The Kinds of Property: Movable and Immovable, Tangible and Intangible, Existing and Future, Real and Personal pages 6 to 11
3. 3 The Interpretation Clause: Attestation, Notice and the Words the Act Runs On pages 12 to 17
4. 4 How the Act Is Arranged, and What It Does Not Cover pages 18 to 22
5. 5 Transfer of Property Defined pages 23 to 26
6. 6 What May Be Transferred pages 27 to 34
7. 7 Persons Competent to Transfer pages 35 to 38
8. 8 The Essentials of a Valid Transfer of Property pages 39 to 43
9. 9 What Passes with a Transfer, and When Writing Is Required pages 44 to 48
10. 10 The Seven Questions to Settle Before You Draft Any Deed of Transfer pages 49 to 53
11. 11 Stamp Duty and Registration: The Two Costs on Every Deed, and How to Read the Schedule pages 54 to 60
Module 02 8 chapters
1. 12 Conditions Restraining Alienation, and Restrictions Repugnant to the Interest Created pages 61 to 66
2. 13 Transfer for the Benefit of an Unborn Person pages 67 to 71
3. 14 The Rule Against Perpetuity pages 72 to 77
4. 15 Direction for Accumulation pages 78 to 81
5. 16 Vested Interest and Contingent Interest pages 82 to 87
6. 17 Conditional Transfers: Conditions Precedent and Subsequent pages 88 to 94
7. 18 Election pages 95 to 100
8. 19 Apportionment pages 101 to 105
Module 03 11 chapters
1. 20 Transfer by a Person Authorised Only in Certain Circumstances, and Property Charged with Maintenance pages 106 to 110
2. 21 Restrictive Covenants: When an Obligation Runs with the Land pages 111 to 115
3. 22 Transfer by an Ostensible Owner pages 116 to 121
4. 23 Transfer by a Person Having Authority to Revoke a Former Transfer pages 122 to 124
5. 24 Feeding the Grant by Estoppel pages 125 to 129
6. 25 Transfers by Co-owners and by Persons Having Distinct Interests pages 130 to 134
7. 26 Priority of Rights Created by Transfer, and Rent Paid to a Holder under a Defective Title pages 135 to 139
8. 27 Improvements Made by a Bona Fide Holder under a Defective Title pages 140 to 144
9. 28 Lis Pendens pages 145 to 150
10. 29 Fraudulent Transfer pages 151 to 155
11. 30 Part Performance pages 156 to 163
Module 04 8 chapters
1. 31 Sale Defined, and How a Sale Is Made pages 164 to 168
2. 32 Rights and Liabilities of Buyer and Seller pages 169 to 175
3. 33 Discharge of Incumbrances on Sale pages 176 to 179
4. 34 Exchange pages 180 to 183
5. 35 What the Registration Act Does, and the Registration Establishment pages 184 to 188
6. 36 Documents of Which Registration Is Compulsory pages 189 to 194
7. 37 Documents of Which Registration Is Optional pages 195 to 198
8. 38 The Effect of Non-registration pages 199 to 203
Module 05 12 chapters
1. 39 Mortgage Defined, and the Six Kinds of Mortgage pages 204 to 208
2. 40 How a Mortgage Is Made pages 209 to 212
3. 41 Securities for Advances pages 213 to 219
4. 42 Charges pages 220 to 224
5. 43 The Right of Redemption, and Clogs on It pages 225 to 230
6. 44 Accession, Improvements, Renewed Leases and the Mortgagor's Power to Lease pages 231 to 236
7. 45 Rights and Liabilities of the Mortgagee pages 237 to 243
8. 46 The Mortgagee in Possession pages 244 to 249
9. 47 Priority, Contribution and Marshalling among Mortgagees pages 250 to 255
10. 48 Marshalling by a Subsequent Purchaser pages 256 to 259
11. 49 Subrogation, and the Abolition of Tacking pages 260 to 264
12. 50 Suits for Foreclosure, Sale and Redemption pages 265 to 269
Module 06 5 chapters
1. 51 Lease Defined, and How a Lease Is Made pages 270 to 274
2. 52 Rights and Liabilities of Lessor and Lessee pages 275 to 280
3. 53 Transfer of the Lessor's Interest, and Computing the Term pages 281 to 284
4. 54 Determination of a Lease, Forfeiture and Relief pages 285 to 291
5. 55 A Lease under the Transfer of Property Act, and a Tenancy under the Maharashtra Rent Control Act 1999 pages 292 to 296
Module 07 4 chapters
1. 56 Gift pages 297 to 302
2. 57 Hiba: The Three Essentials of a Muslim Gift pages 303 to 307
3. 58 Gift, Donatio Mortis Causa and Hiba Compared pages 308 to 311
4. 59 Actionable Claims pages 312 to 317
Module 08 9 chapters
1. 60 What an Easement Is pages 318 to 324
2. 61 Kinds of Easements pages 325 to 330
3. 62 Acquisition of Easements, and Easement by Prescription pages 331 to 338
4. 63 The Rights and Incidents of an Easement pages 339 to 345
5. 64 Disturbance of Easements pages 346 to 350
6. 65 Extinction, Suspension and Revival of Easements pages 351 to 357
7. 66 Licences, and Licence against Lease and Easement pages 358 to 364
8. 67 Licences: Transfer, the Death of the Licensor or the Licensee, and the Licence That Cannot Be Revoked pages 365 to 369
9. 68 Leave and Licence in Maharashtra: Why the Law Puts It in Writing pages 370 to 375
Administrative Law
Official Notes munotes.in

Administrative Law

SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 9

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fifth Year

Administrative Law

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Evolution, Nature and Scope of Administrative Law
1. The Rise of the Administrative State 1
2. What Administrative Law Is: Definition, Nature and Scope 7
3. Sources of Administrative Law 13
4. Red Light and Green Light Theories 19
5. How Administrative Law Grew: England, United States, France and India 25
6. Administrative Law and Constitutional Law 31
7. Separation of Powers 36
8. Rule of Law 44
9. Classification of Administrative Functions 52
10. Distinguishing Legislative, Judicial, Quasi-judicial and Administrative Functions 58
Module 02 Delegated Legislation (Legislative Powers of Administration)
1. Delegated Legislation and Why It Grew 65
2. Constitutional Validity of Delegated Legislation 71
3. Excessive Delegation: Permissible and Impermissible Delegation 77
4. Restraints on Delegation of Legislative Power: The United Kingdom, the United States and India Compared 84
5. Legislative Control over Delegated Legislation 88
6. Other Controls: Publication, Consultation and Procedural Safeguards 93
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 02 continued Delegated Legislation (Legislative Powers of Administration)
1. Judicial Control over Delegated Legislation 99
2. Forms and Types of Delegated Legislation 105
Module 03 Administrative Adjudication (Judicial Powers of Administration)
1. Administrative Tribunals: Nature and Characteristics 110
2. Tribunal and Court Distinguished 116
3. The Working of Tribunals: the Administrative Tribunals Act 1985 121
4. Tribunalisation and the Threat to Judicial Independence: the Tribunals Reforms Act 2021 129
5. Principles of Natural Justice: Definition, Nature and Scope 139
6. The Rule Against Bias 146
7. Audi Alteram Partem 152
8. Reasoned Decisions 158
9. Post-Decisional Hearing 163
10. Exceptions to the Principles of Natural Justice 169
11. The Effect of a Failure of Natural Justice 174
Module 04 Judicial Review of Administrative Discretion
1. Administrative Discretion and Why It Is Conferred 180
2. Grounds of Judicial Review: Failure to Exercise Discretion 186
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 04 continued Judicial Review of Administrative Discretion
1. Grounds of Judicial Review: Abuse of Discretion 191
2. Judicial Remedies against Administrative Arbitrariness: the Writs 197
3. The Doctrine of Proportionality 206
4. The Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation 212
5. Public Accountability 218
Module 05 Liability For Wrongs of Government / State (Tortious and Contractual)
1. Tortious Liability of the State 223
2. Sovereign and Non-Sovereign Functions 229
3. Contractual Liability of the State 236
4. Estoppel and Waiver against the Government 242
5. Act of State and Statutory Immunity 248
6. Government Privilege in Legal Proceedings and State Secrets 254
Module 06 Corporations and Public Undertakings
1. Corporations and Public Undertakings: Definition and Characteristics 260
2. Classification of Public Corporations 266
3. Liability of and Control over Public Corporations 270
4. Congressional and Parliamentary Committees 276
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 07 Settlement Of Disputes And Grievance Redressal Procedures
1. Informal Settlement of Disputes: Conciliation and Mediation 282
2. Use of Media, Lobbying and Public Participation 288
3. Public Inquiries and the Commissions of Inquiry Act 1952 294
4. The Ombudsman 301
5. Lokpal: the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013 306
6. Lokayukta in Maharashtra: the 1971 Act, and the 2023 Act awaiting commencement 314
7. The Central Vigilance Commission 321
8. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 328
9. Whistleblowers' Protection: the Act of 2014 and the PIDPI Resolution 335
Module 08 Right To Information
1. Transparency and the Right to Information: a Constitutional Imperative 344
2. The RTI Act 2005: Object, Application, Definitions and Salient Features 351
3. Obligations of Public Authorities and How a Request Is Made 358
4. Accountability and Responsiveness: Problems and Perspectives 365
5. Exemptions from Disclosure 371
6. The Central and State Information Commissions 378
7. Appeals and Penalties under the RTI Act 386
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 08 continued Right To Information
1. Hurdles in the Implementation of the RTI Act 393
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
400 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 400 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 63 chapters across 8 modules
Module 01 10 chapters
1. 1 The Rise of the Administrative State pages 1 to 6
2. 2 What Administrative Law Is: Definition, Nature and Scope pages 7 to 12
3. 3 Sources of Administrative Law pages 13 to 18
4. 4 Red Light and Green Light Theories pages 19 to 24
5. 5 How Administrative Law Grew: England, United States, France and India pages 25 to 30
6. 6 Administrative Law and Constitutional Law pages 31 to 35
7. 7 Separation of Powers pages 36 to 43
8. 8 Rule of Law pages 44 to 51
9. 9 Classification of Administrative Functions pages 52 to 57
10. 10 Distinguishing Legislative, Judicial, Quasi-judicial and Administrative Functions pages 58 to 64
Module 02 8 chapters
1. 11 Delegated Legislation and Why It Grew pages 65 to 70
2. 12 Constitutional Validity of Delegated Legislation pages 71 to 76
3. 13 Excessive Delegation: Permissible and Impermissible Delegation pages 77 to 83
4. 14 Restraints on Delegation of Legislative Power: The United Kingdom, the United States and India Compared pages 84 to 87
5. 15 Legislative Control over Delegated Legislation pages 88 to 92
6. 16 Other Controls: Publication, Consultation and Procedural Safeguards pages 93 to 98
7. 17 Judicial Control over Delegated Legislation pages 99 to 104
8. 18 Forms and Types of Delegated Legislation pages 105 to 109
Module 03 11 chapters
1. 19 Administrative Tribunals: Nature and Characteristics pages 110 to 115
2. 20 Tribunal and Court Distinguished pages 116 to 120
3. 21 The Working of Tribunals: the Administrative Tribunals Act 1985 pages 121 to 128
4. 22 Tribunalisation and the Threat to Judicial Independence: the Tribunals Reforms Act 2021 pages 129 to 138
5. 23 Principles of Natural Justice: Definition, Nature and Scope pages 139 to 145
6. 24 The Rule Against Bias pages 146 to 151
7. 25 Audi Alteram Partem pages 152 to 157
8. 26 Reasoned Decisions pages 158 to 162
9. 27 Post-Decisional Hearing pages 163 to 168
10. 28 Exceptions to the Principles of Natural Justice pages 169 to 173
11. 29 The Effect of a Failure of Natural Justice pages 174 to 179
Module 04 7 chapters
1. 30 Administrative Discretion and Why It Is Conferred pages 180 to 185
2. 31 Grounds of Judicial Review: Failure to Exercise Discretion pages 186 to 190
3. 32 Grounds of Judicial Review: Abuse of Discretion pages 191 to 196
4. 33 Judicial Remedies against Administrative Arbitrariness: the Writs pages 197 to 205
5. 34 The Doctrine of Proportionality pages 206 to 211
6. 35 The Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation pages 212 to 217
7. 36 Public Accountability pages 218 to 222
Module 05 6 chapters
1. 37 Tortious Liability of the State pages 223 to 228
2. 38 Sovereign and Non-Sovereign Functions pages 229 to 235
3. 39 Contractual Liability of the State pages 236 to 241
4. 40 Estoppel and Waiver against the Government pages 242 to 247
5. 41 Act of State and Statutory Immunity pages 248 to 253
6. 42 Government Privilege in Legal Proceedings and State Secrets pages 254 to 259
Module 06 4 chapters
1. 43 Corporations and Public Undertakings: Definition and Characteristics pages 260 to 265
2. 44 Classification of Public Corporations pages 266 to 269
3. 45 Liability of and Control over Public Corporations pages 270 to 275
4. 46 Congressional and Parliamentary Committees pages 276 to 281
Module 07 9 chapters
1. 47 Informal Settlement of Disputes: Conciliation and Mediation pages 282 to 287
2. 48 Use of Media, Lobbying and Public Participation pages 288 to 293
3. 49 Public Inquiries and the Commissions of Inquiry Act 1952 pages 294 to 300
4. 50 The Ombudsman pages 301 to 305
5. 51 Lokpal: the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013 pages 306 to 313
6. 52 Lokayukta in Maharashtra: the 1971 Act, and the 2023 Act awaiting commencement pages 314 to 320
7. 53 The Central Vigilance Commission pages 321 to 327
8. 54 The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 pages 328 to 334
9. 55 Whistleblowers' Protection: the Act of 2014 and the PIDPI Resolution pages 335 to 343
Module 08 8 chapters
1. 56 Transparency and the Right to Information: a Constitutional Imperative pages 344 to 350
2. 57 The RTI Act 2005: Object, Application, Definitions and Salient Features pages 351 to 357
3. 58 Obligations of Public Authorities and How a Request Is Made pages 358 to 364
4. 59 Accountability and Responsiveness: Problems and Perspectives pages 365 to 370
5. 60 Exemptions from Disclosure pages 371 to 377
6. 61 The Central and State Information Commissions pages 378 to 385
7. 62 Appeals and Penalties under the RTI Act pages 386 to 392
8. 63 Hurdles in the Implementation of the RTI Act pages 393 to 400
Public International Law
Official Notes munotes.in

Public International Law

SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 9

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fifth Year

Public International Law

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Preliminary
1. What International Law Is, and Where It Came From 1
2. Defining International Law 11
3. Is International Law Really Law? 18
4. Holland's View: International Law as "the Vanishing Point of Jurisprudence", and Its Criticism 25
5. Theories of the Basis of International Law 29
6. Subjects of International Law 36
7. The State: Its Elements, Its Kinds, and Its Rights and Duties 43
8. The Sources of International Law 52
9. Custom 58
10. Treaties as a Source 66
11. General Principles of Law Recognised by Civilised Nations 73
12. Judicial Decisions and the Writings of Jurists 79
13. Equity 85
14. Resolutions of the General Assembly 91
15. What a Treaty Is, and Its Kinds 97
16. Making a Treaty: From Full Powers to Entry Into Force 103
17. Reservations to Treaties 112
18. Validity of Treaties, and Jus Cogens 120
19. Termination and Suspension of Treaties 129
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 01 continued Preliminary
1. International Law and Municipal Law 138
2. The Specific Adoption and Delegation Theories, and the Practice of the USA, the UK, China, Russia and India 144
3. International Law in Indian Courts 149
Module 02 Recognition of States
1. Recognition of States 155
2. Recognition of Governments 162
3. Modes and Legal Effects of Recognition 167
4. Is There a Legal Duty to Recognise a New State? 173
Module 03 State Responsibility
1. State Responsibility 176
2. Original and Vicarious Responsibility, the Theories of State Responsibility, and Its Fields 184
3. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness, and Reparation 189
4. Treatment of Aliens and Diplomatic Protection 198
Module 04 State Succession
1. State Succession 205
2. Universal and Partial Succession, and the Theories of State Succession 211
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 05 State Jurisdiction
1. State Jurisdiction 217
2. The Agents of International Business: Heads of State, Governments and Foreign Ministers 225
3. Special Missions and the Other Representatives of States 233
4. Innocent Passage, and Straits 240
5. Extradition 249
6. Asylum 256
Module 06 Law of Diplomatic Immunity and Consular Relations
1. Immunity from Jurisdiction 263
2. Diplomatic Envoys: Classes, Appointment, Functions and the End of a Mission 271
3. Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities 280
4. Consuls: Their Classes, Functions, Privileges and Immunities 292
Module 07 Settlement of Disputes
1. Pacific Settlement of Disputes 302
2. The Meaning of a Dispute, and the Coercive Means of Settlement: Retorsion, Reprisal, Embargo and Pacific Blockade 309
3. Intervention, and the Monroe Doctrine 314
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 08 United Nations Organization
1. The United Nations: Purposes, Principles and Membership 322
2. The General Assembly 331
3. The Security Council: Composition, Voting and the Veto 339
4. The Use of Force and Collective Security 346
5. The Economic and Social Council 355
6. The International Court of Justice 363
7. The Secretariat and the Secretary-General 375
8. The Trusteeship System and the Trusteeship Council 382
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
390 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 390 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 53 chapters across 8 modules
Module 01 22 chapters
1. 1 What International Law Is, and Where It Came From pages 1 to 10
2. 2 Defining International Law pages 11 to 17
3. 3 Is International Law Really Law? pages 18 to 24
4. 4 Holland's View: International Law as "the Vanishing Point of Jurisprudence", and Its Criticism pages 25 to 28
5. 5 Theories of the Basis of International Law pages 29 to 35
6. 6 Subjects of International Law pages 36 to 42
7. 7 The State: Its Elements, Its Kinds, and Its Rights and Duties pages 43 to 51
8. 8 The Sources of International Law pages 52 to 57
9. 9 Custom pages 58 to 65
10. 10 Treaties as a Source pages 66 to 72
11. 11 General Principles of Law Recognised by Civilised Nations pages 73 to 78
12. 12 Judicial Decisions and the Writings of Jurists pages 79 to 84
13. 13 Equity pages 85 to 90
14. 14 Resolutions of the General Assembly pages 91 to 96
15. 15 What a Treaty Is, and Its Kinds pages 97 to 102
16. 16 Making a Treaty: From Full Powers to Entry Into Force pages 103 to 111
17. 17 Reservations to Treaties pages 112 to 119
18. 18 Validity of Treaties, and Jus Cogens pages 120 to 128
19. 19 Termination and Suspension of Treaties pages 129 to 137
20. 20 International Law and Municipal Law pages 138 to 143
21. 21 The Specific Adoption and Delegation Theories, and the Practice of the USA, the UK, China, Russia and India pages 144 to 148
22. 22 International Law in Indian Courts pages 149 to 154
Module 02 4 chapters
1. 23 Recognition of States pages 155 to 161
2. 24 Recognition of Governments pages 162 to 166
3. 25 Modes and Legal Effects of Recognition pages 167 to 172
4. 26 Is There a Legal Duty to Recognise a New State? pages 173 to 175
Module 03 4 chapters
1. 27 State Responsibility pages 176 to 183
2. 28 Original and Vicarious Responsibility, the Theories of State Responsibility, and Its Fields pages 184 to 188
3. 29 Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness, and Reparation pages 189 to 197
4. 30 Treatment of Aliens and Diplomatic Protection pages 198 to 204
Module 04 2 chapters
1. 31 State Succession pages 205 to 210
2. 32 Universal and Partial Succession, and the Theories of State Succession pages 211 to 216
Module 05 6 chapters
1. 33 State Jurisdiction pages 217 to 224
2. 34 The Agents of International Business: Heads of State, Governments and Foreign Ministers pages 225 to 232
3. 35 Special Missions and the Other Representatives of States pages 233 to 239
4. 36 Innocent Passage, and Straits pages 240 to 248
5. 37 Extradition pages 249 to 255
6. 38 Asylum pages 256 to 262
Module 06 4 chapters
1. 39 Immunity from Jurisdiction pages 263 to 270
2. 40 Diplomatic Envoys: Classes, Appointment, Functions and the End of a Mission pages 271 to 279
3. 41 Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities pages 280 to 291
4. 42 Consuls: Their Classes, Functions, Privileges and Immunities pages 292 to 301
Module 07 3 chapters
1. 43 Pacific Settlement of Disputes pages 302 to 308
2. 44 The Meaning of a Dispute, and the Coercive Means of Settlement: Retorsion, Reprisal, Embargo and Pacific Blockade pages 309 to 313
3. 45 Intervention, and the Monroe Doctrine pages 314 to 321
Module 08 8 chapters
1. 46 The United Nations: Purposes, Principles and Membership pages 322 to 330
2. 47 The General Assembly pages 331 to 338
3. 48 The Security Council: Composition, Voting and the Veto pages 339 to 345
4. 49 The Use of Force and Collective Security pages 346 to 354
5. 50 The Economic and Social Council pages 355 to 362
6. 51 The International Court of Justice pages 363 to 374
7. 52 The Secretariat and the Secretary-General pages 375 to 381
8. 53 The Trusteeship System and the Trusteeship Council pages 382 to 390
Introduction to Civil and Criminal Manual
Official Notes munotes.in

Introduction to Civil and Criminal Manual

SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 9

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fifth Year

Introduction to Civil and Criminal Manual

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Introduction to Civil Manual
1. The Civil Manual: What It Is, Its Authority and Its Arrangement 1
2. Judicial Officers (Civil Manual, Chapter XXX) 4
3. The Establishment of the Courts (Civil Manual, Chapter XXXI) 6
4. Lawyers, Lawyers' Fees and Lawyers' Clerks (Civil Manual, Chapter XXXII) 10
5. Preparing a Suit: Presentation of the Plaint, the Frame of the Suit and Pleadings (Chapter II) 13
6. Parties to a Suit and the Filing of Documents 16
7. Court Fees and Process Fees (Civil Manual, Chapter XXIV) 19
8. Interim Relief: the Application and the Order 22
9. Discovery, Inspection and Interrogatories, and Admissions on Pleadings 25
10. Lists of Witnesses and Summons to Witnesses 28
11. Appearance of Defendants (Civil Manual, Chapter III) 31
12. The Hearing of a Suit: Trial, the Rights of the Parties and the Right to Begin 34
13. The Duties of the Court, Recording Evidence and the Examination of Witnesses 37
14. Adjournment of the Hearing 40
15. Judgment, Decree and Taxation of Costs (Civil Manual, Chapter XI) 43
16. Execution of Decrees (Civil Manual, Chapter XXI) 46
17. Copies and Copying Fees (Civil Manual, Chapter XXIX) 49
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 01 continued Introduction to Civil Manual
1. Records (Chapter XXVII) and the Appendices of the Civil Manual 52
Module 02 Introduction to Criminal Manual
1. The Criminal Manual: What It Is, Its Authority and the New Criminal Laws 55
2. Arrest and Investigation (Criminal Manual, Chapter I) 58
3. Process, and the Attendance of Prisoners and Witnesses (Chapter II) 61
4. Affidavits (Criminal Manual, Chapter VII) 64
5. Enquiry and Trial by Magistrates (Criminal Manual, Chapter III) 67
6. Trials by Courts of Session (Criminal Manual, Chapter IV) 70
7. Legal Aid (Criminal Manual, Chapter V) 72
8. General Rules for Inquiries and Trials, and the Precedence of Capital Cases (Chapter VI) 75
9. Appeals and Revisions in the Courts Below and in the High Court (Chapters XVI and XVII) 78
10. Execution of Sentences and Orders (Chapter XVIII), and the Forms (Chapter XXXIII) 81
11. Child and Young Offenders (Chapter VIII), and Probation of Offenders (Chapter XI) 84
12. Accused of Unsound Mind (Chapter XIV), and the Vexatious Litigation Rules (Chapter XII) 87
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 03 Introduction to the Bombay High Court Appellate Side Rules, 1960
1. The Appellate Side Rules 1960, and the Jurisdiction of Single Judges and Benches 90
2. The Powers of the Registrar, Deputy Registrar and Assistant Registrar (Chapter II) 93
3. Appeals under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent (Chapter VI) 96
4. Presenting Appeals and Applications, and the Party in Person (Chapters IV and IV-A) 98
5. Procedure in Cases of Default (Chapter XII) 101
6. Processes, Process Fees, Printing Charges and Security for Costs (Chapter VII) 103
7. Paper Books and Translations (Chapter IX) 106
8. Judgment and Decree (Chapter XI), and Certified Copies (Chapter XIII) 108
9. Costs, Fees and the Computing of Advocates' Fees (Chapter XIV) 111
10. Habeas Corpus (Chapter XXVIII), and Appeals to the Supreme Court (Chapter XXIX-A) 113
11. The e-Courts Project, and Finding Case Status, Orders and Judgments Online 116
12. Digital Pleadings, PDF Bookmarking and Digital Signatures, and Physical, Virtual and Hybrid Hearings 120
Module 04 Introduction to the Supreme Court Rules, 1966
1. The Supreme Court Rules: the Rules of 1966 and the Rules of 2013 125
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 04 continued Introduction to the Supreme Court Rules, 1966
1. The Offices, Sittings and Vacation of the Court, and Its Officers (Orders II and III) 127
2. Advocates in the Supreme Court (Order IV) 129
3. Business in Chambers, and the Constitution of Benches (Orders V and VI) 131
4. Documents, Affidavits, and Inspection and Search (Orders VIII, IX and X) 134
5. Notices of Motion, Judgments, Decrees and Orders, and Copying (Orders XI to XIII) 137
6. Suitors' Funds, and Petitions Generally (Orders XIV and XV) 140
7. The Hearing of Appeals, Minors and Persons of Unsound Mind, and Indigent Persons 143
8. Appeals on a Certificate by the High Court, and Criminal Appeals 147
9. Special Leave Petitions, Civil and Criminal 151
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
153 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 153 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 52 chapters across 4 modules
Module 01 18 chapters
1. 1 The Civil Manual: What It Is, Its Authority and Its Arrangement pages 1 to 3
2. 2 Judicial Officers (Civil Manual, Chapter XXX) pages 4 to 5
3. 3 The Establishment of the Courts (Civil Manual, Chapter XXXI) pages 6 to 9
4. 4 Lawyers, Lawyers' Fees and Lawyers' Clerks (Civil Manual, Chapter XXXII) pages 10 to 12
5. 5 Preparing a Suit: Presentation of the Plaint, the Frame of the Suit and Pleadings (Chapter II) pages 13 to 15
6. 6 Parties to a Suit and the Filing of Documents pages 16 to 18
7. 7 Court Fees and Process Fees (Civil Manual, Chapter XXIV) pages 19 to 21
8. 8 Interim Relief: the Application and the Order pages 22 to 24
9. 9 Discovery, Inspection and Interrogatories, and Admissions on Pleadings pages 25 to 27
10. 10 Lists of Witnesses and Summons to Witnesses pages 28 to 30
11. 11 Appearance of Defendants (Civil Manual, Chapter III) pages 31 to 33
12. 12 The Hearing of a Suit: Trial, the Rights of the Parties and the Right to Begin pages 34 to 36
13. 13 The Duties of the Court, Recording Evidence and the Examination of Witnesses pages 37 to 39
14. 14 Adjournment of the Hearing pages 40 to 42
15. 15 Judgment, Decree and Taxation of Costs (Civil Manual, Chapter XI) pages 43 to 45
16. 16 Execution of Decrees (Civil Manual, Chapter XXI) pages 46 to 48
17. 17 Copies and Copying Fees (Civil Manual, Chapter XXIX) pages 49 to 51
18. 18 Records (Chapter XXVII) and the Appendices of the Civil Manual pages 52 to 54
Module 02 12 chapters
1. 19 The Criminal Manual: What It Is, Its Authority and the New Criminal Laws pages 55 to 57
2. 20 Arrest and Investigation (Criminal Manual, Chapter I) pages 58 to 60
3. 21 Process, and the Attendance of Prisoners and Witnesses (Chapter II) pages 61 to 63
4. 22 Affidavits (Criminal Manual, Chapter VII) pages 64 to 66
5. 23 Enquiry and Trial by Magistrates (Criminal Manual, Chapter III) pages 67 to 69
6. 24 Trials by Courts of Session (Criminal Manual, Chapter IV) pages 70 to 71
7. 25 Legal Aid (Criminal Manual, Chapter V) pages 72 to 74
8. 26 General Rules for Inquiries and Trials, and the Precedence of Capital Cases (Chapter VI) pages 75 to 77
9. 27 Appeals and Revisions in the Courts Below and in the High Court (Chapters XVI and XVII) pages 78 to 80
10. 28 Execution of Sentences and Orders (Chapter XVIII), and the Forms (Chapter XXXIII) pages 81 to 83
11. 29 Child and Young Offenders (Chapter VIII), and Probation of Offenders (Chapter XI) pages 84 to 86
12. 30 Accused of Unsound Mind (Chapter XIV), and the Vexatious Litigation Rules (Chapter XII) pages 87 to 89
Module 03 12 chapters
1. 31 The Appellate Side Rules 1960, and the Jurisdiction of Single Judges and Benches pages 90 to 92
2. 32 The Powers of the Registrar, Deputy Registrar and Assistant Registrar (Chapter II) pages 93 to 95
3. 33 Appeals under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent (Chapter VI) pages 96 to 97
4. 34 Presenting Appeals and Applications, and the Party in Person (Chapters IV and IV-A) pages 98 to 100
5. 35 Procedure in Cases of Default (Chapter XII) pages 101 to 102
6. 36 Processes, Process Fees, Printing Charges and Security for Costs (Chapter VII) pages 103 to 105
7. 37 Paper Books and Translations (Chapter IX) pages 106 to 107
8. 38 Judgment and Decree (Chapter XI), and Certified Copies (Chapter XIII) pages 108 to 110
9. 39 Costs, Fees and the Computing of Advocates' Fees (Chapter XIV) pages 111 to 112
10. 40 Habeas Corpus (Chapter XXVIII), and Appeals to the Supreme Court (Chapter XXIX-A) pages 113 to 115
11. 41 The e-Courts Project, and Finding Case Status, Orders and Judgments Online pages 116 to 119
12. 42 Digital Pleadings, PDF Bookmarking and Digital Signatures, and Physical, Virtual and Hybrid Hearings pages 120 to 124
Module 04 10 chapters
1. 43 The Supreme Court Rules: the Rules of 1966 and the Rules of 2013 pages 125 to 126
2. 44 The Offices, Sittings and Vacation of the Court, and Its Officers (Orders II and III) pages 127 to 128
3. 45 Advocates in the Supreme Court (Order IV) pages 129 to 130
4. 46 Business in Chambers, and the Constitution of Benches (Orders V and VI) pages 131 to 133
5. 47 Documents, Affidavits, and Inspection and Search (Orders VIII, IX and X) pages 134 to 136
6. 48 Notices of Motion, Judgments, Decrees and Orders, and Copying (Orders XI to XIII) pages 137 to 139
7. 49 Suitors' Funds, and Petitions Generally (Orders XIV and XV) pages 140 to 142
8. 50 The Hearing of Appeals, Minors and Persons of Unsound Mind, and Indigent Persons pages 143 to 146
9. 51 Appeals on a Certificate by the High Court, and Criminal Appeals pages 147 to 150
10. 52 Special Leave Petitions, Civil and Criminal pages 151 to 153
Defense and Strategic Studies
Official Notes munotes.in

Defense and Strategic Studies

SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 9

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fifth Year

Defense and Strategic Studies

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Introduction to Defence and Strategic Studies
1. What Defence and Strategic Studies Is 1
2. India's National Security Doctrine and Its Architecture 3
3. National Security: What the Phrase Means in Law 6
4. Security of the State 12
5. Defence Policy and Strategic Culture 17
6. The Role of the Armed Forces in National Security 20
7. Access to Courts and the Armed Forces: Articles 33 and 34 23
8. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958 27
9. The Evolution of Strategic Thought in India 32
Module 02 Defence Policy Formulation and Implementation
1. How Defence Policy Is Made: the Ministry, the Cabinet and the Defence Planning Committee 35
2. Defence Procurement Policy: from the DPP to the Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 38
3. The Defence Budgeting Process 41
4. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) 44
5. The Ordnance Factory Board and Its Corporatisation 46
Module 03 Military Strategy and Doctrine
1. Indian Military Doctrine 48
2. Jointness in Operations and Integrated Theatre Commands 51
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 03 continued Military Strategy and Doctrine
1. The Nuclear Doctrine of India 54
2. Is the Use of Nuclear Weapons Lawful? 57
3. Conventional Warfare Strategy 63
Module 04 Defence Policy, Planning and Homeland Security and Counterterrorism
1. Homeland Security and Defence Planning: Planning, Procurement and DRDO in the Security Context 66
2. Make in India in Defence 68
3. The National Security Guard (NSG) 70
4. The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) 73
5. Counterterrorism Strategies, Operations and the National Counter Terrorism Centre 76
6. The UAPA 1967: Unlawful Associations 79
7. The UAPA: The Terrorist Act and the Terrorist Organisation 86
8. Intelligence Agencies, the Intelligence Bureau and Coastal Security 94
Module 05 Border Management and National Defence
1. Border Management 97
2. Indo-China Border Management 100
3. The Line of Control (LoC) 102
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 05 continued Border Management and National Defence
1. Maritime Security Threats and the Geopolitics of the Indian Ocean Region 105
Module 06 Cyber Warfare and Information Security
1. Cyber Warfare and Information Security 108
2. What Cyber Terrorism Is 111
3. Modes of Cyber Terrorism, and the Response 117
4. Section 66F Broken Down 124
5. Cyber Terrorism Beside the UAPA and the Sanhita 131
6. The National Cyber Security Policy, and After 138
7. CERT-In and Incident Reporting 144
8. The CERT-In Directions of 2022 151
9. The Scheme of the Information Technology Act 158
10. The Cyber Command Structure in India 164
11. Protected Systems and Critical Information Infrastructure 167
Module 07 International Relations and Defence Cooperation
1. Bilateral and Multilateral Defence Agreements 175
2. India's Role in UN Peacekeeping Operations 178
3. The Security Council: Composition, Voting and the Veto 181
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 07 continued International Relations and Defence Cooperation
1. Defence Cooperation with Strategic Partners, and Military Exchanges 188
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
189 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 189 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 46 chapters across 7 modules
Module 01 9 chapters
1. 1 What Defence and Strategic Studies Is pages 1 to 2
2. 2 India's National Security Doctrine and Its Architecture pages 3 to 5
3. 3 National Security: What the Phrase Means in Law pages 6 to 11
4. 4 Security of the State pages 12 to 16
5. 5 Defence Policy and Strategic Culture pages 17 to 19
6. 6 The Role of the Armed Forces in National Security pages 20 to 22
7. 7 Access to Courts and the Armed Forces: Articles 33 and 34 pages 23 to 26
8. 8 The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958 pages 27 to 31
9. 9 The Evolution of Strategic Thought in India pages 32 to 34
Module 02 5 chapters
1. 10 How Defence Policy Is Made: the Ministry, the Cabinet and the Defence Planning Committee pages 35 to 37
2. 11 Defence Procurement Policy: from the DPP to the Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 pages 38 to 40
3. 12 The Defence Budgeting Process pages 41 to 43
4. 13 The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) pages 44 to 45
5. 14 The Ordnance Factory Board and Its Corporatisation pages 46 to 47
Module 03 5 chapters
1. 15 Indian Military Doctrine pages 48 to 50
2. 16 Jointness in Operations and Integrated Theatre Commands pages 51 to 53
3. 17 The Nuclear Doctrine of India pages 54 to 56
4. 18 Is the Use of Nuclear Weapons Lawful? pages 57 to 62
5. 19 Conventional Warfare Strategy pages 63 to 65
Module 04 8 chapters
1. 20 Homeland Security and Defence Planning: Planning, Procurement and DRDO in the Security Context pages 66 to 67
2. 21 Make in India in Defence pages 68 to 69
3. 22 The National Security Guard (NSG) pages 70 to 72
4. 23 The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) pages 73 to 75
5. 24 Counterterrorism Strategies, Operations and the National Counter Terrorism Centre pages 76 to 78
6. 25 The UAPA 1967: Unlawful Associations pages 79 to 85
7. 26 The UAPA: The Terrorist Act and the Terrorist Organisation pages 86 to 93
8. 27 Intelligence Agencies, the Intelligence Bureau and Coastal Security pages 94 to 96
Module 05 4 chapters
1. 28 Border Management pages 97 to 99
2. 29 Indo-China Border Management pages 100 to 101
3. 30 The Line of Control (LoC) pages 102 to 104
4. 31 Maritime Security Threats and the Geopolitics of the Indian Ocean Region pages 105 to 107
Module 06 11 chapters
1. 32 Cyber Warfare and Information Security pages 108 to 110
2. 33 What Cyber Terrorism Is pages 111 to 116
3. 34 Modes of Cyber Terrorism, and the Response pages 117 to 123
4. 35 Section 66F Broken Down pages 124 to 130
5. 36 Cyber Terrorism Beside the UAPA and the Sanhita pages 131 to 137
6. 37 The National Cyber Security Policy, and After pages 138 to 143
7. 38 CERT-In and Incident Reporting pages 144 to 150
8. 39 The CERT-In Directions of 2022 pages 151 to 157
9. 40 The Scheme of the Information Technology Act pages 158 to 163
10. 41 The Cyber Command Structure in India pages 164 to 166
11. 42 Protected Systems and Critical Information Infrastructure pages 167 to 174
Module 07 4 chapters
1. 43 Bilateral and Multilateral Defence Agreements pages 175 to 177
2. 44 India's Role in UN Peacekeeping Operations pages 178 to 180
3. 45 The Security Council: Composition, Voting and the Veto pages 181 to 187
4. 46 Defence Cooperation with Strategic Partners, and Military Exchanges pages 188 to 189
Land Laws
Official Notes munotes.in

Land Laws

SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 9

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fifth Year

Land Laws

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 - Introduction
1. The Land Revenue System: Its History in Maharashtra 1
2. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code: Its Object, Application and Definitions 4
3. Revenue Officers: Their Powers and Duties 7
4. The Title of the State in Land, Public Roads, and Land Assigned for Special Purposes 10
5. Pasturage, Trees, Forests and Natural Products 13
6. The Grant of Land: Classes of Holders, Occupancy and Leases 15
7. The Use of Land: Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Use after 2025 18
8. Encroachment on Government Land: Removal, Regularisation and Summary Eviction 21
9. Relinquishment and Surrender of Land, and Protection of Occupancies 24
Module 02 The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 - Land Revenue
1. Land Revenue: Liability and Assessment (Sections 64 to 78) 27
2. Revenue Surveys: Survey Numbers, Partition and Sub-Division (Sections 79 to 89) 30
3. Boundaries and Boundary Marks (Sections 132 to 146) 33
4. The Procedure of Revenue Officers (Sections 224 to 245) 36
5. Appeals, Revision and Review under the Code (Sections 246 to 259) 39
6. The Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal 43
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 03 The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 - Land Records
1. The Record of Rights and Mutation (Sections 147 to 159) 46
2. Rights in Unoccupied Land: Nistar Patrak and Wajib-ul-arz (Sections 160 to 167) 49
3. Realisation of Land Revenue and Other Revenue Demands (Sections 168 to 184) 52
Module 04 The Maharashtra Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 - Holding and Use of land, Tenancies and Parties
1. The Maharashtra Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act 1948: History, Object and Application 55
2. Deemed and Protected Tenants, Ceiling Area, Economic Holding and the Other Concepts of the Tenancy Act 57
3. General Provisions Regarding Tenancies 60
4. Termination of Tenancy by the Parties: Personal Cultivation, Non-Agricultural Use, Default and Surrender 63
5. Relief against Termination of Tenancy 67
6. Termination by Operation of Law and Tillers' Day 69
7. Purchase of Land by Tenants, and the Procedure 72
8. Exchange of Land by Tenants, and Management of Estates 75
9. The Collector, the Mamlatdar and the Tribunal under the Tenancy Act 78
10. Jurisdiction, Bar of Jurisdiction, Appeals and Revision under the Tenancy Act 81
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 05 The Maharashtra Prevention of Fragmentation and Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1947
1. The Fragmentation and Consolidation Act 1947: History, Object, Application and Definitions 84
2. Local and Standard Areas, and Entry in the Record of Rights 86
3. Restrictions on the Transfer and Partition of Fragments 88
4. Consolidation of Holdings: Procedure, the Scheme and Its Enforcement 91
5. Consolidation Officer, Settlement Commissioner, and Bar of Jurisdiction 94
Module 06 The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) Act, 1961
1. The Ceiling on Holdings Act 1961: History, Object, Application and Definitions 97
2. Ceiling on Holding, Exempted Land, and the Prohibition on Holding beyond the Ceiling 100
3. Restrictions on Transfers and Acquisitions under the Ceiling Act 103
4. Surplus Land: Returns, Selection, Declaration and Compensation 106
5. Distribution of Surplus Land 109
6. The Collector and the Revenue Tribunal under the Ceiling Act, and Appeals 112
Module 07 The Mamlatdars' Courts Act, 1906
1. The Mamlatdars' Courts Act 1906: History, Object, Definitions and the Mamlatdar 115
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 07 continued The Mamlatdars' Courts Act, 1906
1. Suits before the Mamlatdar: Cause of Action, Limitation and Injunction 117
2. The Collector under the Mamlatdars' Courts Act 120
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
121 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 121 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 42 chapters across 7 modules
Module 01 9 chapters
1. 1 The Land Revenue System: Its History in Maharashtra pages 1 to 3
2. 2 The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code: Its Object, Application and Definitions pages 4 to 6
3. 3 Revenue Officers: Their Powers and Duties pages 7 to 9
4. 4 The Title of the State in Land, Public Roads, and Land Assigned for Special Purposes pages 10 to 12
5. 5 Pasturage, Trees, Forests and Natural Products pages 13 to 14
6. 6 The Grant of Land: Classes of Holders, Occupancy and Leases pages 15 to 17
7. 7 The Use of Land: Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Use after 2025 pages 18 to 20
8. 8 Encroachment on Government Land: Removal, Regularisation and Summary Eviction pages 21 to 23
9. 9 Relinquishment and Surrender of Land, and Protection of Occupancies pages 24 to 26
Module 02 6 chapters
1. 10 Land Revenue: Liability and Assessment (Sections 64 to 78) pages 27 to 29
2. 11 Revenue Surveys: Survey Numbers, Partition and Sub-Division (Sections 79 to 89) pages 30 to 32
3. 12 Boundaries and Boundary Marks (Sections 132 to 146) pages 33 to 35
4. 13 The Procedure of Revenue Officers (Sections 224 to 245) pages 36 to 38
5. 14 Appeals, Revision and Review under the Code (Sections 246 to 259) pages 39 to 42
6. 15 The Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal pages 43 to 45
Module 03 3 chapters
1. 16 The Record of Rights and Mutation (Sections 147 to 159) pages 46 to 48
2. 17 Rights in Unoccupied Land: Nistar Patrak and Wajib-ul-arz (Sections 160 to 167) pages 49 to 51
3. 18 Realisation of Land Revenue and Other Revenue Demands (Sections 168 to 184) pages 52 to 54
Module 04 10 chapters
1. 19 The Maharashtra Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act 1948: History, Object and Application pages 55 to 56
2. 20 Deemed and Protected Tenants, Ceiling Area, Economic Holding and the Other Concepts of the Tenancy Act pages 57 to 59
3. 21 General Provisions Regarding Tenancies pages 60 to 62
4. 22 Termination of Tenancy by the Parties: Personal Cultivation, Non-Agricultural Use, Default and Surrender pages 63 to 66
5. 23 Relief against Termination of Tenancy pages 67 to 68
6. 24 Termination by Operation of Law and Tillers' Day pages 69 to 71
7. 25 Purchase of Land by Tenants, and the Procedure pages 72 to 74
8. 26 Exchange of Land by Tenants, and Management of Estates pages 75 to 77
9. 27 The Collector, the Mamlatdar and the Tribunal under the Tenancy Act pages 78 to 80
10. 28 Jurisdiction, Bar of Jurisdiction, Appeals and Revision under the Tenancy Act pages 81 to 83
Module 05 5 chapters
1. 29 The Fragmentation and Consolidation Act 1947: History, Object, Application and Definitions pages 84 to 85
2. 30 Local and Standard Areas, and Entry in the Record of Rights pages 86 to 87
3. 31 Restrictions on the Transfer and Partition of Fragments pages 88 to 90
4. 32 Consolidation of Holdings: Procedure, the Scheme and Its Enforcement pages 91 to 93
5. 33 Consolidation Officer, Settlement Commissioner, and Bar of Jurisdiction pages 94 to 96
Module 06 6 chapters
1. 34 The Ceiling on Holdings Act 1961: History, Object, Application and Definitions pages 97 to 99
2. 35 Ceiling on Holding, Exempted Land, and the Prohibition on Holding beyond the Ceiling pages 100 to 102
3. 36 Restrictions on Transfers and Acquisitions under the Ceiling Act pages 103 to 105
4. 37 Surplus Land: Returns, Selection, Declaration and Compensation pages 106 to 108
5. 38 Distribution of Surplus Land pages 109 to 111
6. 39 The Collector and the Revenue Tribunal under the Ceiling Act, and Appeals pages 112 to 114
Module 07 3 chapters
1. 40 The Mamlatdars' Courts Act 1906: History, Object, Definitions and the Mamlatdar pages 115 to 116
2. 41 Suits before the Mamlatdar: Cause of Action, Limitation and Injunction pages 117 to 119
3. 42 The Collector under the Mamlatdars' Courts Act pages 120 to 121
Artificial Intelligence and Law
Official Notes munotes.in

Artificial Intelligence and Law

SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 9

Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

munotes.in Fifth Year

Artificial Intelligence and Law

Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

munotes.in
Contents

Module 01 Introduction to AI Technology
1. What Artificial Intelligence Is 1
2. Narrow and General AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning 4
3. AI Applications across Sectors 7
4. AI in Legal Practice: Research, Contract Analysis and the Courts 10
Module 02 Legal Framework for AI in India
1. Privacy After Puttaswamy 14
2. Part IV: The Directive Principles of State Policy 21
3. Reasonable Security Practices and the SPDI Rules 27
4. Computer Related Offences: Section 66 35
5. Breach of Confidentiality and Privacy 41
6. The Personal Data Protection Bill 2019, and What Replaced It 48
7. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 52
8. The National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll) 62
Module 03 AI Ethics and Regulation
1. Principles of AI Ethics in Development and Use 65
2. Bias, Fairness and Transparency 68
3. Government Guidelines on AI Governance: NITI Aayog's Principles and the India AI Governance Guidelines 2025 71
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 03 continued AI Ethics and Regulation
1. Artificial Intelligence and the 2026 Amendment 75
Module 04 AI and Intellectual Property
1. Authorship of Copyright 82
2. Literary Works, Computer Programmes and Compilations 85
3. Software Patents in India 89
4. AI Inventions under the Patents Act, and Trade Mark Issues 95
5. Intermediaries, Website Blocking and Artificial Intelligence 100
Module 05 Liability and Accountability
1. The Nature and Scope of Tortious Liability 107
2. Negligence: What It Is 112
3. Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher 116
4. Absolute Liability 121
5. Vicarious Liability: Basis and Justification 125
6. Product Liability 129
7. Product Liability and AI 133
8. Liability of AI Developers 137
9. End-User Responsibility for AI 141
munotes.in
Contents continued

Module 06 AI and Justice System
1. Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Policing 145
2. Facial Recognition 149
3. Legal Challenges and Safeguards in AI-Driven Law Enforcement 153
4. AI in the Civil Justice System: Prediction, Research, Case Management and Chatbots 156
5. The Legislative and Judicial Sanction for ADR, and Online Dispute Resolution 160
6. Online Dispute Resolution and AI 164
Module 07 Future Directions and Emerging Trends
1. Regulating Autonomous Systems: Self-Driving Cars and Drones 167
2. AI in Healthcare and Finance: Legal Issues in High-Stakes Applications 171
3. Global Perspectives: AI Regulation in Other Countries and International Standards 175
4. Developing Legal Frameworks for AI: Proposals for the Future 179
munotes.in
Page 1 onwards

munotes.in
182 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.
Notes

2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 182 pages.
Every chapter in the notes: 40 chapters across 7 modules
Module 01 4 chapters
1. 1 What Artificial Intelligence Is pages 1 to 3
2. 2 Narrow and General AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning pages 4 to 6
3. 3 AI Applications across Sectors pages 7 to 9
4. 4 AI in Legal Practice: Research, Contract Analysis and the Courts pages 10 to 13
Module 02 8 chapters
1. 5 Privacy After Puttaswamy pages 14 to 20
2. 6 Part IV: The Directive Principles of State Policy pages 21 to 26
3. 7 Reasonable Security Practices and the SPDI Rules pages 27 to 34
4. 8 Computer Related Offences: Section 66 pages 35 to 40
5. 9 Breach of Confidentiality and Privacy pages 41 to 47
6. 10 The Personal Data Protection Bill 2019, and What Replaced It pages 48 to 51
7. 11 The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 pages 52 to 61
8. 12 The National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll) pages 62 to 64
Module 03 4 chapters
1. 13 Principles of AI Ethics in Development and Use pages 65 to 67
2. 14 Bias, Fairness and Transparency pages 68 to 70
3. 15 Government Guidelines on AI Governance: NITI Aayog's Principles and the India AI Governance Guidelines 2025 pages 71 to 74
4. 16 Artificial Intelligence and the 2026 Amendment pages 75 to 81
Module 04 5 chapters
1. 17 Authorship of Copyright pages 82 to 84
2. 18 Literary Works, Computer Programmes and Compilations pages 85 to 88
3. 19 Software Patents in India pages 89 to 94
4. 20 AI Inventions under the Patents Act, and Trade Mark Issues pages 95 to 99
5. 21 Intermediaries, Website Blocking and Artificial Intelligence pages 100 to 106
Module 05 9 chapters
1. 22 The Nature and Scope of Tortious Liability pages 107 to 111
2. 23 Negligence: What It Is pages 112 to 115
3. 24 Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher pages 116 to 120
4. 25 Absolute Liability pages 121 to 124
5. 26 Vicarious Liability: Basis and Justification pages 125 to 128
6. 27 Product Liability pages 129 to 132
7. 28 Product Liability and AI pages 133 to 136
8. 29 Liability of AI Developers pages 137 to 140
9. 30 End-User Responsibility for AI pages 141 to 144
Module 06 6 chapters
1. 31 Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Policing pages 145 to 148
2. 32 Facial Recognition pages 149 to 152
3. 33 Legal Challenges and Safeguards in AI-Driven Law Enforcement pages 153 to 155
4. 34 AI in the Civil Justice System: Prediction, Research, Case Management and Chatbots pages 156 to 159
5. 35 The Legislative and Judicial Sanction for ADR, and Online Dispute Resolution pages 160 to 163
6. 36 Online Dispute Resolution and AI pages 164 to 166
Module 07 4 chapters
1. 37 Regulating Autonomous Systems: Self-Driving Cars and Drones pages 167 to 170
2. 38 AI in Healthcare and Finance: Legal Issues in High-Stakes Applications pages 171 to 174
3. 39 Global Perspectives: AI Regulation in Other Countries and International Standards pages 175 to 178
4. 40 Developing Legal Frameworks for AI: Proposals for the Future pages 179 to 182

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Contents

Module 01 Drafting And Pleading

Module 02 Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Civil)

Contents continued

Module 02 continued Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Civil)

Contents continued

Module 02 continued Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Civil)

Contents continued

Module 02 continued Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Civil)

Module 03 Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Criminal)

Contents continued

Module 03 continued Writing Exercises on Drafting and Pleading (Criminal)

Module 04 Writing Exercises On Appeals, Revisions, Petitions And Other Proceedings

Contents continued

Module 04 continued Writing Exercises On Appeals, Revisions, Petitions And Other Proceedings

Contents continued

Module 04 continued Writing Exercises On Appeals, Revisions, Petitions And Other Proceedings

Module 05 Writing Exercises on Notices and Other Documents

Module 06 Deeds / Parts of Deed

Contents continued

Module 06 continued Deeds / Parts of Deed

Contents continued

Module 06 continued Deeds / Parts of Deed

Contents continued

Module 06 continued Deeds / Parts of Deed

Module B Contents of Written Submissions (Journal)

Contents

Module 01 Introduction to Forensic Science

Contents continued

Module 01 continued Introduction to Forensic Science

Module 02 Crime Scene Management, Collection of Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation

Contents continued

Module 02 continued Crime Scene Management, Collection of Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation

Module 03 Forensic Science & Law of Evidence

Contents continued

Module 03 continued Forensic Science & Law of Evidence

Module 04 Forensic Psychology and Forensic Science

Contents continued

Module 04 continued Forensic Psychology and Forensic Science

Module 05 Scientific Investigation Techniques

Contents continued

Module 05 continued Scientific Investigation Techniques

Module 06 Recent Advances in Forensic Science and the Laws

Contents continued

Module 06 continued Recent Advances in Forensic Science and the Laws

Contents

Module 01 Concepts, Meaning and types of Properties (Sections 1 to 9 of the T.P. Act, 1882)

Module 02 General Principles Relating to Transfer of Property (Sections 10 to 37)

Contents continued

Module 02 continued General Principles Relating to Transfer of Property (Sections 10 to 37)

Module 03 General Principles Relating to Transfer of Immovable Property (Sections 38 to 53A)

Contents continued

Module 04 Sales and Exchanges (Sections 54 to 57 and 118 to 121)

Module 05 Mortgages (Sections 58 to 98)

Contents continued

Module 05 continued Mortgages (Sections 58 to 98)

Module 06 Leases (Sections 105 to 117)

Module 07 Gift and Transfers of Actionable Claims (Sections 122 to 129 and 3, 130 to 137)

Module 08 Law of Easements (Sections 1 to 51 of the Easement Act, 1882) and Law of Licenses (Sections 52 to 64 of the Easement Act, 1882)

Contents continued

Module 08 continued Law of Easements (Sections 1 to 51 of the Easement Act, 1882) and Law of Licenses (Sections 52 to 64 of the Easement Act, 1882)

Contents

Module 01 Evolution, Nature and Scope of Administrative Law

Module 02 Delegated Legislation (Legislative Powers of Administration)

Contents continued

Module 02 continued Delegated Legislation (Legislative Powers of Administration)

Module 03 Administrative Adjudication (Judicial Powers of Administration)

Module 04 Judicial Review of Administrative Discretion

Contents continued

Module 04 continued Judicial Review of Administrative Discretion

Module 05 Liability For Wrongs of Government / State (Tortious and Contractual)

Module 06 Corporations and Public Undertakings

Contents continued

Module 07 Settlement Of Disputes And Grievance Redressal Procedures

Module 08 Right To Information

Contents continued

Module 08 continued Right To Information

Contents

Module 01 Preliminary