Environment and Development Law and Policy Notes | LL.M. Semester 1 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I

1. What This Paper Is About 1
2. What Environment Means 5
3. Environment in Law: The Statutory Definition 9
4. Ecology, Ecosystem and Biosphere 13
5. The Conventional Idea of Environment 17
6. The Modern Concept of Environment 22
7. The Modern Conflicting Dimensions 26
8. Environment in the Vedas and the Upanishads 30
9. Kautilya's Arthashastra and the First Forest Administration 34
10. Ashoka, Manu and the Duty to the Non-Human World 38
11. Buddhist and Jain Thought, and the Sacred Grove 42
12. Traditions and Customs as Environmental Protection 46
13. The Medieval Centuries 50
14. What the Ancient Material Is Actually Worth 54
15. The Colonial Century and the First Statutes 58
16. Environmental Degradation in India Today 63
17. Emerging Issues and Challenges 67
18. Climate Change as an Emerging Issue 71
19. Anthropocentric and Ecocentric: Whose Interest Does the Law Protect 75
20. Environmental Ethics 79
21. What Environmental Jurisprudence Means 83
22. What Development Means 87
23. Growth, Development and the Human Development Idea 91
24. Developing Economies and the Protection of Environment 95
25. The Right to Development 99
26. Environment Against Development 103
27. Stockholm 1972: The Conference 107
28. The Stockholm Declaration: The Proclamation 111
29. The Stockholm Principles 1 to 13 115
30. The Stockholm Principles 14 to 26 119
31. What Stockholm Changed 123
32. Between Stockholm and Rio 127
33. The Brundtland Report and the Definition 131
34. The Rio Earth Summit 1992 135
35. The Rio Declaration: Principles 1 to 14 138
36. The Rio Declaration: Principles 15 to 27 142
37. Agenda 21 and What Rio Left Behind 147
38. From Rio to Johannesburg, and the Millennium Goals 151
39. Rio+20 and The Future We Want 155
40. The Sustainable Development Goals 159
41. Sustainable Development: The Salient Features 163
42. Intergenerational Equity 167
43. Intragenerational Equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibility 172
44. The Precautionary Principle 177
45. The Precautionary Principle in the Indian Courts 181
46. The Polluter Pays Principle 186
47. The Public Trust Doctrine 191
48. The Public Trust Doctrine in India 195
49. Sustainable Development in Indian Law 200
50. Narmada and the Limits of the Doctrine 205
51. Environmental Justice 209
52. Environmental Improvement Through Economic Incentives 213
53. Environmental Impact Assessment 217
54. The EIA Notification 2006 in Outline 221

Module II

1. Policy and Law: What Each Is 225
2. How a Policy Becomes Enforceable 229
3. Environmental Policy Before Independence 233
4. The Five Year Plans and the Environment 237
5. What Stockholm Changed Inside the Government of India 241
6. The Forest Policies of 1894 and 1952 244
7. The National Forest Policy 1988 248
8. Joint Forest Management 253
9. The Draft National Forest Policy 2018 257
10. The Government and the Forests 261
11. The National Water Policy 1987 and 2002 265
12. The National Water Policy 2012 268
13. Water Policy and the Federal Problem 273
14. The National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement 1992 277
15. The Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution 1992 281
16. The National Environment Policy 2006 284
17. The National Action Plan on Climate Change 289
18. India's Climate Commitments After Paris 293
19. The Role of Government in Protecting the Environment 297
20. The Water Act 1974 302
21. The Air Act 1981 307
22. The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 312
23. What Was Done Under Section 3 318
24. The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 321
25. The Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 327
26. The Biological Diversity Act 2002 332
27. The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 337
28. The National Green Tribunal 341
29. Absolute Liability: The Oleum Gas Leak Case 347
30. Absolute Liability Applied: Bichhri and After 352
31. The Pollution Control Boards 357
32. Why Environmental Policy Under-Performs 362

Module III

1. Population, Environment and Development 367
2. How Many People There Are 371
3. Population Explosion: What the Phrase Means 375
4. The Demographic Transition 378
5. Malthus and His Critics 382
6. Carrying Capacity and the Ecological Footprint 386
7. Population and Land 390
8. Population and Food 394
9. Population and Water 398
10. Population and Forest 402
11. Population, Urbanisation and the City 406
12. Population, Waste and Sanitation 411
13. Population, Air and Energy 415
14. Poverty, Population and the Environment 419
15. Consumption Against Numbers 423
16. Population and Socio-Economic Development 427
17. Family Planning in India 431
18. The Emergency and What It Cost 435
19. The National Population Policy 2000 439
20. The Two-Child Norm and Javed 443
21. The Other Population Statutes 447
22. Can Law Control Population 452
23. What Actually Brings the Birth Rate Down 456

Module IV

1. The Constitution and the Environment in 1950 461
2. The Forty-Second Amendment 1976 466
3. Article 48A 470
4. The Other Directive Principles 475
5. Article 51A(g) 479
6. Are the Principles and the Duties Enforceable 484
7. Article 21 and the Right to a Wholesome Environment 489
8. How the Right Was Built, Case by Case 494
9. Ratlam and the Duty to Perform 500
10. Article 14 and Arbitrary Environmental Decisions 504
11. Article 19(1)(g) and the Trade That Must Stop 510
12. Articles 32 and 226 515
13. Public Interest Litigation 520
14. PIL and the Environment 524
15. Judicial Activism 529
16. The Doctrines the Courts Built 534
17. The Public Trust Doctrine and the Constitution 540
18. Continuing Mandamus and the Court's Own Tools 545
19. Compensation Under Article 32 551
20. The Legislative Lists and Article 253 556
21. Environmental Federalism 562
22. Panchayats, Municipalities and the Two Schedules 567
23. Flora and Fauna in the Constitution 573
24. The Right Against the Adverse Effects of Climate Change 579
25. What the Constitutional Route Cannot Do 584
26. How to Answer This Paper 590