Logic II Notes | B.A. LL.B. (Five Year Course) Semester 4 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I Categorical Syllogism

1. What a Categorical Syllogism Is 1
2. The General Rules of the Syllogism 8
3. The Corollaries: Two Particular Premises, and One 16
4. The Fallacy of Four Terms and the Undistributed Middle 21
5. Illicit Process and the Fallacies of Negative Premises 28
6. Figure: The Four Figures of the Syllogism 36
7. The Special Rules of the Four Figures 42
8. Mood: The Sixty-Four Moods and the Valid Ones 49
9. Testing the Validity of a Syllogism 56
10. Testing Syllogisms by Venn Diagrams 63
11. Arguments in Ordinary Language: Standard Form, Enthymemes and Chains 70
12. Aristotle's Dictum de Omni et Nullo and the First Figure 78
13. Reduction: What It Is and Why It Is Done 85
14. Direct Reduction of the Second Figure 91
15. Direct Reduction of the Third Figure 96
16. Direct Reduction of the Fourth Figure 102
17. Indirect Reduction: Baroco, Bocardo and Reductio per Impossibile 108
18. Nyaya: The School and Its Means of Knowledge 115
19. Anumana: Inference in Nyaya 120
20. The Five-Membered Syllogism 126
21. Vyapti: Universal Concomitance 131
22. Hetvabhasa: What Makes a Reason Fallacious 137
23. The Five Hetvabhasas and Their Kinds 143
24. The Nyaya and the Aristotelian Syllogism Compared 149

Module II Other Mediate Inferences

1. The Hypothetical Syllogism: Pure and Mixed 155
2. Rules and Fallacies of the Hypothetical Syllogism 163
3. Hypothetical Arguments in Law 170
4. The Disjunctive Syllogism 178
5. Rules and Fallacies of the Disjunctive Syllogism, with Reference to Law 184
6. The Rules of Inference 191
7. The Rules of Replacement 199
8. Formal Proof of Validity 207
9. Formal Proofs of Legal Arguments, and Proving Invalidity 212
10. The Dilemma and Its Types 219
11. Refuting a Dilemma 226
12. The Value of the Dilemma in Law 233
13. Hypothesis: What It Is and Why Inquiry Needs It 241
14. The Conditions of a Good Hypothesis 248
15. Kinds of Hypothesis 256
16. The Hypothetico-Deductive Method and Its Stages 263
17. The Method at Work: John Snow and Cholera 270
18. The Method of Inquiry in Law 277
19. Hypothesis and Proof on Circumstantial Evidence 285

Module III Language and Law

1. The Uses of Language 292
2. Emotive Words and Emotively Neutral Language 297
3. Kinds of Agreement and Disagreement 302
4. Swami Vivekananda's Chicago Speech 307
5. What a Fallacy Is, and the Kinds of Fallacy 314
6. Fallacies of Ambiguity 319
7. Fallacies of Relevance 326
8. Fallacies of Defective Induction 333
9. Fallacies of Presumption 340
10. Impediments to Good Reasoning 346

Module IV Application of Logical & Moral Reasoning

1. The Conception of Cause 351
2. The Common-Sense and the Scientific Notion of Cause 356
3. Plurality of Causes 360
4. Mill's Methods of Experimental Inquiry 365
5. Free Will 371
6. Legal Maxims in Relation to Causation 377
7. In Jure Non Remota Causa Sed Proxima Spectatur 384
8. Respondeat Superior 392
9. Equality and Its Implications 399
10. Ends and Means: Gandhi and Singer 405