Jurisprudence Notes | B.Com. LL.B. (Five Years) Semester 5 | KSLU | munotes

Contents

Unit I

1. Jurisprudence: What This Paper Covers, and How to Read This Book 1
2. What Jurisprudence Means 5
3. The Nature of Jurisprudence 9
4. The Scope of Jurisprudence 12
5. Why Jurisprudence Is Studied 15
6. What a School of Jurisprudence Is 18
7. The Central Notion of Natural Law 22
8. The Basic Tenets of Natural Law 26
9. Natural Law in the Greek Period 30
10. Natural Law in the Roman Period 34
11. Natural Law in the Christian and Medieval Periods 37
12. Natural Law in the Modern Period 41
13. Natural Law in Indian Law 46
14. The Ancient Indian Concept of Dharma 50
15. Law and Morality 54
16. What Legal Positivism Is 58
17. Bentham and the Principle of Utility 62
18. Austin's Command Theory of Law 66
19. Austin's Sovereign, and the Criticism of the Command Theory 70
20. Sanctions 74
21. Positive Law and Positive Morality 77
22. Hart's Concept of Law 80
23. Hart's Rule of Recognition and the Hart Debates 85
24. Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law 90
25. The Grundnorm 94
26. The American Realist School 98
27. The Scandinavian Realist School 103
28. The Basic Tenets of the Realist School 108
29. Savigny and the Volksgeist 112
30. Puchta on Custom and the State 116
31. Maine: From Status to Contract 119
32. The Basic Tenets of the Historical School 123
33. The Rise of the Sociological School 127
34. Roscoe Pound and Social Engineering 130
35. Pound's Scheme of Interests 135
36. Ihering, Duguit and Ehrlich 139
37. The Basic Tenets of the Sociological School 144

Unit II

1. What Law Is 148
2. The Definitions of Law 153
3. Law as a Normative Order 158
4. The Functions of Law 161
5. The Purposes of Law 164
6. Question of Fact and Question of Law 167
7. What Justice Means 172
8. The Kinds of Justice 175
9. Justice According to Law, and Equity 179
10. The Administration of Justice: Why It Is Needed and How It Began 183
11. Civil and Criminal Justice: The Two Branches Compared 188
12. Theories of Punishment: An Overview 194
13. The Deterrent Theory 199
14. The Preventive Theory 206
15. The Reformative Theory 211
16. The Retributive Theory 218
17. The Secondary Functions of Courts of Law 225

Unit III

1. What a Source of Law Is 230
2. Formal and Material Sources of Law 233
3. What Legislation Is 236
4. Supreme Legislation 240
5. Subordinate and Delegated Legislation 243
6. The Merits and Demerits of Legislation 247
7. Codification of Law 251
8. Statutory Interpretation: Why It Is Needed 255
9. The Literal, Golden and Mischief Rules 259
10. The Subsidiary Rules of Interpretation 263
11. What a Precedent Is 267
12. Precedent as a Source of Law in India 271
13. The Doctrine of Stare Decisis 276
14. Kinds of Precedent 280
15. The Declaratory Theory, and Whether Judges Make Law 284
16. Prospective Overruling 288
17. Ratio Decidendi 292
18. How to Find the Ratio of a Case 296
19. Obiter Dicta 300
20. Per Incuriam and Sub Silentio 304
21. What Destroys or Weakens the Binding Force of a Precedent 308
22. Distinguishing and Overruling 312
23. The Merits and Demerits of Precedent 316
24. What a Custom Is 320
25. Kinds of Custom 324
26. General and Local Custom 328
27. Trade Usage and Conventional Custom 332
28. The Essentials of a Valid Custom: Antiquity, Continuity and Peaceable Enjoyment 336
29. The Essentials of a Valid Custom: Reasonableness, Certainty, Consistency and Obligatory Force 340
30. Custom in the Indian Courts 345
31. Legislation, Precedent and Custom: A Comparative Study 350

Unit IV

1. What a Legal Right Is 355
2. The Theories of Rights: Will, Interest and Gray 358
3. The Elements of a Legal Right 362
4. The Characteristics of a Legal Right 366
5. Title: Original and Derivative 370
6. Duties, and the Correlation of Rights and Duties 375
7. The Kinds of Duty 379
8. Perfect and Imperfect, Positive and Negative Rights 383
9. Rights in Rem and Rights in Personam 387
10. Proprietary and Personal Rights, Inheritable and Uninheritable 391
11. Rights in Re Propria and Rights in Re Aliena 395
12. Primary and Secondary, Legal and Equitable, Vested and Contingent Rights 399
13. Hohfeld's Scheme of Jural Relations 404
14. Jural Correlatives and Jural Opposites 408
15. Liberty, Power, Immunity and Capacity in Practice 412
16. What Possession Is 416
17. Corpus and Animus: The Two Elements of Possession 420
18. Possession in Fact and Possession in Law 423
19. Mediate and Immediate Possession 427
20. Corporeal and Incorporeal Possession 430
21. The Modes of Acquiring Possession 433
22. Why Possession Is Protected 437
23. Possessory Remedies and Adverse Possession 441
24. What Ownership Is 445
25. The Characteristics of Ownership 449
26. Austin on Ownership 452
27. The Kinds of Ownership 455
28. Corporeal and Incorporeal Property 459
29. The Modes of Acquiring Ownership 462
30. Possession and Ownership Distinguished 465
31. What a Legal Person Is 468
32. Natural and Artificial Persons 473
33. The Legal Status of an Unborn Person 477
34. The Legal Status of a Minor 481
35. The Legal Status of a Person of Unsound Mind and of a Drunken Person 486
36. The Legal Status of a Dead Person 491
37. The Legal Status of an Animal 495
38. Corporation Sole and Corporation Aggregate 499
39. The Characteristics and Advantages of Incorporation 503
40. The Theories of Corporate Personality 507
41. Corporate Criminal Liability 511

Unit V

1. Liability: What It Is, and the Conditions for Imposing It 515
2. Legal Wrongs and Moral Wrongs 520
3. The Wrongful Act: Acts, Omissions, Circumstances and Consequences 524
4. Damnum Sine Injuria 529
5. Injuria Sine Damno 533
6. Damage, Causation and Remoteness 537
7. Mens Rea: The Guilty Mind 541
8. Intention and Motive 545
9. Malice, Attempts and Necessity 550
10. Negligence and Recklessness 556
11. The Theories of Negligence: Subjective and Objective 562
12. Negligence: What It Is 567
13. Strict Liability: The Theory, Mistake and Accident 571
14. Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher 577
15. Exceptions to Strict Liability 582
16. Absolute Liability 586
17. When the Law Does Not Ask for Intention 590
18. Vicarious Liability: Basis and Justification 595
19. Other Relations that Attract Vicarious Liability 599
20. Vicarious Liability of the State 602
21. What an Obligation Is 606
22. Perfect and Imperfect Obligations 609
23. Simple and Solidary Obligations 612
24. The Sources of Obligations 616
25. The Classification of Law 620
26. Substantive Law and Procedural Law 624