SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Semester 3 Notes 2026

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• All the notes of all the subjects in Semester 3, as per the current syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University.
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• Valid for one year, 365 days from the day you pay.
• If the University revises the syllabus while your year is running, the notes are rewritten to match and you read the new version at no extra cost. You are never asked to buy the same semester twice.

1. Legal Language and Legal Reasoning

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Legal Language and Legal Reasoning

   SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 3

   Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

   For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Second Year

   Legal Language and Legal Reasoning

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module 01 Legal Language in India

   1. A Brief History of Law in India 1
   2. The Charter Act of 1833: One Legislature for All India 5
   3. Codification, the Law Commissions and Law Reform 11
   4. The Languages of Indian Law: The Constitution, the Courts and Translation 20
   5. English and Marathi in the Indian Legal System 30

   Module 02 Legal Language and its Nature

   1. Legal Language: Meaning, Scope, and Legal English against General English 35
   2. Characteristics of Legal Language 38
   3. Language and Law 46
   4. Problems in Contemporary Legal Language and Their Remedies 55
   5. The Diseases of Language, and How a Draftsman Treats Them 60
   6. Plain Language Drafting: What It Is, and Why the Law Now Asks for It 65
   7. Plain Language Techniques: Twelve Ways to Make a Legal Text Clear Without Changing What It Does 69

   Module 03 Some Simple Drafts

   1. Notices: Their Meaning and Importance, and the Notice before Filing a Suit 75
   2. Legal Notices: Landlord and Tenant, Husband and Wife 78

   Contents continued

   Module 03 continued Some Simple Drafts

   1. Lease: Section 105, and the Line Between a Lease and a Licence 83
   2. Leave and Licence in Maharashtra: Why the Law Puts It in Writing 89
   3. The Seven Questions to Settle Before You Draft Any Deed of Transfer 95
   4. Stamp Duty and Registration: The Two Costs on Every Deed, and How to Read the Schedule 101
   5. Gift: Sections 122 to 129, and What Makes a Gift Complete 108
   6. Onerous Gifts, and When a Gift Can Be Taken Back 113
   7. A Complete Gift Deed 118
   8. Sale: What Section 54 Requires, and When Ownership Passes 126
   9. The Sale Deed, Head by Head 131
   10. A Complete Sale Deed of a Flat, and the Errors in It 136
   11. A Release Deed 144
   12. The Will: Who May Make One, and How Section 63 Says It Is Executed 147
   13. What a Will Must Say, and the Clauses That Cause Litigation 154
   14. A Complete Will 162
   15. Agency, and What a Power of Attorney Really Does 172
   16. A General Power of Attorney 180
   17. A Special Power of Attorney 191

   Contents continued

   Module 04 Advocacy Skills

   1. The Equipment of the Lawyer: Learning, Character, Industry and Training 203
   2. The Seven Lamps of Advocacy 209
   3. Advocacy: Its Meaning, and Advocacy as an Art 214
   4. Building the Oral Argument: Roadmap, Time and Prayer 217
   5. Writing an Argument: Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion 220
   6. Interviewing a Client: Technique and the Record of Two Interviews 224
   7. Client Interviewing at a Legal Aid Office: Who Is Entitled, and What the Interview Must Find Out 228
   8. Client Counselling: What It Is, Why It Matters, and How It Is Done 233

   Module 05 Reasoning and Argumentation

   1. Knowledge: Its Sources, and Skepticism 237
   2. Nyaya: The School and Its Means of Knowledge 240
   3. Anumana: Inference in Nyaya 245
   4. What Logic Is: the Traditional Definitions 251
   5. What an Argument Is 258
   6. Identifying an Argument 263
   7. Deductive Reasoning 268
   8. Truth and Validity 273

   Contents continued

   Module 05 continued Reasoning and Argumentation

   1. Inductive Reasoning 278
   2. What a Categorical Syllogism Is 283
   3. The General Rules of the Syllogism 290
   4. The Fallacy of Four Terms and the Undistributed Middle 297
   5. Illicit Process and the Fallacies of Negative Premises 304
   6. The Hypothetical Syllogism: Pure and Mixed 312
   7. Rules and Fallacies of the Hypothetical Syllogism 320
   8. The Disjunctive Syllogism 327
   9. Rules and Fallacies of the Disjunctive Syllogism, with Reference to Law 333
   10. What a Fallacy Is, and the Kinds of Fallacy 340
   11. Fallacies: Faulty Cause, Faulty Analogy, Generalisation, Bifurcation, Equivocation, Circular Argument and Others 345
   12. Fallacies of Relevance 349
   13. Fallacies of Presumption 356
   14. Fallacies of Ambiguity 362
   15. Fallacies of Defective Induction 369
   16. The Elements of Legal Reasoning, and Dahyabhai Chhaganbhai Thakker v. State of Gujarat 376

   Page 1 onwards

   379 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 379 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 63 chapters across 5 modules

   Module 01 5 chapters

   1. 1 A Brief History of Law in India pages 1 to 4
   2. 2 The Charter Act of 1833: One Legislature for All India pages 5 to 10
   3. 3 Codification, the Law Commissions and Law Reform pages 11 to 19
   4. 4 The Languages of Indian Law: The Constitution, the Courts and Translation pages 20 to 29
   5. 5 English and Marathi in the Indian Legal System pages 30 to 34

   Module 02 7 chapters

   1. 6 Legal Language: Meaning, Scope, and Legal English against General English pages 35 to 37
   2. 7 Characteristics of Legal Language pages 38 to 45
   3. 8 Language and Law pages 46 to 54
   4. 9 Problems in Contemporary Legal Language and Their Remedies pages 55 to 59
   5. 10 The Diseases of Language, and How a Draftsman Treats Them pages 60 to 64
   6. 11 Plain Language Drafting: What It Is, and Why the Law Now Asks for It pages 65 to 68
   7. 12 Plain Language Techniques: Twelve Ways to Make a Legal Text Clear Without Changing What It Does pages 69 to 74

   Module 03 19 chapters

   1. 13 Notices: Their Meaning and Importance, and the Notice before Filing a Suit pages 75 to 77
   2. 14 Legal Notices: Landlord and Tenant, Husband and Wife pages 78 to 82
   3. 15 Lease: Section 105, and the Line Between a Lease and a Licence pages 83 to 88
   4. 16 Leave and Licence in Maharashtra: Why the Law Puts It in Writing pages 89 to 94
   5. 17 The Seven Questions to Settle Before You Draft Any Deed of Transfer pages 95 to 100
   6. 18 Stamp Duty and Registration: The Two Costs on Every Deed, and How to Read the Schedule pages 101 to 107
   7. 19 Gift: Sections 122 to 129, and What Makes a Gift Complete pages 108 to 112
   8. 20 Onerous Gifts, and When a Gift Can Be Taken Back pages 113 to 117
   9. 21 A Complete Gift Deed pages 118 to 125
   10. 22 Sale: What Section 54 Requires, and When Ownership Passes pages 126 to 130
   11. 23 The Sale Deed, Head by Head pages 131 to 135
   12. 24 A Complete Sale Deed of a Flat, and the Errors in It pages 136 to 143
   13. 25 A Release Deed pages 144 to 146
   14. 26 The Will: Who May Make One, and How Section 63 Says It Is Executed pages 147 to 153
   15. 27 What a Will Must Say, and the Clauses That Cause Litigation pages 154 to 161
   16. 28 A Complete Will pages 162 to 171
   17. 29 Agency, and What a Power of Attorney Really Does pages 172 to 179
   18. 30 A General Power of Attorney pages 180 to 190
   19. 31 A Special Power of Attorney pages 191 to 202

   Module 04 8 chapters

   1. 32 The Equipment of the Lawyer: Learning, Character, Industry and Training pages 203 to 208
   2. 33 The Seven Lamps of Advocacy pages 209 to 213
   3. 34 Advocacy: Its Meaning, and Advocacy as an Art pages 214 to 216
   4. 35 Building the Oral Argument: Roadmap, Time and Prayer pages 217 to 219
   5. 36 Writing an Argument: Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion pages 220 to 223
   6. 37 Interviewing a Client: Technique and the Record of Two Interviews pages 224 to 227
   7. 38 Client Interviewing at a Legal Aid Office: Who Is Entitled, and What the Interview Must Find Out pages 228 to 232
   8. 39 Client Counselling: What It Is, Why It Matters, and How It Is Done pages 233 to 236

   Module 05 24 chapters

   1. 40 Knowledge: Its Sources, and Skepticism pages 237 to 239
   2. 41 Nyaya: The School and Its Means of Knowledge pages 240 to 244
   3. 42 Anumana: Inference in Nyaya pages 245 to 250
   4. 43 What Logic Is: the Traditional Definitions pages 251 to 257
   5. 44 What an Argument Is pages 258 to 262
   6. 45 Identifying an Argument pages 263 to 267
   7. 46 Deductive Reasoning pages 268 to 272
   8. 47 Truth and Validity pages 273 to 277
   9. 48 Inductive Reasoning pages 278 to 282
   10. 49 What a Categorical Syllogism Is pages 283 to 289
   11. 50 The General Rules of the Syllogism pages 290 to 296
   12. 51 The Fallacy of Four Terms and the Undistributed Middle pages 297 to 303
   13. 52 Illicit Process and the Fallacies of Negative Premises pages 304 to 311
   14. 53 The Hypothetical Syllogism: Pure and Mixed pages 312 to 319
   15. 54 Rules and Fallacies of the Hypothetical Syllogism pages 320 to 326
   16. 55 The Disjunctive Syllogism pages 327 to 332
   17. 56 Rules and Fallacies of the Disjunctive Syllogism, with Reference to Law pages 333 to 339
   18. 57 What a Fallacy Is, and the Kinds of Fallacy pages 340 to 344
   19. 58 Fallacies: Faulty Cause, Faulty Analogy, Generalisation, Bifurcation, Equivocation, Circular Argument and Others pages 345 to 348
   20. 59 Fallacies of Relevance pages 349 to 355
   21. 60 Fallacies of Presumption pages 356 to 361
   22. 61 Fallacies of Ambiguity pages 362 to 368
   23. 62 Fallacies of Defective Induction pages 369 to 375
   24. 63 The Elements of Legal Reasoning, and Dahyabhai Chhaganbhai Thakker v. State of Gujarat pages 376 to 379

2. Managerial Economics

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Managerial Economics

   SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 3

   Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

   For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Second Year

   Managerial Economics

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module 01 Introduction

   1. What Managerial Economics Is: Definition, Nature, Scope and Importance 1
   2. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 6
   3. The Problem of Choice and the Basic Economic Problems 11
   4. The Price Mechanism in a Mixed Economy 18
   5. How Demand and Supply Set the Price 24
   6. The Circular Flow of Income 28

   Module 02 Demand Analysis

   1. Demand: Its Meaning, Kinds and Determinants 34
   2. Demand and the Law of Demand 39
   3. Elasticity of Demand 45
   4. Income Elasticity, Cross Elasticity and What Elasticity Is For 51
   5. The Concepts of Revenue: Total, Average and Marginal Revenue 57

   Module 03 Supply Analysis

   1. Supply and the Law of Supply 62
   2. The Factors Affecting Supply 69

   Module 04 Cost Analysis

   1. The Production Function 77

   Contents continued

   Module 04 continued Cost Analysis

   1. The Concepts of Cost: Total, Fixed, Variable, Average, Marginal and Opportunity Cost 82
   2. The Opportunity Cost Principle 88
   3. The Law of Variable Proportions 92
   4. Economies of Scale 98

   Module 05 Pricing under various Market Conditions

   1. Market Structure: The Four Forms 103
   2. Perfect Competition 109
   3. The Equilibrium of the Firm and the Industry 115
   4. Monopoly 120
   5. Monopolistic Competition 128

   Module 06 Distribution

   1. The Functional and Personal Distribution of Income 134
   2. Production, the Factors of Production and Their Rewards 138
   3. The Nature of Factor Markets 145
   4. The Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution 150
   5. The Ricardian Theory of Rent 156
   6. The Modern Theory of Rent and Transfer Earnings 162

   Contents continued

   Module 06 continued Distribution

   1. Wages: Real and Money Wages, the Minimum Wage and Wage Differentials 167
   2. Collective Bargaining and Wages 173
   3. Monopsony 179
   4. The Classical Theory of Interest 184
   5. Keynes's Liquidity Preference Theory of Interest 189
   6. The Dynamic Theory of Profit 195
   7. The Innovation Theory of Profit 200
   8. The Risk and Uncertainty Theories of Profit 205

   Page 1 onwards

   209 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 209 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 37 chapters across 6 modules

   Module 01 6 chapters

   1. 1 What Managerial Economics Is: Definition, Nature, Scope and Importance pages 1 to 5
   2. 2 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics pages 6 to 10
   3. 3 The Problem of Choice and the Basic Economic Problems pages 11 to 17
   4. 4 The Price Mechanism in a Mixed Economy pages 18 to 23
   5. 5 How Demand and Supply Set the Price pages 24 to 27
   6. 6 The Circular Flow of Income pages 28 to 33

   Module 02 5 chapters

   1. 7 Demand: Its Meaning, Kinds and Determinants pages 34 to 38
   2. 8 Demand and the Law of Demand pages 39 to 44
   3. 9 Elasticity of Demand pages 45 to 50
   4. 10 Income Elasticity, Cross Elasticity and What Elasticity Is For pages 51 to 56
   5. 11 The Concepts of Revenue: Total, Average and Marginal Revenue pages 57 to 61

   Module 03 2 chapters

   1. 12 Supply and the Law of Supply pages 62 to 68
   2. 13 The Factors Affecting Supply pages 69 to 76

   Module 04 5 chapters

   1. 14 The Production Function pages 77 to 81
   2. 15 The Concepts of Cost: Total, Fixed, Variable, Average, Marginal and Opportunity Cost pages 82 to 87
   3. 16 The Opportunity Cost Principle pages 88 to 91
   4. 17 The Law of Variable Proportions pages 92 to 97
   5. 18 Economies of Scale pages 98 to 102

   Module 05 5 chapters

   1. 19 Market Structure: The Four Forms pages 103 to 108
   2. 20 Perfect Competition pages 109 to 114
   3. 21 The Equilibrium of the Firm and the Industry pages 115 to 119
   4. 22 Monopoly pages 120 to 127
   5. 23 Monopolistic Competition pages 128 to 133

   Module 06 14 chapters

   1. 24 The Functional and Personal Distribution of Income pages 134 to 137
   2. 25 Production, the Factors of Production and Their Rewards pages 138 to 144
   3. 26 The Nature of Factor Markets pages 145 to 149
   4. 27 The Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution pages 150 to 155
   5. 28 The Ricardian Theory of Rent pages 156 to 161
   6. 29 The Modern Theory of Rent and Transfer Earnings pages 162 to 166
   7. 30 Wages: Real and Money Wages, the Minimum Wage and Wage Differentials pages 167 to 172
   8. 31 Collective Bargaining and Wages pages 173 to 178
   9. 32 Monopsony pages 179 to 183
   10. 33 The Classical Theory of Interest pages 184 to 188
   11. 34 Keynes's Liquidity Preference Theory of Interest pages 189 to 194
   12. 35 The Dynamic Theory of Profit pages 195 to 199
   13. 36 The Innovation Theory of Profit pages 200 to 204
   14. 37 The Risk and Uncertainty Theories of Profit pages 205 to 209

3. Basics of Finance

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Basics of Finance

   SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 3

   Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

   For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Second Year

   Basics of Finance

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module 01 Introduction

   1. What Financial Management Is: Meaning, Objectives, Scope and Functions 1
   2. Sources of Finance: Internal and External 4
   3. The Financial System: Two Markets, One Job 7

   Module 02 Capital Budgeting

   1. The Time Value of Money: Compounding and Discounting 13
   2. Capital Budgeting: Appraising Long-Term Investments 16

   Module 03 Capital Structure

   1. Capital Structure, and the Questions Its Theories Answer 19
   2. Capital Structure: Nature and the Factors Influencing It 21
   3. The Cost of Capital, and Why It Matters 24
   4. The Cost of Equity: The Dividend Growth Model 27
   5. The Cost of Long-Term Debt 29
   6. The Cost of Preference Capital 32
   7. The Cost of Retained Earnings 34
   8. The Weighted Average Cost of Capital 36
   9. Leverages: Operating, Financial and Combined 38

   Module 04 Techniques of Analysis of Financial Statements

   1. What a Ratio Is, and How Ratios Are Classified 41

   Contents continued

   Module 04 continued Techniques of Analysis of Financial Statements

   1. Current Ratio and Liquid Ratio 44
   2. Debt Equity Ratio and Capital Gearing Ratio 47
   3. Proprietary Ratio 50
   4. Gross Profit Ratio 52
   5. Net Profit Ratio and Net Operating Profit Ratio 55
   6. Return on Capital Employed 57
   7. Stock Turnover Ratio 60
   8. Debtors Turnover and Creditors Turnover 62
   9. The Advantages and the Limitations of Ratio Analysis 65
   10. Fund Flow Analysis 67

   Module 05 Management of Profits

   1. Declaration and Payment of Dividend 70
   2. Types of Dividend Policies 79
   3. Further Issue of Share Capital and Bonus Shares 81

   Module 06 Capitalization

   1. Capital Needs and Capitalisation 88
   2. A Complete Ratio Analysis, Worked 94
   3. Problems on Cost of Capital, Leverages and Capital Expenditure 98

   Page 1 onwards

   100 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 100 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 31 chapters across 6 modules

   Module 01 3 chapters

   1. 1 What Financial Management Is: Meaning, Objectives, Scope and Functions pages 1 to 3
   2. 2 Sources of Finance: Internal and External pages 4 to 6
   3. 3 The Financial System: Two Markets, One Job pages 7 to 12

   Module 02 2 chapters

   1. 4 The Time Value of Money: Compounding and Discounting pages 13 to 15
   2. 5 Capital Budgeting: Appraising Long-Term Investments pages 16 to 18

   Module 03 9 chapters

   1. 6 Capital Structure, and the Questions Its Theories Answer pages 19 to 20
   2. 7 Capital Structure: Nature and the Factors Influencing It pages 21 to 23
   3. 8 The Cost of Capital, and Why It Matters pages 24 to 26
   4. 9 The Cost of Equity: The Dividend Growth Model pages 27 to 28
   5. 10 The Cost of Long-Term Debt pages 29 to 31
   6. 11 The Cost of Preference Capital pages 32 to 33
   7. 12 The Cost of Retained Earnings pages 34 to 35
   8. 13 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital pages 36 to 37
   9. 14 Leverages: Operating, Financial and Combined pages 38 to 40

   Module 04 11 chapters

   1. 15 What a Ratio Is, and How Ratios Are Classified pages 41 to 43
   2. 16 Current Ratio and Liquid Ratio pages 44 to 46
   3. 17 Debt Equity Ratio and Capital Gearing Ratio pages 47 to 49
   4. 18 Proprietary Ratio pages 50 to 51
   5. 19 Gross Profit Ratio pages 52 to 54
   6. 20 Net Profit Ratio and Net Operating Profit Ratio pages 55 to 56
   7. 21 Return on Capital Employed pages 57 to 59
   8. 22 Stock Turnover Ratio pages 60 to 61
   9. 23 Debtors Turnover and Creditors Turnover pages 62 to 64
   10. 24 The Advantages and the Limitations of Ratio Analysis pages 65 to 66
   11. 25 Fund Flow Analysis pages 67 to 69

   Module 05 3 chapters

   1. 26 Declaration and Payment of Dividend pages 70 to 78
   2. 27 Types of Dividend Policies pages 79 to 80
   3. 28 Further Issue of Share Capital and Bonus Shares pages 81 to 87

   Module 06 3 chapters

   1. 29 Capital Needs and Capitalisation pages 88 to 93
   2. 30 A Complete Ratio Analysis, Worked pages 94 to 97
   3. 31 Problems on Cost of Capital, Leverages and Capital Expenditure pages 98 to 100

4. Business Ethics and Corporate Governance

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Business Ethics and Corporate Governance

   SPPU B.B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 3

   Strictly as per the CBCS 2023 syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, as amended on 18 July 2024

   For students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Second Year

   Business Ethics and Corporate Governance

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Savitribai Phule Pune University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Savitribai Phule Pune University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module 01 An Overview of Business Ethics

   1. Ethics, Morals and Values: Definition and Concept 1
   2. Business Ethics 5
   3. Unethical Business Practices and Corporate Crime 10
   4. Corporate Ethics and Codes of Conduct 14
   5. Guidelines for Developing a Code of Ethics, with a Case Study 18

   Module 02 Ethics Theories and Dilemmas

   1. Ethical Theories (1): Teleological Theories, Utilitarianism and Egoism 23
   2. Ethical Theories (2): Deontological, Virtue and Justice Theories 27
   3. Ethics Analysis: The Hosmer Model 32
   4. Ethical Dilemmas in Business: Right versus Right and Right versus Wrong, with a Case Study 36

   Module 03 Ethics in Management and Corporate Frauds

   1. Ethics in Marketing and Advertising, Production, Finance and Accounting, and Human Resources 41
   2. The Impact of Ethics on Competitive Business Strategy 46
   3. The Role of International Trade and Business Organisations in Developing Business Ethics 50
   4. Corporate Fraud and Bank Fraud 55

   Contents continued

   Module 03 continued Ethics in Management and Corporate Frauds

   1. Ethical Issues in the Indian Context: Accounting Frauds and Bank Frauds 59
   2. Preventive Measures Adopted to Curb Frauds, with a Case Study 65

   Module 04 Conceptual Framework of Corporate Governance

   1. Corporate Governance: Concept, Importance and Mechanisms 70
   2. Principles of Corporate Governance and the Elements of Good Corporate Governance 75
   3. Theories of Corporate Governance 79
   4. Models of Corporate Governance 83
   5. Environmental, Social and Governance 87
   6. Green Governance, E-Governance and Shareholder Activism 94
   7. Failures of Corporate Governance in India, with a Case Study 99

   Module 05 Legal and Regulatory Framework of Corporate Governance

   1. The Structure and Development of Corporate Boards, and the Future of Governance 104
   2. Board Composition and Independent Directors 110
   3. Board Committees 123
   4. The Role of Independent Directors in Protecting Stakeholders, Employees and Consumers 132

   Contents continued

   Module 05 continued Legal and Regulatory Framework of Corporate Governance

   1. The Regulatory Framework of Corporate Governance in India: SEBI Guidelines and Clause 49 137
   2. Corporate Governance under the LODR Regulations 142
   3. The Cadbury Committee Report and the Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee Report 147
   4. Reforms in the Companies Act, 2013: Corporate Governance Written into Law 153
   5. Corporate Governance in Public Sector Undertakings and Banks, with a Case Study 161

   Page 1 onwards

   171 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 171 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 31 chapters across 5 modules

   Module 01 5 chapters

   1. 1 Ethics, Morals and Values: Definition and Concept pages 1 to 4
   2. 2 Business Ethics pages 5 to 9
   3. 3 Unethical Business Practices and Corporate Crime pages 10 to 13
   4. 4 Corporate Ethics and Codes of Conduct pages 14 to 17
   5. 5 Guidelines for Developing a Code of Ethics, with a Case Study pages 18 to 22

   Module 02 4 chapters

   1. 6 Ethical Theories (1): Teleological Theories, Utilitarianism and Egoism pages 23 to 26
   2. 7 Ethical Theories (2): Deontological, Virtue and Justice Theories pages 27 to 31
   3. 8 Ethics Analysis: The Hosmer Model pages 32 to 35
   4. 9 Ethical Dilemmas in Business: Right versus Right and Right versus Wrong, with a Case Study pages 36 to 40

   Module 03 6 chapters

   1. 10 Ethics in Marketing and Advertising, Production, Finance and Accounting, and Human Resources pages 41 to 45
   2. 11 The Impact of Ethics on Competitive Business Strategy pages 46 to 49
   3. 12 The Role of International Trade and Business Organisations in Developing Business Ethics pages 50 to 54
   4. 13 Corporate Fraud and Bank Fraud pages 55 to 58
   5. 14 Ethical Issues in the Indian Context: Accounting Frauds and Bank Frauds pages 59 to 64
   6. 15 Preventive Measures Adopted to Curb Frauds, with a Case Study pages 65 to 69

   Module 04 7 chapters

   1. 16 Corporate Governance: Concept, Importance and Mechanisms pages 70 to 74
   2. 17 Principles of Corporate Governance and the Elements of Good Corporate Governance pages 75 to 78
   3. 18 Theories of Corporate Governance pages 79 to 82
   4. 19 Models of Corporate Governance pages 83 to 86
   5. 20 Environmental, Social and Governance pages 87 to 93
   6. 21 Green Governance, E-Governance and Shareholder Activism pages 94 to 98
   7. 22 Failures of Corporate Governance in India, with a Case Study pages 99 to 103

   Module 05 9 chapters

   1. 23 The Structure and Development of Corporate Boards, and the Future of Governance pages 104 to 109
   2. 24 Board Composition and Independent Directors pages 110 to 122
   3. 25 Board Committees pages 123 to 131
   4. 26 The Role of Independent Directors in Protecting Stakeholders, Employees and Consumers pages 132 to 136
   5. 27 The Regulatory Framework of Corporate Governance in India: SEBI Guidelines and Clause 49 pages 137 to 141
   6. 28 Corporate Governance under the LODR Regulations pages 142 to 146
   7. 29 The Cadbury Committee Report and the Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee Report pages 147 to 152
   8. 30 Reforms in the Companies Act, 2013: Corporate Governance Written into Law pages 153 to 160
   9. 31 Corporate Governance in Public Sector Undertakings and Banks, with a Case Study pages 161 to 171

Questions