Environmental Law Notes | B.A. LL.B. (Five Year Course) Semester 6 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I

1. What the Environment Is, and What the Law Means by It 1
2. The Components of the Environment 6
3. What Makes the Environment Worse 11
4. The Kinds of Pollution 16
5. Global Warming 21
6. Climate Change 26
7. What Environmental Law Is For 31
8. How Indian Environmental Law Was Built 37
9. The Constitution Before 1976 43
10. Article 48A and the State's Duty 47
11. Article 51A(g) and the Citizen's Duty 52
12. Article 21 and the Right to a Clean Environment 57
13. Article 19 and the Limits on Trade 63
14. Articles 14, 32 and 226: Getting Into Court 68
15. Who May Legislate on the Environment 73
16. The Local Body's Duty 79
17. Public Interest Litigation 85
18. Judicial Activism in Environmental Cases 91
19. Nuisance 97
20. Negligence and Trespass 103
21. Strict Liability 109
22. Absolute Liability 115
23. The Penal Code Is Now the Sanhita 121
24. The Criminal Procedure Code Is Now the Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 128

Module II

1. Why a Treaty Reaches an Indian Court 135
2. The Stockholm Conference 1972 141
3. The Stockholm Declaration and Its Principles 145
4. The Rio Conference and Declaration 1992 151
5. Agenda 21 and What Followed Rio 157
6. The Johannesburg Declaration 2002 161
7. The Climate Change Convention 1992 166
8. The Kyoto Protocol 1997 171
9. The Montreal Protocol 1987 and the Ozone Layer 176
10. The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 181
11. Sustainable Development 187
12. Sustainable Development in the Indian Courts 192
13. The Polluter Pays Principle 197
14. The Precautionary Principle 202
15. Environmental Impact Assessment 208
16. The EIA Notification: the Central Government's Order 213
17. Eco-mark 219
18. Intergenerational and Intragenerational Duty 223
19. The Public Trust Doctrine 228

Module III

1. The Water Act and Article 252 233
2. The Words the Water Act Defines 238
3. The Central Pollution Control Board 243
4. The State Pollution Control Board 248
5. Who May Sit on a Board, and Who May Not 254
6. How a Board Works 258
7. The Joint Board 262
8. Functions of the Central Board 267
9. Functions of the State Board 271
10. Directions, and Where the Act Applies 277
11. The Power to Obtain Information 282
12. Taking a Sample of Effluent 288
13. Entry and Inspection 296
14. The Prohibition on Polluting a Stream or Well 302
15. Consent for a New Discharge 308
16. Refusal, Withdrawal and Guidelines 315
17. Appeal and Revision Under the Water Act 321
18. When the Board Does the Work Itself 327
19. Emergency Measures 333
20. The Board Goes to Court 339
21. Closure Directions, and the Appeal to the Tribunal 347
22. The Money of a Board 357
23. The Penalties After the 2024 Amendment 365
24. Penalties for Polluting and for Breaking a Consent 374
25. The Adjudicating Officer and the Appeal 383
26. The Fund, and the Offence of Not Paying 393
27. Naming Offenders, and Government Departments 402
28. Who May Prosecute Under the Water Act 411
29. The Water Laboratories and the Analysts 420
30. The Rest of the Water Act 427
31. The Air Act and Article 253 437
32. The Words the Air Act Defines 444
33. The Boards Under the Air Act 454
34. Membership and Working of a Board 462
35. Functions of the Boards Under the Air Act 474
36. Air Pollution Control Areas 485
37. Industrial Plants and the Consent to Operate 494
38. Information, Entry and Samples of Air 509
39. The State Air Laboratory 523
40. Appeals and Directions Under the Air Act 530
41. The Money of a Board Under the Air Act 540
42. The Air Act Penalties, and What Jan Vishwas Changed 549
43. The Adjudicating Officer Under the Air Act 560
44. Offences, Prosecution and the Rest of the Air Act 573
45. The Umbrella Act 587
46. The Words the EPA Defines 595
47. The General Powers of the Central Government 605
48. Officers, Directions and Rules 616
49. The Duty Not to Pollute 626
50. When Something Goes Wrong 634
51. The Laboratories and the Government Analysts 645
52. The Environment Act Penalties After Jan Vishwas 652
53. Adjudication, the Fund, and Offences by Departments 662
54. Prosecution and the Rest of the EPA 674
55. The Forest Acts MU Names, and the One It Does Not 688
56. The Indian Forest Act in Maharashtra 696
57. The Words the Forest Act Defines 705
58. The Four Kinds of Forest 714
59. Reserving a Forest 723
60. What Is Forbidden in a Reserved Forest 734
61. The Protected Forest 744
62. Forests Not Owned by the State 756
63. Duty on Timber, and the Transit of Forest-Produce 766
64. Forest Offences, Seizure and Confiscation 777
65. Forest-Officers, Penalties and the Rest of the Forest Act 789
66. The Van Adhiniyam: Why It Exists 808
67. Non-Forest Use of Forest Land 820
68. The Advisory Committee, and the Penalty 836

Module IV

1. Why There Is a Green Tribunal 850
2. The Words the Tribunal Act Defines 858
3. The Tribunal, and Who Sits On It 868
4. What the Tribunal May Decide 879
5. How a Case Reaches the Tribunal 889
6. The Principles the Tribunal Must Apply 897
7. Decisions, Appeals, Costs and Execution 904
8. The Penal Provisions of the Tribunal Act 911
9. The Rest of the Tribunal Act 918
10. The Wildlife Act and the 2022 Amendment 925
11. The Words the Wildlife Act Defines 932
12. The Wildlife Authorities 940
13. The Prohibition on Hunting 948
14. Grant of Licences and Dealings: What MU's Range Skips 956
15. Specified Plants 959
16. Sanctuaries: How One Is Made 966
17. What May and May Not Happen in a Sanctuary 974
18. Tiger and Elephant Conservation 984
19. Captivity, Trade, and Government Property 993
20. CITES and the New Chapter VB 1003
21. Offences Against Wildlife 1011
22. Forfeiture, and the Offences of International Trade 1021
23. The Rest of the Wildlife Act 1028
24. Why a Rule Can Bind Like an Act 1035
25. The Bio-Medical Waste Rules 1040
26. The Hazardous Waste Rules 1047
27. The Noise Pollution Rules 1054
28. The Ozone Depleting Substances Rules 1063
29. The Solid Waste Management Rules 1068