Law of Torts, Motor Accident Claims and Consumer Protection Notes | LL.B. (3 years) Semester 1 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I General Principles of Tort

1. What a Tort Is 1
2. The Nature and Scope of Tortious Liability 6
3. The Object of the Law of Torts 12
4. Law of Tort or Law of Torts 17
5. Tort in India 21
6. The Mental Element in Tort 26
7. Tort Distinguished from Crime 30
8. Tort Distinguished from Breach of Contract and Other Wrongs 34
9. Who May Sue 38
10. Death and the Fatal Accidents Act 1855 43
11. Who May Not Be Sued 49
12. Damnum Sine Injuria 54
13. Injuria Sine Damno 58
14. Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium 62
15. Volenti Non Fit Injuria 66
16. Extinguishment and Discharge of Liability in Tort 71
17. Limitation in an Action for Tort 75
18. General Defences I 81
19. General Defences II 85

Module II Torts against person, property, Freedom &Reputation

1. Trespass to the Person 90
2. Battery 94
3. Assault 97
4. Mayhem 100
5. False Imprisonment 103
6. Trespass to Land 108
7. Trespass ab Initio 112
8. Remedies for Trespass to Land 115
9. Trespass to Goods 119
10. Detinue 122
11. Conversion 126
12. Defamation: What It Is 130
13. Libel and Slander 134
14. The Essentials of Defamation 138
15. Defences to Defamation 141
16. Defamation in India 146
17. Torts Affecting Personal Relations 150
18. Nuisance: What It Is 153
19. Public Nuisance 156
20. Private Nuisance 160
21. Defences and Remedies in Nuisance 164
22. Negligence: What It Is 168
23. The Duty of Care 172
24. Breach of Duty and the Standard of Care 177
25. Damage, Causation and Remoteness 181
26. Res Ipsa Loquitur 185
27. Contributory and Composite Negligence 189
28. Medical Negligence 193
29. Nervous Shock 198
30. Fraud or Deceit 202
31. Joint Tortfeasors 206
32. Malicious Prosecution 210
33. Malicious Abuse of Legal Process 214

Module III Principles of Liability in Torts and Legal Remedies

1. Vicarious Liability: Basis and Justification 218
2. Who Is a Servant 222
3. Course of Employment 226
4. Liability for an Independent Contractor 230
5. Other Relations that Attract Vicarious Liability 233
6. Vicarious Liability of the State 236
7. Constitutional Tort 240
8. Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher 245
9. Exceptions to Strict Liability 250
10. Absolute Liability 254
11. The Bhopal Gas Disaster 259
12. The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 263
13. Judicial Remedies: Damages 268
14. Kinds of Damages 271
15. Injunction and Specific Restitution of Property 275
16. Extra-Judicial Remedies 279

Module IV Concept of Consumer & Consumer Protection Act 2019

1. Why a Consumer Law, and the Scheme of the Act of 2019 283
2. Who Is a Consumer 287
3. Goods and Defect 291
4. Service and Deficiency 295
5. Types of Services and Denial of Service 299
6. Commercial and Professional Services 302
7. Medical Services under the Act 305
8. Unfair and Restrictive Trade Practices 309
9. Misleading Advertisements and the Liability of an Endorser 313
10. Consumer Rights and the Consumer Protection Councils 317
11. The Central Consumer Protection Authority 320
12. The District Commission 324
13. How a Complaint Is Decided 328
14. The State Commission 332
15. The National Commission 336
16. Mediation under the Act 340
17. Product Liability 344
18. Offences and Penalties under the Consumer Law 348
19. Judicial Review of the Consumer Commissions 352
20. The Motor Vehicles Act 1988: Scheme and Definitions 357
21. What a Motor Accident Claim Is 361
22. Claims Tribunals: Constitution and Jurisdiction 365
23. The Application for Compensation 369
24. The Award of the Claims Tribunal 375
25. Computing Just Compensation 380
26. Appeal, Recovery and Rules 385
27. Liability without Fault 389
28. Hit and Run, and the Golden Hour 397
29. Compulsory Third-Party Insurance 403
30. The Insurer: Duties, Defences and Pay and Recover 409
31. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act I: Licensing 417
32. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act II: Conductors and Registration 421
33. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act III: Permits and State Undertakings 425
34. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act IV: Construction, Traffic and Foreign Vehicles 429
35. The Rest of the Motor Vehicles Act V: Offences and Miscellaneous 434