KSLU B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Semester 10: Notes and Solved Previous Year Question Papers 2026

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• All the notes of all the subjects in Semester 10, as per the current syllabus of Karnataka State Law University.
• Previous year question papers, with full solutions.
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• If the University revises the syllabus while your year is running, the notes are rewritten to match and you read the new version at no extra cost. You are never asked to buy the same semester twice.

1. Environmental Law

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Environmental Law

   KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 10

   Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

   For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Fifth Year

   Environmental Law

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I

   1. Environmental Law: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
   2. What the Environment Is, and What the Law Means by It 7
   3. The Components of the Environment 12
   4. Ecology, Ecosystem and Biosphere 17
   5. Ecosystem Services, and Putting a Price on Them 21
   6. What Makes the Environment Worse 24
   7. The Kinds of Pollution 29
   8. Global Warming 34
   9. Climate Change 39
   10. Environment in the Vedas and the Upanishads 44
   11. Kautilya's Arthashastra and the First Forest Administration 49
   12. Ashoka, Manu and the Duty to the Non-Human World 53
   13. Buddhist and Jain Thought, and the Sacred Grove 58
   14. The Medieval Centuries 63
   15. Traditions and Customs as Environmental Protection 67
   16. What the Ancient Material Is Actually Worth 72
   17. What Environmental Law Is For 76
   18. Environmental Ethics 82
   19. The National Environment Policy 2006 86

   Contents continued

   Module II

   1. How Indian Environmental Law Was Built 91
   2. The Colonial Century and the First Statutes 97
   3. The Forest Policies of 1894 and 1952 102
   4. The National Forest Policy 1988 106
   5. The Constitution Before 1976 111
   6. Article 48A and the State's Duty 115
   7. Article 51A(g) and the Citizen's Duty 120
   8. Article 21 and the Right to a Clean Environment 125
   9. Article 19 and the Limits on Trade 131
   10. Articles 14, 32 and 226: Getting Into Court 136
   11. Who May Legislate on the Environment 141
   12. The Local Body's Duty 147
   13. Public Interest Litigation 153
   14. Judicial Activism in Environmental Cases 159
   15. Absolute Liability 165
   16. The Polluter Pays Principle 171
   17. The Precautionary Principle 177
   18. Intergenerational and Intragenerational Duty 183
   19. The Public Trust Doctrine 188

   Contents continued

   Module III

   1. Why a Treaty Reaches an Indian Court 193
   2. The Stockholm Conference 1972 199
   3. The Stockholm Declaration and Its Principles 203
   4. The Rio Conference and Declaration 1992 209
   5. Agenda 21 and What Followed Rio 215
   6. The Johannesburg Declaration 2002 219
   7. The Climate Change Convention 1992 224
   8. The Kyoto Protocol 1997 229
   9. The Montreal Protocol 1987 and the Ozone Layer 234
   10. The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 239
   11. Sustainable Development 245
   12. The Sustainable Development Goals 250
   13. Sustainable Development in the Indian Courts 254
   14. Corporate Social Responsibility, and What Schedule VII Actually Says 259
   15. What a Transboundary Pollution Hazard Is 263
   16. Trail Smelter, and the Rule It Made 266
   17. Transboundary Harm, and the Word 'Significant' 269
   18. Nuisance 274
   19. Negligence and Trespass 280

   Contents continued

   Module III continued

   1. Strict Liability 286
   2. The Penal Code Is Now the Sanhita 292
   3. The Criminal Procedure Code Is Now the Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 299

   Module IV

   1. The Water Act and Article 252 306
   2. The Words the Water Act Defines 311
   3. The Central Pollution Control Board 316
   4. The State Pollution Control Board 321
   5. Who May Sit on a Board, and Who May Not 327
   6. How a Board Works 331
   7. The Joint Board 335
   8. Functions of the Central Board 340
   9. Functions of the State Board 345
   10. Directions, and Where the Act Applies 351
   11. The Power to Obtain Information 356
   12. Taking a Sample of Effluent 362
   13. Entry and Inspection 370
   14. The Prohibition on Polluting a Stream or Well 376

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued

   1. Consent for a New Discharge 382
   2. Refusal, Withdrawal and Guidelines 389
   3. Appeal and Revision Under the Water Act 395
   4. When the Board Does the Work Itself 401
   5. Emergency Measures 407
   6. The Board Goes to Court 413
   7. Closure Directions, and the Appeal to the Tribunal 420
   8. The Money of a Board 430
   9. The Penalties After the 2024 Amendment 438
   10. Penalties for Polluting and for Breaking a Consent 447
   11. The Adjudicating Officer and the Appeal 456
   12. The Fund, and the Offence of Not Paying 466
   13. Naming Offenders, and Government Departments 475
   14. Who May Prosecute Under the Water Act 484
   15. The Water Laboratories and the Analysts 493
   16. The Rest of the Water Act 500
   17. The Air Act and Article 253 510
   18. The Words the Air Act Defines 517
   19. The Boards Under the Air Act 527

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued

   1. Membership and Working of a Board 535
   2. Functions of the Boards Under the Air Act 547
   3. Air Pollution Control Areas 558
   4. Industrial Plants and the Consent to Operate 567
   5. Information, Entry and Samples of Air 582
   6. The State Air Laboratory 596
   7. Appeals and Directions Under the Air Act 603
   8. The Money of a Board Under the Air Act 613
   9. The Air Act Penalties, and What Jan Vishwas Changed 622
   10. The Adjudicating Officer Under the Air Act 633
   11. Offences, Prosecution and the Rest of the Air Act 646
   12. The Noise Pollution Rules 661
   13. Why There Is a Green Tribunal 670
   14. The Words the Tribunal Act Defines 678
   15. The Tribunal, and Who Sits On It 688
   16. What the Tribunal May Decide 699
   17. How a Case Reaches the Tribunal 709
   18. The Principles the Tribunal Must Apply 717
   19. Decisions, Appeals, Costs and Execution 724

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued

   1. The Penal Provisions of the Tribunal Act 732
   2. The Rest of the Tribunal Act 739
   3. Extinction, Endangerment and the Red List 746
   4. The Five Drivers of Biodiversity Loss 749
   5. The Wildlife Act and the 2022 Amendment 752
   6. The Words the Wildlife Act Defines 759
   7. The Wildlife Authorities 767
   8. The Prohibition on Hunting 775
   9. Grant of Licences and Dealings: The Hunting Sections Omitted in 1991 784
   10. Specified Plants 787
   11. Sanctuaries: How One Is Made 794
   12. What May and May Not Happen in a Sanctuary 802
   13. Tiger and Elephant Conservation 813
   14. Captivity, Trade, and Government Property 822
   15. CITES and the New Chapter VB 832
   16. Offences Against Wildlife 840
   17. Forfeiture, and the Offences of International Trade 850
   18. The Rest of the Wildlife Act 858
   19. The Van Adhiniyam: Why It Exists 865

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued

   1. Non-Forest Use of Forest Land 877
   2. The Advisory Committee, and the Penalty 893

   Module V

   1. The Umbrella Act 907
   2. The Words the EPA Defines 915
   3. The General Powers of the Central Government 925
   4. Officers, Directions and Rules 936
   5. The Duty Not to Pollute 946
   6. When Something Goes Wrong 954
   7. The Laboratories and the Government Analysts 965
   8. The Environment Act Penalties After Jan Vishwas 972
   9. Adjudication, the Fund, and Offences by Departments 982
   10. Prosecution and the Rest of the EPA 994
   11. Why a Rule Can Bind Like an Act 1008
   12. Eco-mark 1014
   13. Environmental Audit: the Process and Its Importance 1018
   14. The Environmental Statement in Form V 1023
   15. The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019 1029
   16. The Classification of the Coastal Regulation Zone 1035

   Contents continued

   Module V continued

   1. Prohibited Activities Within the Coastal Regulation Zone 1039
   2. Aquaculture, and the Shrimp Farm Litigation 1043
   3. Environmental Impact Assessment 1050
   4. The EIA Notification: the Central Government's Order 1055
   5. Environment Impact Assessment: The Discretionary Model and the Mandatory Model 1061
   6. The Bio-Medical Waste Rules 1066
   7. The Solid Waste Management Rules 1074
   8. Plastic Waste: The 2016 Rules and What They Cover 1082

   Page 1 onwards

   1,088 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 1,088 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011

   Every chapter in the notes: 157 chapters across 5 modules

   Module I 19 chapters

   1. 1 Environmental Law: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 6
   2. 2 What the Environment Is, and What the Law Means by It pages 7 to 11
   3. 3 The Components of the Environment pages 12 to 16
   4. 4 Ecology, Ecosystem and Biosphere pages 17 to 20
   5. 5 Ecosystem Services, and Putting a Price on Them pages 21 to 23
   6. 6 What Makes the Environment Worse pages 24 to 28
   7. 7 The Kinds of Pollution pages 29 to 33
   8. 8 Global Warming pages 34 to 38
   9. 9 Climate Change pages 39 to 43
   10. 10 Environment in the Vedas and the Upanishads pages 44 to 48
   11. 11 Kautilya's Arthashastra and the First Forest Administration pages 49 to 52
   12. 12 Ashoka, Manu and the Duty to the Non-Human World pages 53 to 57
   13. 13 Buddhist and Jain Thought, and the Sacred Grove pages 58 to 62
   14. 14 The Medieval Centuries pages 63 to 66
   15. 15 Traditions and Customs as Environmental Protection pages 67 to 71
   16. 16 What the Ancient Material Is Actually Worth pages 72 to 75
   17. 17 What Environmental Law Is For pages 76 to 81
   18. 18 Environmental Ethics pages 82 to 85
   19. 19 The National Environment Policy 2006 pages 86 to 90

   Module II 19 chapters

   1. 20 How Indian Environmental Law Was Built pages 91 to 96
   2. 21 The Colonial Century and the First Statutes pages 97 to 101
   3. 22 The Forest Policies of 1894 and 1952 pages 102 to 105
   4. 23 The National Forest Policy 1988 pages 106 to 110
   5. 24 The Constitution Before 1976 pages 111 to 114
   6. 25 Article 48A and the State's Duty pages 115 to 119
   7. 26 Article 51A(g) and the Citizen's Duty pages 120 to 124
   8. 27 Article 21 and the Right to a Clean Environment pages 125 to 130
   9. 28 Article 19 and the Limits on Trade pages 131 to 135
   10. 29 Articles 14, 32 and 226: Getting Into Court pages 136 to 140
   11. 30 Who May Legislate on the Environment pages 141 to 146
   12. 31 The Local Body's Duty pages 147 to 152
   13. 32 Public Interest Litigation pages 153 to 158
   14. 33 Judicial Activism in Environmental Cases pages 159 to 164
   15. 34 Absolute Liability pages 165 to 170
   16. 35 The Polluter Pays Principle pages 171 to 176
   17. 36 The Precautionary Principle pages 177 to 182
   18. 37 Intergenerational and Intragenerational Duty pages 183 to 187
   19. 38 The Public Trust Doctrine pages 188 to 192

   Module III 22 chapters

   1. 39 Why a Treaty Reaches an Indian Court pages 193 to 198
   2. 40 The Stockholm Conference 1972 pages 199 to 202
   3. 41 The Stockholm Declaration and Its Principles pages 203 to 208
   4. 42 The Rio Conference and Declaration 1992 pages 209 to 214
   5. 43 Agenda 21 and What Followed Rio pages 215 to 218
   6. 44 The Johannesburg Declaration 2002 pages 219 to 223
   7. 45 The Climate Change Convention 1992 pages 224 to 228
   8. 46 The Kyoto Protocol 1997 pages 229 to 233
   9. 47 The Montreal Protocol 1987 and the Ozone Layer pages 234 to 238
   10. 48 The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 pages 239 to 244
   11. 49 Sustainable Development pages 245 to 249
   12. 50 The Sustainable Development Goals pages 250 to 253
   13. 51 Sustainable Development in the Indian Courts pages 254 to 258
   14. 52 Corporate Social Responsibility, and What Schedule VII Actually Says pages 259 to 262
   15. 53 What a Transboundary Pollution Hazard Is pages 263 to 265
   16. 54 Trail Smelter, and the Rule It Made pages 266 to 268
   17. 55 Transboundary Harm, and the Word 'Significant' pages 269 to 273
   18. 56 Nuisance pages 274 to 279
   19. 57 Negligence and Trespass pages 280 to 285
   20. 58 Strict Liability pages 286 to 291
   21. 59 The Penal Code Is Now the Sanhita pages 292 to 298
   22. 60 The Criminal Procedure Code Is Now the Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita pages 299 to 305

   Module IV 73 chapters

   1. 61 The Water Act and Article 252 pages 306 to 310
   2. 62 The Words the Water Act Defines pages 311 to 315
   3. 63 The Central Pollution Control Board pages 316 to 320
   4. 64 The State Pollution Control Board pages 321 to 326
   5. 65 Who May Sit on a Board, and Who May Not pages 327 to 330
   6. 66 How a Board Works pages 331 to 334
   7. 67 The Joint Board pages 335 to 339
   8. 68 Functions of the Central Board pages 340 to 344
   9. 69 Functions of the State Board pages 345 to 350
   10. 70 Directions, and Where the Act Applies pages 351 to 355
   11. 71 The Power to Obtain Information pages 356 to 361
   12. 72 Taking a Sample of Effluent pages 362 to 369
   13. 73 Entry and Inspection pages 370 to 375
   14. 74 The Prohibition on Polluting a Stream or Well pages 376 to 381
   15. 75 Consent for a New Discharge pages 382 to 388
   16. 76 Refusal, Withdrawal and Guidelines pages 389 to 394
   17. 77 Appeal and Revision Under the Water Act pages 395 to 400
   18. 78 When the Board Does the Work Itself pages 401 to 406
   19. 79 Emergency Measures pages 407 to 412
   20. 80 The Board Goes to Court pages 413 to 419
   21. 81 Closure Directions, and the Appeal to the Tribunal pages 420 to 429
   22. 82 The Money of a Board pages 430 to 437
   23. 83 The Penalties After the 2024 Amendment pages 438 to 446
   24. 84 Penalties for Polluting and for Breaking a Consent pages 447 to 455
   25. 85 The Adjudicating Officer and the Appeal pages 456 to 465
   26. 86 The Fund, and the Offence of Not Paying pages 466 to 474
   27. 87 Naming Offenders, and Government Departments pages 475 to 483
   28. 88 Who May Prosecute Under the Water Act pages 484 to 492
   29. 89 The Water Laboratories and the Analysts pages 493 to 499
   30. 90 The Rest of the Water Act pages 500 to 509
   31. 91 The Air Act and Article 253 pages 510 to 516
   32. 92 The Words the Air Act Defines pages 517 to 526
   33. 93 The Boards Under the Air Act pages 527 to 534
   34. 94 Membership and Working of a Board pages 535 to 546
   35. 95 Functions of the Boards Under the Air Act pages 547 to 557
   36. 96 Air Pollution Control Areas pages 558 to 566
   37. 97 Industrial Plants and the Consent to Operate pages 567 to 581
   38. 98 Information, Entry and Samples of Air pages 582 to 595
   39. 99 The State Air Laboratory pages 596 to 602
   40. 100 Appeals and Directions Under the Air Act pages 603 to 612
   41. 101 The Money of a Board Under the Air Act pages 613 to 621
   42. 102 The Air Act Penalties, and What Jan Vishwas Changed pages 622 to 632
   43. 103 The Adjudicating Officer Under the Air Act pages 633 to 645
   44. 104 Offences, Prosecution and the Rest of the Air Act pages 646 to 660
   45. 105 The Noise Pollution Rules pages 661 to 669
   46. 106 Why There Is a Green Tribunal pages 670 to 677
   47. 107 The Words the Tribunal Act Defines pages 678 to 687
   48. 108 The Tribunal, and Who Sits On It pages 688 to 698
   49. 109 What the Tribunal May Decide pages 699 to 708
   50. 110 How a Case Reaches the Tribunal pages 709 to 716
   51. 111 The Principles the Tribunal Must Apply pages 717 to 723
   52. 112 Decisions, Appeals, Costs and Execution pages 724 to 731
   53. 113 The Penal Provisions of the Tribunal Act pages 732 to 738
   54. 114 The Rest of the Tribunal Act pages 739 to 745
   55. 115 Extinction, Endangerment and the Red List pages 746 to 748
   56. 116 The Five Drivers of Biodiversity Loss pages 749 to 751
   57. 117 The Wildlife Act and the 2022 Amendment pages 752 to 758
   58. 118 The Words the Wildlife Act Defines pages 759 to 766
   59. 119 The Wildlife Authorities pages 767 to 774
   60. 120 The Prohibition on Hunting pages 775 to 783
   61. 121 Grant of Licences and Dealings: The Hunting Sections Omitted in 1991 pages 784 to 786
   62. 122 Specified Plants pages 787 to 793
   63. 123 Sanctuaries: How One Is Made pages 794 to 801
   64. 124 What May and May Not Happen in a Sanctuary pages 802 to 812
   65. 125 Tiger and Elephant Conservation pages 813 to 821
   66. 126 Captivity, Trade, and Government Property pages 822 to 831
   67. 127 CITES and the New Chapter VB pages 832 to 839
   68. 128 Offences Against Wildlife pages 840 to 849
   69. 129 Forfeiture, and the Offences of International Trade pages 850 to 857
   70. 130 The Rest of the Wildlife Act pages 858 to 864
   71. 131 The Van Adhiniyam: Why It Exists pages 865 to 876
   72. 132 Non-Forest Use of Forest Land pages 877 to 892
   73. 133 The Advisory Committee, and the Penalty pages 893 to 906

   Module V 24 chapters

   1. 134 The Umbrella Act pages 907 to 914
   2. 135 The Words the EPA Defines pages 915 to 924
   3. 136 The General Powers of the Central Government pages 925 to 935
   4. 137 Officers, Directions and Rules pages 936 to 945
   5. 138 The Duty Not to Pollute pages 946 to 953
   6. 139 When Something Goes Wrong pages 954 to 964
   7. 140 The Laboratories and the Government Analysts pages 965 to 971
   8. 141 The Environment Act Penalties After Jan Vishwas pages 972 to 981
   9. 142 Adjudication, the Fund, and Offences by Departments pages 982 to 993
   10. 143 Prosecution and the Rest of the EPA pages 994 to 1,007
   11. 144 Why a Rule Can Bind Like an Act pages 1,008 to 1,013
   12. 145 Eco-mark pages 1,014 to 1,017
   13. 146 Environmental Audit: the Process and Its Importance pages 1,018 to 1,022
   14. 147 The Environmental Statement in Form V pages 1,023 to 1,028
   15. 148 The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019 pages 1,029 to 1,034
   16. 149 The Classification of the Coastal Regulation Zone pages 1,035 to 1,038
   17. 150 Prohibited Activities Within the Coastal Regulation Zone pages 1,039 to 1,042
   18. 151 Aquaculture, and the Shrimp Farm Litigation pages 1,043 to 1,049
   19. 152 Environmental Impact Assessment pages 1,050 to 1,054
   20. 153 The EIA Notification: the Central Government's Order pages 1,055 to 1,060
   21. 154 Environment Impact Assessment: The Discretionary Model and the Mandatory Model pages 1,061 to 1,065
   22. 155 The Bio-Medical Waste Rules pages 1,066 to 1,073
   23. 156 The Solid Waste Management Rules pages 1,074 to 1,081
   24. 157 Plastic Waste: The 2016 Rules and What They Cover pages 1,082 to 1,088
   Every paper that is solved: 33 papers

   • 2026 Jan
   • 2025 Jun
   • 2025 Jan
   • 2024 Aug
   • 2023 Mar
   • 2023 Mar (100 marks)
   • 2023 Mar (70 marks)
   • 2022 Oct
   • 2022 Apr
   • 2022 Apr (70 marks)
   • 2021 Sep
   • 2021 Sep (100 marks)
   • 2021 Mar (70 marks)
   • 2021 Mar
   • 2020 Nov
   • 2019 Dec
   • 2019 Jun
   • 2018 Dec
   • 2018 Jun
   • 2017 Dec
   • 2017 Jun
   • 2016 Jun
   • 2015 Dec
   • 2015 Jun
   • 2014 Dec
   • 2014 Jun
   • 2013 Dec
   • 2013 Jun
   • 2012 Dec
   • 2012 Jun
   • 2012 Jan
   • 2011 Jun
   • 2011 Jan

2. White Collar Crimes

   Official Notes munotes.in

   White Collar Crimes

   KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 10

   Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

   For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Fifth Year

   White Collar Crimes

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I

   1. White Collar Crimes: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
   2. Deviance: The Sociological Idea Behind This Subject 6
   3. What Privileged Class Deviance Means 9
   4. White Collar Crime: Sutherland's Concept and Its Origin 12
   5. White Collar Crime Against Traditional Crime 15
   6. What the Fundamental Principles Are 18
   7. Mens Rea 22
   8. Mens Rea in Statutory Offences 26
   9. The Presumption of Innocence 32
   10. The Burden of Proof and Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt 37
   11. Nullum Crimen Sine Lege 41
   12. What Strict Liability Is 44
   13. The Public Welfare Offence 48
   14. Strict Liability in Indian Statutes 52
   15. Decriminalising Regulatory and Economic Offences 57
   16. Why White Collar Crime Is Hard to Prove 61
   17. White Collar Crime in India and the Santhanam Committee 64
   18. Tax Evasion, Black Money and the Parallel Economy 67
   19. Tax Laws, Fundamental Rights and the Money Bill 70
   20. Corporate Fraud and Bank Fraud 76

   Contents continued

   Module I continued

   1. Securities Fraud and Manipulation of the Market 80
   2. Money Laundering and Benami Holdings 83
   3. Adulteration, Spurious Goods and Crimes Against the Consumer 87
   4. White Collar Crime in Indian Law 90
   5. Drugs, Their Quality and Their Price: The Regulatory Background 101
   6. Cyber Crime as a Modern Form 107
   7. Curbing White Collar Crime 110
   8. Are the Present Laws Sufficient? 113
   9. Bail in Economic Offences 116
   10. The Legal Control of White Collar Crime in India 120
   11. Trade Union, Land Law, Upper Class, Gender Based and Religious Deviance 123
   12. Privileged Class Deviance and the Indian Legal Order Assessed 130

   Module II

   1. Official Deviance 133
   2. Professional Deviance of Judges 136
   3. Judicial Accountability: The In-House Procedure, Impeachment and the Criminal Law 140
   4. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988: Objects and Scheme 144

   Contents continued

   Module II continued

   1. Who Is a Public Servant Under the Act 148
   2. The Bribery Offences: Sections 7 to 12 152
   3. Criminal Misconduct by a Public Servant: Section 13 156
   4. Presumption, Sanction and Section 17A 160
   5. Trial, the Special Judge and Attachment 165
   6. The Antulay Case 169
   7. What the Act Has Achieved, and What It Has Not 174
   8. The Central Vigilance Commission 178
   9. The Legislation Under Which the Commission Is Established 183
   10. The Central Bureau of Investigation, and CBI v. CBI 186

   Module III

   1. Police Deviance 192
   2. Custodial Violence and Custodial Death 195
   3. Police Deviance in Registration and Investigation 200
   4. Controlling the Abuse of Public Power: Police Reform 204
   5. Political Deviance and the Criminalisation of Politics 208
   6. Bribery, Privilege, and the 2024 Decision 212
   7. The Nexus of Politics, Crime and Business 217
   8. The Ombudsman: The Idea and Its Origin 224

   Contents continued

   Module III continued

   1. The Lokpal 227
   2. Lokayukta in Karnataka: the Karnataka Lokayukta Act 1984 233

   Module IV

   1. What Professional Deviance Is 245
   2. Professional Deviance of Lawyers 248
   3. The Advocates Act, the Bar Councils and Professional Misconduct 251
   4. What Professional Misconduct Is: Section 35 and the Words 'Or Otherwise' 255
   5. The Disciplinary Committee of the State Bar Council: Organisation, Powers and Procedure 261
   6. The Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India: Organisation, Powers and Procedure 268
   7. Transfer of Proceedings from the State Bar Council to the Bar Council of India 273
   8. Remedies I: Appeal to the Bar Council of India Under Section 37 279
   9. Remedies II: Appeal to the Supreme Court Under Section 38 284
   10. Remedies III: Review Under Section 44, and Why a State Council's Review Needs Approval 289
   11. Selected Opinions of the Disciplinary Committees of the Bar Councils 295

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued

   1. Misconduct Towards the Client: Money, Papers and Changing Sides 301
   2. Duty to the Client II: Conflict of Interest and the Duty of Confidence 307
   3. Misconduct Towards the Court: Falsehood, Fabrication and Advising a Bribe 313
   4. Misconduct Outside Professional Work, and Conduct That Is Not Misconduct 319
   5. Punishment for Misconduct: The Four Orders Under Section 35(3) 324
   6. Duty to the Profession: Other Employment, Training and the Welfare Fund 329
   7. Duty to Colleagues, and the Rule Against Advertising: Rules 36 to 39 336
   8. Lawyers: Strikes, Boycotts and Abstention From Work 341
   9. Lawyers: Contempt, and Who Disciplines the Bar 345
   10. Professional Deviance of Doctors 348
   11. Medical Negligence and the Criminal Standard 351
   12. Medical Negligence Before the Consumer Forum 355
   13. Consent in the Criminal Law: Sections 25 to 31 of the Sanhita 360
   14. Certificates in Medical Practice 365
   15. Emergency Medical Care as a Fundamental Right 369

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued

   1. The National Medical Commission and Professional Conduct 374
   2. The Lentin Commission Report 378
   3. Sex Determination, Organ Trade and Unnecessary Surgery 382
   4. Sex Selection, and Why the PCPNDT Act Was Made 386
   5. The PCPNDT Act: What Is Regulated and What Is Prohibited 392
   6. The PCPNDT Act: Supervisory Boards and Appropriate Authorities 402
   7. The PCPNDT Act: Registration, Offences, Penalties and Enforcement 411
   8. Abortion and the Law: The Sanhita's Offence and the MTP Act's Exception 423
   9. The MTP Act: When a Pregnancy May Be Terminated 432
   10. The MTP Act: Place, Emergency, Privacy, Rules and Protection 441
   11. The MTP Act Before the Courts: Reproductive Autonomy 449
   12. Professional Deviance: The Pattern the Professions Share 458

   Module V

   1. Sexual Harassment at Work Before 2013: Vishaka and the Guidelines 462
   2. The POSH Act: Who Is Protected, What Is a Workplace, What Is Harassment 470
   3. The POSH Act: The Internal Committee and the Local Committee 477

   Contents continued

   Module V continued

   1. The POSH Act: Complaint, Conciliation, Inquiry and Interim Relief 484
   2. The POSH Act: Report, Action, False Complaints, Compensation, Confidentiality and Appeal 491
   3. The POSH Act: The Employer's Duties, Penalties and Enforcement 498
   4. Assault on Modesty, Sexual Harassment, Voyeurism and Stalking: Sections 74 to 79 506
   5. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 514
   6. Why India Needed a Civil Law on Domestic Violence 520
   7. What Domestic Violence Means: Section 3 525
   8. The DV Act: Aggrieved Person, Respondent, Domestic Relationship and Shared Household 531
   9. The Right to Reside and Residence Orders: Sections 17 and 19 539
   10. The DV Act: Protection Officers, Service Providers and Everyone's Duties 547
   11. The DV Act: The Application, Notice, Counselling, Procedure and Appeal 553
   12. Protection, Monetary, Custody, Compensation and Interim Orders 560
   13. The DV Act: Breach, Penalties, Saving Clauses and the Act's Record 567
   14. Dowry: The Problem, and What the Law Means by It 573
   15. The Dowry Prohibition Act: Offences, the Wife's Property and the Officers 580

   Contents continued

   Module V continued

   1. Dowry Death and Cruelty: Sections 80, 85 and 86 588
   2. Dowry Law Before the Courts, and How Effective It Has Been 597
   3. Trafficking, Prostitution and the Shape of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 604
   4. The ITPA Offences: Brothels, Earnings, Procuring, Detaining and Soliciting 610
   5. The ITPA Machinery: Police, Search, Rescue, Protective Homes and Special Courts 618
   6. Trafficking and Sex Work Before the Courts, and the Wider Law 627
   7. Caste: What It Is, and Why the Law Had to Name It 635
   8. Untouchability, and Article 17 639
   9. The Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 643
   10. Why a Second Act Was Needed 648
   11. The Notion of Atrocities 652
   12. The Offences in Section 3(1) 657
   13. The Aggravated Offences in Section 3(2) 662
   14. Neglect of Duty by a Public Servant 667
   15. The 2015 Amendment 671
   16. Special Courts, Exclusive Courts, and the Right to Appeal 675
   17. Rights of Victims and Witnesses 679

   Contents continued

   Module V continued

   1. Presumption, Forfeiture, Collective Fine and Externment 683
   2. The Bar on Anticipatory Bail, and the Challenge to It 688
   3. Kashinath Mahajan, the Protest, and the Review 692
   4. The 2018 Amendment and Section 18A 697
   5. Bonded Labour: The System and the Act 701
   6. Bonded Labour Before the Courts 706
   7. Drugs, the NDPS Act and Drug Related Crime 710

   Page 1 onwards

   712 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 712 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012

   Every chapter in the notes: 136 chapters across 5 modules

   Module I 32 chapters

   1. 1 White Collar Crimes: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 5
   2. 2 Deviance: The Sociological Idea Behind This Subject pages 6 to 8
   3. 3 What Privileged Class Deviance Means pages 9 to 11
   4. 4 White Collar Crime: Sutherland's Concept and Its Origin pages 12 to 14
   5. 5 White Collar Crime Against Traditional Crime pages 15 to 17
   6. 6 What the Fundamental Principles Are pages 18 to 21
   7. 7 Mens Rea pages 22 to 25
   8. 8 Mens Rea in Statutory Offences pages 26 to 31
   9. 9 The Presumption of Innocence pages 32 to 36
   10. 10 The Burden of Proof and Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt pages 37 to 40
   11. 11 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege pages 41 to 43
   12. 12 What Strict Liability Is pages 44 to 47
   13. 13 The Public Welfare Offence pages 48 to 51
   14. 14 Strict Liability in Indian Statutes pages 52 to 56
   15. 15 Decriminalising Regulatory and Economic Offences pages 57 to 60
   16. 16 Why White Collar Crime Is Hard to Prove pages 61 to 63
   17. 17 White Collar Crime in India and the Santhanam Committee pages 64 to 66
   18. 18 Tax Evasion, Black Money and the Parallel Economy pages 67 to 69
   19. 19 Tax Laws, Fundamental Rights and the Money Bill pages 70 to 75
   20. 20 Corporate Fraud and Bank Fraud pages 76 to 79
   21. 21 Securities Fraud and Manipulation of the Market pages 80 to 82
   22. 22 Money Laundering and Benami Holdings pages 83 to 86
   23. 23 Adulteration, Spurious Goods and Crimes Against the Consumer pages 87 to 89
   24. 24 White Collar Crime in Indian Law pages 90 to 100
   25. 25 Drugs, Their Quality and Their Price: The Regulatory Background pages 101 to 106
   26. 26 Cyber Crime as a Modern Form pages 107 to 109
   27. 27 Curbing White Collar Crime pages 110 to 112
   28. 28 Are the Present Laws Sufficient? pages 113 to 115
   29. 29 Bail in Economic Offences pages 116 to 119
   30. 30 The Legal Control of White Collar Crime in India pages 120 to 122
   31. 31 Trade Union, Land Law, Upper Class, Gender Based and Religious Deviance pages 123 to 129
   32. 32 Privileged Class Deviance and the Indian Legal Order Assessed pages 130 to 132

   Module II 14 chapters

   1. 33 Official Deviance pages 133 to 135
   2. 34 Professional Deviance of Judges pages 136 to 139
   3. 35 Judicial Accountability: The In-House Procedure, Impeachment and the Criminal Law pages 140 to 143
   4. 36 The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988: Objects and Scheme pages 144 to 147
   5. 37 Who Is a Public Servant Under the Act pages 148 to 151
   6. 38 The Bribery Offences: Sections 7 to 12 pages 152 to 155
   7. 39 Criminal Misconduct by a Public Servant: Section 13 pages 156 to 159
   8. 40 Presumption, Sanction and Section 17A pages 160 to 164
   9. 41 Trial, the Special Judge and Attachment pages 165 to 168
   10. 42 The Antulay Case pages 169 to 173
   11. 43 What the Act Has Achieved, and What It Has Not pages 174 to 177
   12. 44 The Central Vigilance Commission pages 178 to 182
   13. 45 The Legislation Under Which the Commission Is Established pages 183 to 185
   14. 46 The Central Bureau of Investigation, and CBI v. CBI pages 186 to 191

   Module III 10 chapters

   1. 47 Police Deviance pages 192 to 194
   2. 48 Custodial Violence and Custodial Death pages 195 to 199
   3. 49 Police Deviance in Registration and Investigation pages 200 to 203
   4. 50 Controlling the Abuse of Public Power: Police Reform pages 204 to 207
   5. 51 Political Deviance and the Criminalisation of Politics pages 208 to 211
   6. 52 Bribery, Privilege, and the 2024 Decision pages 212 to 216
   7. 53 The Nexus of Politics, Crime and Business pages 217 to 223
   8. 54 The Ombudsman: The Idea and Its Origin pages 224 to 226
   9. 55 The Lokpal pages 227 to 232
   10. 56 Lokayukta in Karnataka: the Karnataka Lokayukta Act 1984 pages 233 to 244

   Module IV 38 chapters

   1. 57 What Professional Deviance Is pages 245 to 247
   2. 58 Professional Deviance of Lawyers pages 248 to 250
   3. 59 The Advocates Act, the Bar Councils and Professional Misconduct pages 251 to 254
   4. 60 What Professional Misconduct Is: Section 35 and the Words 'Or Otherwise' pages 255 to 260
   5. 61 The Disciplinary Committee of the State Bar Council: Organisation, Powers and Procedure pages 261 to 267
   6. 62 The Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India: Organisation, Powers and Procedure pages 268 to 272
   7. 63 Transfer of Proceedings from the State Bar Council to the Bar Council of India pages 273 to 278
   8. 64 Remedies I: Appeal to the Bar Council of India Under Section 37 pages 279 to 283
   9. 65 Remedies II: Appeal to the Supreme Court Under Section 38 pages 284 to 288
   10. 66 Remedies III: Review Under Section 44, and Why a State Council's Review Needs Approval pages 289 to 294
   11. 67 Selected Opinions of the Disciplinary Committees of the Bar Councils pages 295 to 300
   12. 68 Misconduct Towards the Client: Money, Papers and Changing Sides pages 301 to 306
   13. 69 Duty to the Client II: Conflict of Interest and the Duty of Confidence pages 307 to 312
   14. 70 Misconduct Towards the Court: Falsehood, Fabrication and Advising a Bribe pages 313 to 318
   15. 71 Misconduct Outside Professional Work, and Conduct That Is Not Misconduct pages 319 to 323
   16. 72 Punishment for Misconduct: The Four Orders Under Section 35(3) pages 324 to 328
   17. 73 Duty to the Profession: Other Employment, Training and the Welfare Fund pages 329 to 335
   18. 74 Duty to Colleagues, and the Rule Against Advertising: Rules 36 to 39 pages 336 to 340
   19. 75 Lawyers: Strikes, Boycotts and Abstention From Work pages 341 to 344
   20. 76 Lawyers: Contempt, and Who Disciplines the Bar pages 345 to 347
   21. 77 Professional Deviance of Doctors pages 348 to 350
   22. 78 Medical Negligence and the Criminal Standard pages 351 to 354
   23. 79 Medical Negligence Before the Consumer Forum pages 355 to 359
   24. 80 Consent in the Criminal Law: Sections 25 to 31 of the Sanhita pages 360 to 364
   25. 81 Certificates in Medical Practice pages 365 to 368
   26. 82 Emergency Medical Care as a Fundamental Right pages 369 to 373
   27. 83 The National Medical Commission and Professional Conduct pages 374 to 377
   28. 84 The Lentin Commission Report pages 378 to 381
   29. 85 Sex Determination, Organ Trade and Unnecessary Surgery pages 382 to 385
   30. 86 Sex Selection, and Why the PCPNDT Act Was Made pages 386 to 391
   31. 87 The PCPNDT Act: What Is Regulated and What Is Prohibited pages 392 to 401
   32. 88 The PCPNDT Act: Supervisory Boards and Appropriate Authorities pages 402 to 410
   33. 89 The PCPNDT Act: Registration, Offences, Penalties and Enforcement pages 411 to 422
   34. 90 Abortion and the Law: The Sanhita's Offence and the MTP Act's Exception pages 423 to 431
   35. 91 The MTP Act: When a Pregnancy May Be Terminated pages 432 to 440
   36. 92 The MTP Act: Place, Emergency, Privacy, Rules and Protection pages 441 to 448
   37. 93 The MTP Act Before the Courts: Reproductive Autonomy pages 449 to 457
   38. 94 Professional Deviance: The Pattern the Professions Share pages 458 to 461

   Module V 42 chapters

   1. 95 Sexual Harassment at Work Before 2013: Vishaka and the Guidelines pages 462 to 469
   2. 96 The POSH Act: Who Is Protected, What Is a Workplace, What Is Harassment pages 470 to 476
   3. 97 The POSH Act: The Internal Committee and the Local Committee pages 477 to 483
   4. 98 The POSH Act: Complaint, Conciliation, Inquiry and Interim Relief pages 484 to 490
   5. 99 The POSH Act: Report, Action, False Complaints, Compensation, Confidentiality and Appeal pages 491 to 497
   6. 100 The POSH Act: The Employer's Duties, Penalties and Enforcement pages 498 to 505
   7. 101 Assault on Modesty, Sexual Harassment, Voyeurism and Stalking: Sections 74 to 79 pages 506 to 513
   8. 102 The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 pages 514 to 519
   9. 103 Why India Needed a Civil Law on Domestic Violence pages 520 to 524
   10. 104 What Domestic Violence Means: Section 3 pages 525 to 530
   11. 105 The DV Act: Aggrieved Person, Respondent, Domestic Relationship and Shared Household pages 531 to 538
   12. 106 The Right to Reside and Residence Orders: Sections 17 and 19 pages 539 to 546
   13. 107 The DV Act: Protection Officers, Service Providers and Everyone's Duties pages 547 to 552
   14. 108 The DV Act: The Application, Notice, Counselling, Procedure and Appeal pages 553 to 559
   15. 109 Protection, Monetary, Custody, Compensation and Interim Orders pages 560 to 566
   16. 110 The DV Act: Breach, Penalties, Saving Clauses and the Act's Record pages 567 to 572
   17. 111 Dowry: The Problem, and What the Law Means by It pages 573 to 579
   18. 112 The Dowry Prohibition Act: Offences, the Wife's Property and the Officers pages 580 to 587
   19. 113 Dowry Death and Cruelty: Sections 80, 85 and 86 pages 588 to 596
   20. 114 Dowry Law Before the Courts, and How Effective It Has Been pages 597 to 603
   21. 115 Trafficking, Prostitution and the Shape of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act pages 604 to 609
   22. 116 The ITPA Offences: Brothels, Earnings, Procuring, Detaining and Soliciting pages 610 to 617
   23. 117 The ITPA Machinery: Police, Search, Rescue, Protective Homes and Special Courts pages 618 to 626
   24. 118 Trafficking and Sex Work Before the Courts, and the Wider Law pages 627 to 634
   25. 119 Caste: What It Is, and Why the Law Had to Name It pages 635 to 638
   26. 120 Untouchability, and Article 17 pages 639 to 642
   27. 121 The Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 pages 643 to 647
   28. 122 Why a Second Act Was Needed pages 648 to 651
   29. 123 The Notion of Atrocities pages 652 to 656
   30. 124 The Offences in Section 3(1) pages 657 to 661
   31. 125 The Aggravated Offences in Section 3(2) pages 662 to 666
   32. 126 Neglect of Duty by a Public Servant pages 667 to 670
   33. 127 The 2015 Amendment pages 671 to 674
   34. 128 Special Courts, Exclusive Courts, and the Right to Appeal pages 675 to 678
   35. 129 Rights of Victims and Witnesses pages 679 to 682
   36. 130 Presumption, Forfeiture, Collective Fine and Externment pages 683 to 687
   37. 131 The Bar on Anticipatory Bail, and the Challenge to It pages 688 to 691
   38. 132 Kashinath Mahajan, the Protest, and the Review pages 692 to 696
   39. 133 The 2018 Amendment and Section 18A pages 697 to 700
   40. 134 Bonded Labour: The System and the Act pages 701 to 705
   41. 135 Bonded Labour Before the Courts pages 706 to 709
   42. 136 Drugs, the NDPS Act and Drug Related Crime pages 710 to 712
   Every paper that is solved: 26 papers

   • 2026 Jan
   • 2025 Jun
   • 2025 Jan
   • 2024 Aug
   • 2023 Mar
   • 2022 Oct (70 marks)
   • 2022 Oct
   • 2021 Oct
   • 2021 Mar
   • 2020 Nov
   • 2019 Dec
   • 2019 Jun
   • 2018 Dec
   • 2018 Jun
   • 2017 Dec
   • 2017 Jun
   • 2016 Dec
   • 2016 Jun
   • 2015 Dec
   • 2015 Jun
   • 2014 Dec
   • 2014 Jun
   • 2013 Dec
   • 2013 Jun
   • 2012 Dec
   • 2012 Jun

3. Intellectual Property Rights II

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Intellectual Property Rights II

   KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 10

   Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

   For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Fifth Year

   Intellectual Property Rights II

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I

   1. Intellectual Property Rights-II: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
   2. The Nature and Characteristics of Intellectual Property Rights 4
   3. The Evolution of Copyright Law in India 8
   4. The Copyright Act, 1957: Its Scheme and Its Definitions 11
   5. The Nature of Copyright: A Bundle of Rights 16
   6. The Scope of Copyright: Idea, Expression and Originality 20
   7. The Term of Copyright 25
   8. Literary Works, Computer Programmes and Compilations 28
   9. Dramatic and Musical Works 32
   10. Artistic Works and Works of Architecture 35
   11. Sound Recordings and Cinematograph Films 39
   12. Neighbouring Rights and the Rights of Broadcasting Organisations 43
   13. Performers' Rights 47
   14. The Rights of the Producers of Phonograms 52
   15. Authorship of Copyright 55
   16. Ownership of Copyright: The First Owner and the Exceptions 58
   17. Economic Rights 62
   18. Moral Rights: The Author's Special Rights 65
   19. Assignment and Transmission of Copyright 69

   Contents continued

   Module I continued

   1. Licences: Voluntary, Compulsory and Statutory 74
   2. Fair Dealing and the Section 52 Exceptions 79
   3. Exceptions for Education, Libraries and Persons with Disabilities 85
   4. Infringement of Copyright 92
   5. Civil Remedies for Infringement 100
   6. Offences and Criminal Remedies 107
   7. Copyright Societies 112
   8. The Copyright Board: Its Powers, and Where They Went 117
   9. The Copyright Office and Registration of Copyright 123
   10. Copyright Issues in the Digital Environment 129
   11. Intermediaries, Website Blocking and Artificial Intelligence 133
   12. International Copyright and the Rest of the Act 140

   Module II

   1. What the Statute Means by Biological Diversity 145
   2. Biological Resources, and What the Definition Leaves Out 148
   3. The Values of Biodiversity 151
   4. Why Biodiversity Must Be Protected 154
   5. The Five Drivers of Biodiversity Loss 157

   Contents continued

   Module II continued

   1. Article 8, and the Clause That Changed Indian Law 160
   2. The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library 164
   3. Biopiracy: What It Is and How the Act Answers It 167
   4. The Scheme of the Biological Diversity Act 2002 171
   5. Section 3: Who May Not Take a Biological Resource 176
   6. Access to Biological Resources Under Indian Law 180
   7. Section 21: Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing 184
   8. Sections 8 to 17: The National Biodiversity Authority 188
   9. Section 18: The Functions and Powers of the Authority 192
   10. Sections 22 to 25: The State Biodiversity Board 195
   11. The Functions of the Boards, in Exam Shape 198
   12. Sections 41 to 47: The Biodiversity Management Committee 201
   13. The Biological Diversity Rules 2024 204
   14. The 2024 Rules: Committees, Registers and Procedure 208
   15. The Access and Benefit Sharing Regulations 2025 212

   Module III

   1. The UPOV Convention: 1961, 1978 and 1991 217
   2. Plant Variety Protection under TRIPS Article 27.3(b) 225

   Contents continued

   Module III continued

   1. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act 2001 232
   2. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority and Its Functions 237
   3. Registering a Plant Variety: Who May Apply, the DUS Tests, Opposition and the Certificate 240
   4. The Rights of Breeders and Researchers, and the Duration of Protection 244
   5. Section 39: Farmers’ Rights 247
   6. Section 26 and the Gene Fund 252
   7. Compensation to Communities and the Compulsory Licence 257
   8. Infringement of Plant Variety Rights, and the Relief 261

   Module IV

   1. What an Industrial Design Is 264
   2. Why Design Law Exists at All 268
   3. How Design Law Came to India 271
   4. The Definitions the Act Turns On 275
   5. Novelty and Originality 280
   6. Designs That May Not Be Registered 285
   7. The Controller and the Designs Office 288
   8. The Controller's Powers, Discretion and Evidence 291

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued

   1. Applying to Register a Design 295
   2. The Register of Designs 299
   3. Copyright in a Registered Design, and How Long It Lasts 302
   4. Lapse and Restoration of a Lapsed Design 306
   5. Cancellation of Registration 310
   6. Piracy of a Registered Design 314
   7. The Remedies for Piracy 319
   8. Passing Off Alongside a Registered Design 323
   9. The Copyright Overlap: Section 15(2) of the Copyright Act 328
   10. Design, Patent, Copyright and Trade Mark 332

   Module V

   1. The TRIPS Agreement: What It Is and Why It Changed Everything 336
   2. The TRIPS Agreement: Principles and Standards 341
   3. The TRIPS Agreement: Enforcement, Disputes and Transition 346
   4. The Stages of a WTO Dispute, End to End 350
   5. Appellate Review: Article 17 355
   6. TRIPS and India 360
   7. The Berne Convention, 1886 363

   Contents continued

   Module V continued

   1. The Berne Convention 1886: The Union and Its Acts 368
   2. The Paris Convention, 1883 373
   3. The World Intellectual Property Organization 378
   4. The Convention on Biological Diversity and Its Three Objectives 381
   5. The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, Articles 1 to 21 384
   6. The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, 2001 391
   7. The WTO Doha Round and the Protection of Plant Varieties 396
   8. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources, in Outline 400
   9. The International Treaty and Its Multilateral System 403

   Page 1 onwards

   407 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 407 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012

   Every chapter in the notes: 95 chapters across 5 modules

   Module I 31 chapters

   1. 1 Intellectual Property Rights-II: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 3
   2. 2 The Nature and Characteristics of Intellectual Property Rights pages 4 to 7
   3. 3 The Evolution of Copyright Law in India pages 8 to 10
   4. 4 The Copyright Act, 1957: Its Scheme and Its Definitions pages 11 to 15
   5. 5 The Nature of Copyright: A Bundle of Rights pages 16 to 19
   6. 6 The Scope of Copyright: Idea, Expression and Originality pages 20 to 24
   7. 7 The Term of Copyright pages 25 to 27
   8. 8 Literary Works, Computer Programmes and Compilations pages 28 to 31
   9. 9 Dramatic and Musical Works pages 32 to 34
   10. 10 Artistic Works and Works of Architecture pages 35 to 38
   11. 11 Sound Recordings and Cinematograph Films pages 39 to 42
   12. 12 Neighbouring Rights and the Rights of Broadcasting Organisations pages 43 to 46
   13. 13 Performers' Rights pages 47 to 51
   14. 14 The Rights of the Producers of Phonograms pages 52 to 54
   15. 15 Authorship of Copyright pages 55 to 57
   16. 16 Ownership of Copyright: The First Owner and the Exceptions pages 58 to 61
   17. 17 Economic Rights pages 62 to 64
   18. 18 Moral Rights: The Author's Special Rights pages 65 to 68
   19. 19 Assignment and Transmission of Copyright pages 69 to 73
   20. 20 Licences: Voluntary, Compulsory and Statutory pages 74 to 78
   21. 21 Fair Dealing and the Section 52 Exceptions pages 79 to 84
   22. 22 Exceptions for Education, Libraries and Persons with Disabilities pages 85 to 91
   23. 23 Infringement of Copyright pages 92 to 99
   24. 24 Civil Remedies for Infringement pages 100 to 106
   25. 25 Offences and Criminal Remedies pages 107 to 111
   26. 26 Copyright Societies pages 112 to 116
   27. 27 The Copyright Board: Its Powers, and Where They Went pages 117 to 122
   28. 28 The Copyright Office and Registration of Copyright pages 123 to 128
   29. 29 Copyright Issues in the Digital Environment pages 129 to 132
   30. 30 Intermediaries, Website Blocking and Artificial Intelligence pages 133 to 139
   31. 31 International Copyright and the Rest of the Act pages 140 to 144

   Module II 20 chapters

   1. 32 What the Statute Means by Biological Diversity pages 145 to 147
   2. 33 Biological Resources, and What the Definition Leaves Out pages 148 to 150
   3. 34 The Values of Biodiversity pages 151 to 153
   4. 35 Why Biodiversity Must Be Protected pages 154 to 156
   5. 36 The Five Drivers of Biodiversity Loss pages 157 to 159
   6. 37 Article 8, and the Clause That Changed Indian Law pages 160 to 163
   7. 38 The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library pages 164 to 166
   8. 39 Biopiracy: What It Is and How the Act Answers It pages 167 to 170
   9. 40 The Scheme of the Biological Diversity Act 2002 pages 171 to 175
   10. 41 Section 3: Who May Not Take a Biological Resource pages 176 to 179
   11. 42 Access to Biological Resources Under Indian Law pages 180 to 183
   12. 43 Section 21: Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing pages 184 to 187
   13. 44 Sections 8 to 17: The National Biodiversity Authority pages 188 to 191
   14. 45 Section 18: The Functions and Powers of the Authority pages 192 to 194
   15. 46 Sections 22 to 25: The State Biodiversity Board pages 195 to 197
   16. 47 The Functions of the Boards, in Exam Shape pages 198 to 200
   17. 48 Sections 41 to 47: The Biodiversity Management Committee pages 201 to 203
   18. 49 The Biological Diversity Rules 2024 pages 204 to 207
   19. 50 The 2024 Rules: Committees, Registers and Procedure pages 208 to 211
   20. 51 The Access and Benefit Sharing Regulations 2025 pages 212 to 216

   Module III 10 chapters

   1. 52 The UPOV Convention: 1961, 1978 and 1991 pages 217 to 224
   2. 53 Plant Variety Protection under TRIPS Article 27.3(b) pages 225 to 231
   3. 54 The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act 2001 pages 232 to 236
   4. 55 The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority and Its Functions pages 237 to 239
   5. 56 Registering a Plant Variety: Who May Apply, the DUS Tests, Opposition and the Certificate pages 240 to 243
   6. 57 The Rights of Breeders and Researchers, and the Duration of Protection pages 244 to 246
   7. 58 Section 39: Farmers’ Rights pages 247 to 251
   8. 59 Section 26 and the Gene Fund pages 252 to 256
   9. 60 Compensation to Communities and the Compulsory Licence pages 257 to 260
   10. 61 Infringement of Plant Variety Rights, and the Relief pages 261 to 263

   Module IV 18 chapters

   1. 62 What an Industrial Design Is pages 264 to 267
   2. 63 Why Design Law Exists at All pages 268 to 270
   3. 64 How Design Law Came to India pages 271 to 274
   4. 65 The Definitions the Act Turns On pages 275 to 279
   5. 66 Novelty and Originality pages 280 to 284
   6. 67 Designs That May Not Be Registered pages 285 to 287
   7. 68 The Controller and the Designs Office pages 288 to 290
   8. 69 The Controller's Powers, Discretion and Evidence pages 291 to 294
   9. 70 Applying to Register a Design pages 295 to 298
   10. 71 The Register of Designs pages 299 to 301
   11. 72 Copyright in a Registered Design, and How Long It Lasts pages 302 to 305
   12. 73 Lapse and Restoration of a Lapsed Design pages 306 to 309
   13. 74 Cancellation of Registration pages 310 to 313
   14. 75 Piracy of a Registered Design pages 314 to 318
   15. 76 The Remedies for Piracy pages 319 to 322
   16. 77 Passing Off Alongside a Registered Design pages 323 to 327
   17. 78 The Copyright Overlap: Section 15(2) of the Copyright Act pages 328 to 331
   18. 79 Design, Patent, Copyright and Trade Mark pages 332 to 335

   Module V 16 chapters

   1. 80 The TRIPS Agreement: What It Is and Why It Changed Everything pages 336 to 340
   2. 81 The TRIPS Agreement: Principles and Standards pages 341 to 345
   3. 82 The TRIPS Agreement: Enforcement, Disputes and Transition pages 346 to 349
   4. 83 The Stages of a WTO Dispute, End to End pages 350 to 354
   5. 84 Appellate Review: Article 17 pages 355 to 359
   6. 85 TRIPS and India pages 360 to 362
   7. 86 The Berne Convention, 1886 pages 363 to 367
   8. 87 The Berne Convention 1886: The Union and Its Acts pages 368 to 372
   9. 88 The Paris Convention, 1883 pages 373 to 377
   10. 89 The World Intellectual Property Organization pages 378 to 380
   11. 90 The Convention on Biological Diversity and Its Three Objectives pages 381 to 383
   12. 91 The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, Articles 1 to 21 pages 384 to 390
   13. 92 The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, 2001 pages 391 to 395
   14. 93 The WTO Doha Round and the Protection of Plant Varieties pages 396 to 399
   15. 94 The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources, in Outline pages 400 to 402
   16. 95 The International Treaty and Its Multilateral System pages 403 to 407
   Every paper that is solved: 29 papers

   • 2026 Jan
   • 2025 Jun
   • 2025 Jan
   • 2024 Aug
   • 2023 Mar
   • 2023 Mar (100 marks)
   • 2022 Oct
   • 2022 Apr
   • 2021 Oct
   • 2021 Sep
   • 2021 Sep (100 marks)
   • 2021 Mar
   • 2020 Nov
   • 2019 Dec
   • 2019 Jun
   • 2018 Dec
   • 2018 Jun
   • 2017 Dec
   • 2017 Jun
   • 2016 Dec
   • 2016 Jun
   • 2015 Dec
   • 2015 Jun
   • 2014 Dec
   • 2014 Jun
   • 2013 Dec
   • 2013 Jun
   • 2012 Dec
   • 2012 Jun

4. International Trade Economics

   Official Notes munotes.in

   International Trade Economics

   KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 10

   Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

   For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Fifth Year

   International Trade Economics

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I

   1. Law Relating to International Trade Economics: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
   2. The World Before the System: Trade Law to 1944 5
   3. Theories of International Trade: Absolute, Comparative and Competitive Advantage 10
   4. International Trade in India's History 15
   5. The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 19
   6. The Havana Charter and the Organization That Never Was 24
   7. UNCTAD: Trade and Development 28
   8. UNCITRAL and International Commercial Arbitration 32
   9. GATT 1947: The Agreement That Stood In 45
   10. How GATT Worked, and How Far It Succeeded 49
   11. The Rounds: Geneva 1947 to Tokyo 1979 54
   12. The Uruguay Round 58
   13. The Marrakesh Agreement, Article by Article 63
   14. Objectives, Scope and Functions of the WTO 68
   15. The Organisational Chart: Ministerial Conference to the Committees 72
   16. Decision-Making: Consensus, Voting, Interpretations and Waivers 76
   17. State Sovereignty and International Trade Agreements 80
   18. GATT and the WTO Compared 84

   Contents continued

   Module I continued

   1. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment: Article I 88
   2. The Exceptions to MFN: Preferences, the Enabling Clause and Waivers 92
   3. National Treatment I: Internal Taxation, Article III:2 96
   4. National Treatment II: Regulation and Procurement, Article III:4 and III:8 100
   5. Schedules of Concessions and Tariff Bindings: Article II 104
   6. Safeguards: Article XIX and the Agreement 109
   7. Balance of Payments Disequilibrium, and Restrictions to Safeguard It 115

   Module II

   1. Technical Barriers to Trade 119
   2. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 124
   3. Trade-Related Investment Measures 131
   4. Dumping I: The Concept and Article VI 136
   5. Dumping II: The Investigation, the Duty and the Review 140
   6. Dumping III: India's Law and Practice 146
   7. Subsidies I: Definition, Specificity and the Prohibited List 150
   8. Subsidies II: Countervailing Duties, and India's Cases 156
   9. Agricultural Subsidies: The Agreement on Agriculture 160

   Contents continued

   Module II continued

   1. Dispute Settlement under GATT, and Why It Had to Change 165
   2. The Dispute Settlement Body and the Coverage of the DSU: Articles 1 to 3 170
   3. Consultations, Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation: Articles 4 and 5 175
   4. Panels: Articles 6 to 15 179
   5. Appellate Review: Article 17 185
   6. Adoption and the Reverse Consensus Rule: Articles 16, 19 and 20 190
   7. Implementation, Compensation and Retaliation: Articles 21 and 22 194
   8. The Stages of a WTO Dispute, End to End 199

   Module III

   1. The International Sale of Goods, and the Vienna Convention 204
   2. Forming an International Sale Contract 208
   3. Performing an International Sale Contract: The Seller's and the Buyer's Obligations 212
   4. The Unpaid Seller's Rights 217
   5. Standard Forms and Trade Terms 223
   6. F.O.B. and C.I.F. Contracts 227
   7. Acceptance and Rejection of Goods 233

   Contents continued

   Module III continued

   1. Frustration, and Exemption from Liability 237
   2. Invoices and Packing 240
   3. Letters of Credit: Kinds, Autonomy and Strict Compliance 243
   4. Product Liability 248

   Module IV

   1. The Nature and Scope of Marine Insurance 252
   2. The Marine Insurance Act, 1963: Salient Features 257
   3. The Classification of Marine Policies 262
   4. Hull, Cargo and Freight Insurance 267
   5. Insurable Interest in Marine Insurance 273
   6. Insurable Value 278
   7. Disclosure and Representations in Marine Insurance 282
   8. Seaworthiness and Cargoworthiness 287
   9. The Marine Insurance Policy 292
   10. Conditions and Express Warranties in Marine Insurance 297
   11. The Voyage: Change, Deviation and Delay 301
   12. Assignment of a Marine Policy 306
   13. Perils of the Sea and the Proximate Cause 310
   14. Total Loss and Abandonment 315

   Contents continued

   Module IV continued

   1. Partial Loss: Particular Average, General Average and Salvage 321
   2. The Measure of Indemnity: Loss of Ship and of Freight 326
   3. Subrogation, Contribution and Under-insurance at Sea 332
   4. Return of Premium and the Closing Provisions 336
   5. Carriage of Goods by Sea 341
   6. The Hamburg Rules 347
   7. Carriage of Goods by Road 352
   8. Carriage of Goods by Rail, and the Consignment Note 356
   9. Carriage of Goods by Air 361
   10. Container Transport, and Multimodal Carriage 365
   11. Preshipment Inspection 369
   12. Import Licensing Procedures 374
   13. The IEC, Licences and Quantitative Restrictions 379
   14. Prohibiting Imports and Exports: Section 11 391

   Module V

   1. Why the Law Manages Foreign Exchange 399
   2. From FERA to FEMA: the Historical Background 406
   3. The Scheme and Noteworthy Features of FEMA 414

   Contents continued

   Module V continued

   1. Person, and Resident In and Outside India 423
   2. Capital Account and Current Account Transactions 431
   3. Foreign Direct Investment in India 439
   4. Foreign Investment: Its Significance, the Factors behind It, and the Trends 454
   5. FDI Instruments, Reporting and Enforcement 458
   6. Foreign Collaboration and Technology Agreements 468
   7. Foreign Institutional Investors, Non-Resident Indians and Overseas Corporate Bodies 474
   8. Foreign Companies and Foreign Nationals in India 481

   Page 1 onwards

   484 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 484 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012

   Every chapter in the notes: 92 chapters across 5 modules

   Module I 25 chapters

   1. 1 Law Relating to International Trade Economics: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 4
   2. 2 The World Before the System: Trade Law to 1944 pages 5 to 9
   3. 3 Theories of International Trade: Absolute, Comparative and Competitive Advantage pages 10 to 14
   4. 4 International Trade in India's History pages 15 to 18
   5. 5 The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 pages 19 to 23
   6. 6 The Havana Charter and the Organization That Never Was pages 24 to 27
   7. 7 UNCTAD: Trade and Development pages 28 to 31
   8. 8 UNCITRAL and International Commercial Arbitration pages 32 to 44
   9. 9 GATT 1947: The Agreement That Stood In pages 45 to 48
   10. 10 How GATT Worked, and How Far It Succeeded pages 49 to 53
   11. 11 The Rounds: Geneva 1947 to Tokyo 1979 pages 54 to 57
   12. 12 The Uruguay Round pages 58 to 62
   13. 13 The Marrakesh Agreement, Article by Article pages 63 to 67
   14. 14 Objectives, Scope and Functions of the WTO pages 68 to 71
   15. 15 The Organisational Chart: Ministerial Conference to the Committees pages 72 to 75
   16. 16 Decision-Making: Consensus, Voting, Interpretations and Waivers pages 76 to 79
   17. 17 State Sovereignty and International Trade Agreements pages 80 to 83
   18. 18 GATT and the WTO Compared pages 84 to 87
   19. 19 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment: Article I pages 88 to 91
   20. 20 The Exceptions to MFN: Preferences, the Enabling Clause and Waivers pages 92 to 95
   21. 21 National Treatment I: Internal Taxation, Article III:2 pages 96 to 99
   22. 22 National Treatment II: Regulation and Procurement, Article III:4 and III:8 pages 100 to 103
   23. 23 Schedules of Concessions and Tariff Bindings: Article II pages 104 to 108
   24. 24 Safeguards: Article XIX and the Agreement pages 109 to 114
   25. 25 Balance of Payments Disequilibrium, and Restrictions to Safeguard It pages 115 to 118

   Module II 17 chapters

   1. 26 Technical Barriers to Trade pages 119 to 123
   2. 27 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures pages 124 to 130
   3. 28 Trade-Related Investment Measures pages 131 to 135
   4. 29 Dumping I: The Concept and Article VI pages 136 to 139
   5. 30 Dumping II: The Investigation, the Duty and the Review pages 140 to 145
   6. 31 Dumping III: India's Law and Practice pages 146 to 149
   7. 32 Subsidies I: Definition, Specificity and the Prohibited List pages 150 to 155
   8. 33 Subsidies II: Countervailing Duties, and India's Cases pages 156 to 159
   9. 34 Agricultural Subsidies: The Agreement on Agriculture pages 160 to 164
   10. 35 Dispute Settlement under GATT, and Why It Had to Change pages 165 to 169
   11. 36 The Dispute Settlement Body and the Coverage of the DSU: Articles 1 to 3 pages 170 to 174
   12. 37 Consultations, Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation: Articles 4 and 5 pages 175 to 178
   13. 38 Panels: Articles 6 to 15 pages 179 to 184
   14. 39 Appellate Review: Article 17 pages 185 to 189
   15. 40 Adoption and the Reverse Consensus Rule: Articles 16, 19 and 20 pages 190 to 193
   16. 41 Implementation, Compensation and Retaliation: Articles 21 and 22 pages 194 to 198
   17. 42 The Stages of a WTO Dispute, End to End pages 199 to 203

   Module III 11 chapters

   1. 43 The International Sale of Goods, and the Vienna Convention pages 204 to 207
   2. 44 Forming an International Sale Contract pages 208 to 211
   3. 45 Performing an International Sale Contract: The Seller's and the Buyer's Obligations pages 212 to 216
   4. 46 The Unpaid Seller's Rights pages 217 to 222
   5. 47 Standard Forms and Trade Terms pages 223 to 226
   6. 48 F.O.B. and C.I.F. Contracts pages 227 to 232
   7. 49 Acceptance and Rejection of Goods pages 233 to 236
   8. 50 Frustration, and Exemption from Liability pages 237 to 239
   9. 51 Invoices and Packing pages 240 to 242
   10. 52 Letters of Credit: Kinds, Autonomy and Strict Compliance pages 243 to 247
   11. 53 Product Liability pages 248 to 251

   Module IV 28 chapters

   1. 54 The Nature and Scope of Marine Insurance pages 252 to 256
   2. 55 The Marine Insurance Act, 1963: Salient Features pages 257 to 261
   3. 56 The Classification of Marine Policies pages 262 to 266
   4. 57 Hull, Cargo and Freight Insurance pages 267 to 272
   5. 58 Insurable Interest in Marine Insurance pages 273 to 277
   6. 59 Insurable Value pages 278 to 281
   7. 60 Disclosure and Representations in Marine Insurance pages 282 to 286
   8. 61 Seaworthiness and Cargoworthiness pages 287 to 291
   9. 62 The Marine Insurance Policy pages 292 to 296
   10. 63 Conditions and Express Warranties in Marine Insurance pages 297 to 300
   11. 64 The Voyage: Change, Deviation and Delay pages 301 to 305
   12. 65 Assignment of a Marine Policy pages 306 to 309
   13. 66 Perils of the Sea and the Proximate Cause pages 310 to 314
   14. 67 Total Loss and Abandonment pages 315 to 320
   15. 68 Partial Loss: Particular Average, General Average and Salvage pages 321 to 325
   16. 69 The Measure of Indemnity: Loss of Ship and of Freight pages 326 to 331
   17. 70 Subrogation, Contribution and Under-insurance at Sea pages 332 to 335
   18. 71 Return of Premium and the Closing Provisions pages 336 to 340
   19. 72 Carriage of Goods by Sea pages 341 to 346
   20. 73 The Hamburg Rules pages 347 to 351
   21. 74 Carriage of Goods by Road pages 352 to 355
   22. 75 Carriage of Goods by Rail, and the Consignment Note pages 356 to 360
   23. 76 Carriage of Goods by Air pages 361 to 364
   24. 77 Container Transport, and Multimodal Carriage pages 365 to 368
   25. 78 Preshipment Inspection pages 369 to 373
   26. 79 Import Licensing Procedures pages 374 to 378
   27. 80 The IEC, Licences and Quantitative Restrictions pages 379 to 390
   28. 81 Prohibiting Imports and Exports: Section 11 pages 391 to 398

   Module V 11 chapters

   1. 82 Why the Law Manages Foreign Exchange pages 399 to 405
   2. 83 From FERA to FEMA: the Historical Background pages 406 to 413
   3. 84 The Scheme and Noteworthy Features of FEMA pages 414 to 422
   4. 85 Person, and Resident In and Outside India pages 423 to 430
   5. 86 Capital Account and Current Account Transactions pages 431 to 438
   6. 87 Foreign Direct Investment in India pages 439 to 453
   7. 88 Foreign Investment: Its Significance, the Factors behind It, and the Trends pages 454 to 457
   8. 89 FDI Instruments, Reporting and Enforcement pages 458 to 467
   9. 90 Foreign Collaboration and Technology Agreements pages 468 to 473
   10. 91 Foreign Institutional Investors, Non-Resident Indians and Overseas Corporate Bodies pages 474 to 480
   11. 92 Foreign Companies and Foreign Nationals in India pages 481 to 484
   Every paper that is solved: 30 papers

   • 2026 Jan
   • 2025 Jun
   • 2025 Jan
   • 2024 Aug
   • 2023 Mar
   • 2023 Mar (100 marks)
   • 2022 Oct
   • 2022 Oct (100 marks)
   • 2022 Apr
   • 2021 Oct
   • 2021 Sep
   • 2021 Sep (100 marks)
   • 2021 Mar
   • 2020 Nov
   • 2019 Dec
   • 2019 Jun
   • 2018 Dec
   • 2018 Jun
   • 2017 Dec
   • 2017 Jun
   • 2016 Dec
   • 2016 Jun
   • 2015 Dec
   • 2015 Jun
   • 2014 Dec
   • 2014 Jun
   • 2013 Dec
   • 2013 Jun
   • 2012 Dec
   • 2012 Jun

5. Moot Court Exercise and Internship

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Moot Court Exercise and Internship

   KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 10

   Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

   For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Fifth Year

   Moot Court Exercise and Internship

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I Moot Court (30 marks)

   1. Moot Court Exercise and Internship: What KSLU Asks of You, and How This Book Helps 1
   2. What a Moot Court Is: The Bench, the Counsel, the Memorial and the Marks 5
   3. The Courts a Moot Is Argued In: Original, Appellate and Writ Jurisdiction 10
   4. Reading a Moot Problem: Facts, Dates, Parties and the Questions Set 16
   5. Finding the Issues: Maintainability, Rights and the Statute 20
   6. The Running Moot Problem: The Sagarnagar Street Vendors' Case 25
   7. The Parts of a Memorial, in Order 36
   8. Writing an Argument: Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion 40
   9. Citing Statutes and Cases in a Memorial 44
   10. A Complete Memorial for the Petitioners 48
   11. A Complete Memorial for the Respondents 56
   12. Checking and Submitting a Memorial, and Its Entry in Your Record 63
   13. Finding the Law: Acts, Rules, Notifications and Amendments 67
   14. Finding Case Law: Law Reports, Court Websites and Neutral Citations 71
   15. Reading a Judgment: Ratio, Obiter and the Weight of a Precedent 74
   16. The Research Log: Keeping the Research Honest 79

   Contents continued

   Module I continued Moot Court (30 marks)

   1. Court Manners and Forms of Address 83
   2. Building the Oral Argument: Roadmap, Time and Prayer 87
   3. Answering the Bench, and Rebuttal 90
   4. A Complete Oral Submission for the Petitioners 94
   5. A Complete Oral Submission for the Respondents, With Rebuttal and Sur-Rebuttal 99
   6. Your Moot Court Record: Three Moots, Written and Oral 103

   Module II Observation of Trial (30 marks)

   1. Going to Court: Which Court, Which Matter, and How to Conduct Yourself 108
   2. The Stages of a Civil Suit, From Plaint to Decree 113
   3. Witnesses in Court: Examination-in-Chief, Cross-Examination and Re-Examination 119
   4. Observing a Civil Trial: Procedure, and the Entries for Your Trial Record 123
   5. The Stages of a Criminal Trial Under the BNSS 128
   6. Observing a Criminal Trial: Procedure, and the Entries for Your Trial Record 133
   7. Watching Court Proceedings Online: Live Streaming and Video Conferencing 137
   8. Writing a Brief Report on Proceedings Attended 142

   Contents continued

   Module III Client Interviewing (30 marks)

   1. The Internship: What the Rules Require and How to Find One 146
   2. Conduct and Confidentiality in a Lawyer's Office 151
   3. Interviewing a Client: Technique and the Record of Two Interviews 155
   4. Client Interviewing at a Legal Aid Office: Who Is Entitled, and What the Interview Must Find Out 159
   5. Pre-Trial Preparation: From the First Meeting to the Filing of a Suit 164
   6. The Internship Diary, Court Attendance and the Internship Certificate 170
   7. The Two Diaries KSLU Asks For: Client Interviewing, and Documents and Filing 175

   Module IV Viva (10 marks)

   1. The Viva Voce: What Is Asked and How to Answer 180
   2. How KSLU Values This Course: Who Marks Each Record, and the Viva 185
   3. Preparing and Binding Your Records: Bond Paper, the Certificate and the Cover 189

   Page 1 onwards

   192 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 192 pages.

   Every chapter in the notes: 40 chapters across 4 modules

   Module I 22 chapters

   1. 1 Moot Court Exercise and Internship: What KSLU Asks of You, and How This Book Helps pages 1 to 4
   2. 2 What a Moot Court Is: The Bench, the Counsel, the Memorial and the Marks pages 5 to 9
   3. 3 The Courts a Moot Is Argued In: Original, Appellate and Writ Jurisdiction pages 10 to 15
   4. 4 Reading a Moot Problem: Facts, Dates, Parties and the Questions Set pages 16 to 19
   5. 5 Finding the Issues: Maintainability, Rights and the Statute pages 20 to 24
   6. 6 The Running Moot Problem: The Sagarnagar Street Vendors' Case pages 25 to 35
   7. 7 The Parts of a Memorial, in Order pages 36 to 39
   8. 8 Writing an Argument: Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion pages 40 to 43
   9. 9 Citing Statutes and Cases in a Memorial pages 44 to 47
   10. 10 A Complete Memorial for the Petitioners pages 48 to 55
   11. 11 A Complete Memorial for the Respondents pages 56 to 62
   12. 12 Checking and Submitting a Memorial, and Its Entry in Your Record pages 63 to 66
   13. 13 Finding the Law: Acts, Rules, Notifications and Amendments pages 67 to 70
   14. 14 Finding Case Law: Law Reports, Court Websites and Neutral Citations pages 71 to 73
   15. 15 Reading a Judgment: Ratio, Obiter and the Weight of a Precedent pages 74 to 78
   16. 16 The Research Log: Keeping the Research Honest pages 79 to 82
   17. 17 Court Manners and Forms of Address pages 83 to 86
   18. 18 Building the Oral Argument: Roadmap, Time and Prayer pages 87 to 89
   19. 19 Answering the Bench, and Rebuttal pages 90 to 93
   20. 20 A Complete Oral Submission for the Petitioners pages 94 to 98
   21. 21 A Complete Oral Submission for the Respondents, With Rebuttal and Sur-Rebuttal pages 99 to 102
   22. 22 Your Moot Court Record: Three Moots, Written and Oral pages 103 to 107

   Module II 8 chapters

   1. 23 Going to Court: Which Court, Which Matter, and How to Conduct Yourself pages 108 to 112
   2. 24 The Stages of a Civil Suit, From Plaint to Decree pages 113 to 118
   3. 25 Witnesses in Court: Examination-in-Chief, Cross-Examination and Re-Examination pages 119 to 122
   4. 26 Observing a Civil Trial: Procedure, and the Entries for Your Trial Record pages 123 to 127
   5. 27 The Stages of a Criminal Trial Under the BNSS pages 128 to 132
   6. 28 Observing a Criminal Trial: Procedure, and the Entries for Your Trial Record pages 133 to 136
   7. 29 Watching Court Proceedings Online: Live Streaming and Video Conferencing pages 137 to 141
   8. 30 Writing a Brief Report on Proceedings Attended pages 142 to 145

   Module III 7 chapters

   1. 31 The Internship: What the Rules Require and How to Find One pages 146 to 150
   2. 32 Conduct and Confidentiality in a Lawyer's Office pages 151 to 154
   3. 33 Interviewing a Client: Technique and the Record of Two Interviews pages 155 to 158
   4. 34 Client Interviewing at a Legal Aid Office: Who Is Entitled, and What the Interview Must Find Out pages 159 to 163
   5. 35 Pre-Trial Preparation: From the First Meeting to the Filing of a Suit pages 164 to 169
   6. 36 The Internship Diary, Court Attendance and the Internship Certificate pages 170 to 174
   7. 37 The Two Diaries KSLU Asks For: Client Interviewing, and Documents and Filing pages 175 to 179

   Module IV 3 chapters

   1. 38 The Viva Voce: What Is Asked and How to Answer pages 180 to 184
   2. 39 How KSLU Values This Course: Who Marks Each Record, and the Viva pages 185 to 188
   3. 40 Preparing and Binding Your Records: Bond Paper, the Certificate and the Cover pages 189 to 192

6. Land Law

   Official Notes munotes.in

   Land Law

   KSLU B.A. LL.B. (FIVE YEARS) · SEMESTER 10

   Strictly as per the revised 2018-19 syllabus of Karnataka State Law University

   For students of Karnataka State Law University and all its affiliated law colleges

   munotes.in Fifth Year

   Land Law

   Copyright © 2026 munotes.in. All rights reserved.

   Written and first published by munotes.in, 2026.

   This book is for individual students to read at munotes.in. No part of it may be reproduced, distributed, stored, translated or used for institutional or classroom purposes in any form without a prior written licence from munotes.in.

   Licensing and permissions: contact@munotes.in

   The text of statutes and of judgments reproduced in this book is in the public domain under section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act 1957. The commentary, arrangement, examples and questions are the original work of munotes.in.

   munotes.in is an independent study resource for students of Karnataka State Law University and its affiliated law colleges. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or officially connected to Karnataka State Law University. Course names and university references describe the students and syllabus the material relates to.

   Contents

   Module I

   1. Land Law: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
   2. Eminent Domain, and the Road from the 1894 Act to the 2013 Act 5
   3. Taking Land: The 2013 Act and the Social Impact Assessment 11
   4. Notification and Acquisition: The Preliminary Notification, Objections, the Declaration, the Award and Urgency 18
   5. Compensation, Rehabilitation and Resettlement 26
   6. Rehabilitation and Resettlement: The Scheme, the Award and the Officers Who Make Them 32

   Module II

   1. Utilisation and Conversion: Land Taken for One Purpose, Change of Purpose and Land Returned 38
   2. The National Monitoring Committee and the State Monitoring Committee 43
   3. The Authority, the Appeal, and the Land That Comes Back 46
   4. Apportionment of Compensation and Payment of Compensation 51
   5. Temporary Occupation, Offences and Penalties under the 2013 Act 58

   Module III

   1. The Karnataka Land Revenue Act 1964 at a Glance 63
   2. Revenue Officers and Their Powers 67
   3. Revenue Courts, Formal and Summary Inquiries, and Procedure 72

   Contents continued

   Module III continued

   1. The Karnataka Revenue Appellate Tribunal 77
   2. Appeal, Review and Revision under the Land Revenue Act 81
   3. Land and Land Revenue: Liability, Assessment, Grants, Alluvion and Conversion 86
   4. The Record of Rights, Mutation and the Patta Book 95
   5. Realisation of Land Revenue and Other Public Demands 101

   Module IV

   1. Granted Lands: The PTCL Act 1978 and the Rules of 1979 108
   2. The Karnataka Land Reforms Act 1961: Its Aims, Its Words and Its Classes of Land 118
   3. Tenancies: Who Is a Tenant, Deemed and Protected Tenants, and the General Provisions 123
   4. Conferment of Ownership on Tenants, and the Land Tribunals 129
   5. Ceiling on Land Holdings 135
   6. Restrictions on Holding or Transfer of Agricultural Lands 140
   7. Co-operative Farms, and Uncultivated Land 145
   8. Fragmentation and Consolidation of Holdings 149

   Module V

   1. The Real Estate Act 2016: Why It Was Enacted and How It Is Built 155

   Contents continued

   Module V continued

   1. Registration of Real Estate Projects 160
   2. Registration of Real Estate Agents 166
   3. The Promoter: Functions and Duties 170
   4. Rights and Duties of Allottees 175
   5. The Real Estate Regulatory Authority, and the Central Advisory Council 179
   6. The Real Estate Appellate Tribunal 184
   7. Offences, Penalties and Adjudication 189
   8. The Karnataka Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Rules 2017 194

   Page 1 onwards

   198 pages in this book. The cover and the contents are above. Everything from page one is in the pass.

   Notes

   2026 Edition, as per the latest syllabus. 198 pages.

   Papers

   Previous year question paper solutions. 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019

   Every chapter in the notes: 36 chapters across 5 modules

   Module I 6 chapters

   1. 1 Land Law: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book pages 1 to 4
   2. 2 Eminent Domain, and the Road from the 1894 Act to the 2013 Act pages 5 to 10
   3. 3 Taking Land: The 2013 Act and the Social Impact Assessment pages 11 to 17
   4. 4 Notification and Acquisition: The Preliminary Notification, Objections, the Declaration, the Award and Urgency pages 18 to 25
   5. 5 Compensation, Rehabilitation and Resettlement pages 26 to 31
   6. 6 Rehabilitation and Resettlement: The Scheme, the Award and the Officers Who Make Them pages 32 to 37

   Module II 5 chapters

   1. 7 Utilisation and Conversion: Land Taken for One Purpose, Change of Purpose and Land Returned pages 38 to 42
   2. 8 The National Monitoring Committee and the State Monitoring Committee pages 43 to 45
   3. 9 The Authority, the Appeal, and the Land That Comes Back pages 46 to 50
   4. 10 Apportionment of Compensation and Payment of Compensation pages 51 to 57
   5. 11 Temporary Occupation, Offences and Penalties under the 2013 Act pages 58 to 62

   Module III 8 chapters

   1. 12 The Karnataka Land Revenue Act 1964 at a Glance pages 63 to 66
   2. 13 Revenue Officers and Their Powers pages 67 to 71
   3. 14 Revenue Courts, Formal and Summary Inquiries, and Procedure pages 72 to 76
   4. 15 The Karnataka Revenue Appellate Tribunal pages 77 to 80
   5. 16 Appeal, Review and Revision under the Land Revenue Act pages 81 to 85
   6. 17 Land and Land Revenue: Liability, Assessment, Grants, Alluvion and Conversion pages 86 to 94
   7. 18 The Record of Rights, Mutation and the Patta Book pages 95 to 100
   8. 19 Realisation of Land Revenue and Other Public Demands pages 101 to 107

   Module IV 8 chapters

   1. 20 Granted Lands: The PTCL Act 1978 and the Rules of 1979 pages 108 to 117
   2. 21 The Karnataka Land Reforms Act 1961: Its Aims, Its Words and Its Classes of Land pages 118 to 122
   3. 22 Tenancies: Who Is a Tenant, Deemed and Protected Tenants, and the General Provisions pages 123 to 128
   4. 23 Conferment of Ownership on Tenants, and the Land Tribunals pages 129 to 134
   5. 24 Ceiling on Land Holdings pages 135 to 139
   6. 25 Restrictions on Holding or Transfer of Agricultural Lands pages 140 to 144
   7. 26 Co-operative Farms, and Uncultivated Land pages 145 to 148
   8. 27 Fragmentation and Consolidation of Holdings pages 149 to 154

   Module V 9 chapters

   1. 28 The Real Estate Act 2016: Why It Was Enacted and How It Is Built pages 155 to 159
   2. 29 Registration of Real Estate Projects pages 160 to 165
   3. 30 Registration of Real Estate Agents pages 166 to 169
   4. 31 The Promoter: Functions and Duties pages 170 to 174
   5. 32 Rights and Duties of Allottees pages 175 to 178
   6. 33 The Real Estate Regulatory Authority, and the Central Advisory Council pages 179 to 183
   7. 34 The Real Estate Appellate Tribunal pages 184 to 188
   8. 35 Offences, Penalties and Adjudication pages 189 to 193
   9. 36 The Karnataka Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Rules 2017 pages 194 to 198
   Every paper that is solved: 15 papers

   • 2026 Jan
   • 2025 Jun
   • 2025 Jan
   • 2024 Aug
   • 2024 Aug (100 marks)
   • 2023 Mar
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