Environment and Development Law and Policy Notes | LL.M. Semester 1 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I

1. What This Paper Is About 1
2. What Environment Means 5
3. Environment in Law: The Statutory Definition 9
4. Ecology, Ecosystem and Biosphere 13
5. The Conventional Idea of Environment 17
6. The Modern Concept of Environment 22
7. The Modern Conflicting Dimensions 26
8. Environment in the Vedas and the Upanishads 30
9. Kautilya's Arthashastra and the First Forest Administration 34
10. Ashoka, Manu and the Duty to the Non-Human World 38
11. Buddhist and Jain Thought, and the Sacred Grove 42
12. Traditions and Customs as Environmental Protection 46
13. The Medieval Centuries 50
14. What the Ancient Material Is Actually Worth 54
15. The Colonial Century and the First Statutes 58
16. Environmental Degradation in India Today 63
17. Emerging Issues and Challenges 67
18. Climate Change as an Emerging Issue 71
19. Anthropocentric and Ecocentric: Whose Interest Does the Law Protect 76
20. Environmental Ethics 80
21. What Environmental Jurisprudence Means 84
22. What Development Means 88
23. Growth, Development and the Human Development Idea 92
24. Developing Economies and the Protection of Environment 96
25. The Right to Development 100
26. Environment Against Development 104
27. Stockholm 1972: The Conference 108
28. The Stockholm Declaration: The Proclamation 112
29. The Stockholm Principles 1 to 13 116
30. The Stockholm Principles 14 to 26 120
31. What Stockholm Changed 124
32. Between Stockholm and Rio 128
33. The Brundtland Report and the Definition 132
34. The Rio Earth Summit 1992 136
35. The Rio Declaration: Principles 1 to 14 139
36. The Rio Declaration: Principles 15 to 27 143
37. Agenda 21 and What Rio Left Behind 148
38. From Rio to Johannesburg, and the Millennium Goals 152
39. Rio+20 and The Future We Want 156
40. The Sustainable Development Goals 160
41. Sustainable Development: The Salient Features 164
42. Intergenerational Equity 168
43. Intragenerational Equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibility 173
44. The Precautionary Principle 178
45. The Precautionary Principle in the Indian Courts 182
46. The Polluter Pays Principle 187
47. The Public Trust Doctrine 192
48. The Public Trust Doctrine in India 196
49. Sustainable Development in Indian Law 202
50. Narmada and the Limits of the Doctrine 207
51. Environmental Justice 211
52. Environmental Improvement Through Economic Incentives 215
53. Environmental Impact Assessment 219
54. The EIA Notification 2006 in Outline 223

Module II

1. Policy and Law: What Each Is 227
2. How a Policy Becomes Enforceable 231
3. Environmental Policy Before Independence 235
4. The Five Year Plans and the Environment 239
5. What Stockholm Changed Inside the Government of India 243
6. The Forest Policies of 1894 and 1952 246
7. The National Forest Policy 1988 250
8. Joint Forest Management 255
9. The Draft National Forest Policy 2018 259
10. The Government and the Forests 263
11. The National Water Policy 1987 and 2002 267
12. The National Water Policy 2012 270
13. Water Policy and the Federal Problem 275
14. The National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement 1992 279
15. The Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution 1992 283
16. The National Environment Policy 2006 286
17. The National Action Plan on Climate Change 291
18. India's Climate Commitments After Paris 295
19. The Role of Government in Protecting the Environment 299
20. The Water Act 1974 304
21. The Air Act 1981 309
22. The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 314
23. What Was Done Under Section 3 320
24. The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 323
25. The Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 329
26. The Biological Diversity Act 2002 334
27. The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 339
28. The National Green Tribunal 343
29. Absolute Liability: The Oleum Gas Leak Case 349
30. Absolute Liability Applied: Bichhri and After 354
31. The Pollution Control Boards 359
32. Why Environmental Policy Under-Performs 364

Module III

1. Population, Environment and Development 369
2. How Many People There Are 373
3. Population Explosion: What the Phrase Means 377
4. The Demographic Transition 380
5. Malthus and His Critics 384
6. Carrying Capacity and the Ecological Footprint 388
7. Population and Land 392
8. Population and Food 396
9. Population and Water 400
10. Population and Forest 404
11. Population, Urbanisation and the City 408
12. Population, Waste and Sanitation 413
13. Population, Air and Energy 417
14. Poverty, Population and the Environment 421
15. Consumption Against Numbers 425
16. Population and Socio-Economic Development 429
17. Family Planning in India 433
18. The Emergency and What It Cost 437
19. The National Population Policy 2000 441
20. The Two-Child Norm and Javed 445
21. The Other Population Statutes 449
22. Can Law Control Population 454
23. What Actually Brings the Birth Rate Down 458

Module IV

1. The Constitution and the Environment in 1950 463
2. The Forty-Second Amendment 1976 468
3. Article 48A 472
4. The Other Directive Principles 477
5. Article 51A(g) 481
6. Are the Principles and the Duties Enforceable 486
7. Article 21 and the Right to a Wholesome Environment 491
8. How the Right Was Built, Case by Case 496
9. Ratlam and the Duty to Perform 502
10. Article 14 and Arbitrary Environmental Decisions 506
11. Article 19(1)(g) and the Trade That Must Stop 512
12. Articles 32 and 226 517
13. Public Interest Litigation 522
14. PIL and the Environment 526
15. Judicial Activism 531
16. The Doctrines the Courts Built 536
17. The Public Trust Doctrine and the Constitution 542
18. Continuing Mandamus and the Court's Own Tools 548
19. Compensation Under Article 32 554
20. The Legislative Lists and Article 253 559
21. Environmental Federalism 565
22. Panchayats, Municipalities and the Two Schedules 570
23. Flora and Fauna in the Constitution 576
24. The Right Against the Adverse Effects of Climate Change 582
25. What the Constitutional Route Cannot Do 587
26. How to Answer This Paper 593