Concepts and Development of Human Rights Notes | LL.M. Semester 1 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I

1. What This Paper Is About 1
2. What a Human Right Is 5
3. The Four Marks: Universal, Inalienable, Indivisible, Interdependent 10
4. Human Dignity as the Ground of Rights 16
5. Natural Law and the Idea of a Natural Right 22
6. From Natural Right to Human Right 28
7. The Positivist Objection 34
8. Rights as Legal Claims: What a Claim Needs 40
9. Rights and Duties: the Correlativity Thesis 46
10. The Hohfeldian Analysis 51
11. Interdependence of Rights and Duties in a Democratic Society 57
12. How Modern Societal Values Have Reshaped Rights and Duties 63
13. Human Rights in Ancient Tradition: India 69
14. Human Rights in Ancient Tradition: Greece, Rome and the Religions 75
15. Legal, Moral, Constitutional and Human Rights 81
16. Fundamental Rights: the Indian Form 86
17. Who Bears the Duty: the State 92
18. Who Bears the Duty: the Non-State Actor 97
19. Respect, Protect, Fulfil 102
20. Limitation: When a Right May Be Restricted 106
21. Derogation and the Non-Derogable Core 111
22. Are Human Rights Inalienable 116
23. The Vocabulary: Right, Liberty, Freedom, Entitlement 121

Module II

1. The Generations Framework: Karel Vasak 126
2. Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité as a Classification 131
3. First Generation: What Civil and Political Rights Are 136
4. The Universal Declaration: Articles 1 to 11 141
5. The Universal Declaration: Articles 12 to 21 146
6. The Significance of First Generation Rights in Daily Life 151
7. Second Generation: What Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Are 155
8. The Universal Declaration: Articles 22 to 27 160
9. The Universal Declaration: Articles 28 to 30 165
10. Historical Development of the Second Generation 170
11. Third Generation: The Solidarity Rights 175
12. The Significance of the Third Generation 179
13. Magna Carta 1215 183
14. The English Bill of Rights 1689 187
15. The American Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights 191
16. The French Declaration 1789: Articles 1 to 9 196
17. The French Declaration 1789: Articles 10 to 17 201
18. The Nineteenth Century: Abolition and Labour 206
19. The Nineteenth Century: The Laws of War 210
20. The League of Nations and the International Labour Organization 215
21. The Charter of the United Nations 1945 220
22. Drafting the Universal Declaration 225
23. The Universal Declaration: What Kind of Instrument 230
24. Why There Are Two Covenants 234
25. The Civil and Political Covenant: Articles 1 to 5 239
26. The Civil and Political Covenant: Articles 6 to 11 244
27. The Civil and Political Covenant: Articles 12 to 17 249
28. The Civil and Political Covenant: Articles 18 to 22 254
29. The Civil and Political Covenant: Articles 23 to 27 259
30. The Economic, Social and Cultural Covenant: Articles 1 to 5 264
31. The Economic, Social and Cultural Covenant: Articles 6 to 10 269
32. The Economic, Social and Cultural Covenant: Articles 11 to 15 275
33. The Right to Development 1986: Articles 1 to 5 281
34. The Right to Development 1986: Articles 6 to 10 286
35. The Core United Nations Treaties After 1966 291
36. The Criticism of the Generations Framework 296
37. Vienna 1993 and the End of the Hierarchy 301

Module III

1. Human Rights as a Political Claim 306
2. Sovereignty and Human Rights 310
3. Domestic Jurisdiction and the Limits of the Objection 315
4. Globalization: What It Changed 319
5. Globalization and Human Rights: the Argument Both Ways 323
6. Accountability: What It Means for a Right 327
7. Transparency and the Right to Know 331
8. Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations 336
9. The Media and Human Rights 341
10. Human Rights and Democracy 346
11. Rights Against the Majority 351
12. Human Rights and Development 356
13. Poverty as a Human Rights Question 361
14. Corporations and the Non-State Actor 366
15. The National Human Rights Commission: Constitution 371
16. The National Human Rights Commission: Functions and Powers 377
17. The Paris Principles 383
18. Human Rights Education 388
19. Naming, Shaming and the Politics of Enforcement 393
20. Social Movements and Rights From Below 398
21. Culture, Religion and Rights Inside a Society 403

Module IV

1. The Claim of Universality 408
2. Vienna 1993: Universal, Indivisible, Interdependent and Interrelated 413
3. Cultural Relativism 418
4. The Bangkok Declaration 423
5. Asian Values: the Argument and the Answer 428
6. What Hinders the Effective Implementation of Universality 433
7. Universality, Sovereignty and the Margin of Appreciation 437
8. Reservations: Universality Bought at a Price 442
9. Colonialism and the Making of the Instruments 447
10. Who Was in the Room in 1948 452
11. Self-Determination as the First Third World Claim 457
12. The New International Economic Order 462
13. The Right to Development as the Third World Claim 467
14. Selectivity, Double Standards and Politicization 472
15. Third World Approaches to International Law 477
16. Why a Consumer Is a Rights-Holder 482
17. The United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection 487
18. The Consumer Protection Act 2019: the Six Rights 492
19. The District Commission 497
20. The State and National Commissions 503
21. The Major Challenges Faced by Consumers in India 508
22. Measures to Overcome Them 513
23. The Digital Consumer, E-Commerce and Unfair Trade Practice 518