Indian Knowledge Systems in Information Technology Notes | B.Sc. (Information Technology) Semester 5 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I Introduction to Indian Knowledge Systems and Their Relevance to

1. Why an Information Technology Student Reads This Paper 1
2. How This Paper Is Examined, and What That Means for How You Read 4
3. What a Pramana Is 7
4. Pratyaksha: Perception, and Where It Stops 10
5. Anumana: Inference in Outline 13
6. Upamana: Knowing by Comparison 16
7. Shabda: Testimony, and the Trusted Source 19
8. The Schools Do Not Agree on the List, and That Is the Interesting Part 22
9. Vedanta and Mimamsa on Knowing 25
10. What Actually Connects These Traditions to Information Technology 28
11. Structured Knowledge Representation, and What It Costs 31
12. What Makes a Framework Rule-Based Rather Than a List of Rules 34
13. Systematic Reasoning as a Machine Can Do It 37
14. Positional Notation: What Place Value Actually Is 40
15. Where the Decimal Place Value System Came From 44
16. How the System Travelled 47
17. Why Place Value Is the Precondition of Digital Computation 50
18. Shunya: One Word Doing Three Jobs 53
19. Brahmagupta's Rules for Arithmetic with Zero 56
20. The Rule Brahmagupta Got Wrong, and Why It Matters 59
21. Zero in Modern Computing and in Binary Logic 63
22. Pingala's Chandas Shastra: the Text, and the Code Inside It 66
23. Laghu and Guru as a Two-Valued Code 69
24. Prastara: Enumerating Every Pattern in Order 72
25. Prastara in Code 75
26. Nashta and Uddishta: Finding a Row Without the Table 78
27. Sankhya and Adhvayoga: Counting Without Listing 81
28. Meru-Prastara and the Binomial Triangle 84
29. What Pingala Is, and What He Is Not 87

Module II Mathematical Foundations and Indian Logic & Its Applications in Ancient

1. Aryabhata and the Aryabhatiya 90
2. Aryabhata's Number Notation, and Why It Matters Here 93
3. The Square Root Rule 96
4. The Square Root Rule, Run 99
5. The Cube Root Rule 102
6. Jya: Building the Sine Table 105
7. Reading Between the Entries of a Table 109
8. The Kuttaka: the Pulveriser 112
9. Iterative Procedure and the Stored Table as Computing Devices 116
10. What Makes a Rule in a Verse an Algorithm 119
11. Step-by-Step Procedure and Rule-Based Calculation 122
12. Recursion-Like Structure in Indian Mathematics 125
13. Systematic Numerical Method, and Its Limits 128
14. Nyaya: the Sixteen Categories 131
15. How a Nyaya Enquiry Is Structured, from Doubt to Conclusion 134
16. Nyaya's Classification of Knowledge 137
17. Hetvabhasa: the Fallacies of a Reason 140
18. Jalpa, Vitanda and the Kinds of Argument 143
19. The Five-Member Syllogism 146
20. Pratijna, Hetu and Udaharana 149
21. Upanaya, Nigamana, and Why Five Rather Than Three 152
22. Vyapti: What Holds an Inference Together 155
23. Nyaya Against Aristotle 158
24. Multi-Step and Contextual Inference 161
25. Purvavat, Sheshavat and Samanyatodrishta 164
26. The Three Mechanisms in Machine Reasoning 167
27. Kautilya's Arthashastra: the Treatise and What It Is 170
28. Saptanga: the Seven Limbs as a Model of a State 173
29. The Four Upayas and Structured Planning 176
30. Where These Frameworks Land in Computing 179
31. An Inference Engine Built from Nyaya's Own Form 182
32. What the Comparison Does Not Reach 186

Module III Sanskrit Grammar and Computational Linguistics

1. Panini's Ashtadhyayi: What the Book Is 189
2. How Many Rules, and How We Know 192
3. The Shiva Sutras and the Pratyahara 195
4. Anubandha: the Marker Letter as a Tag 199
5. Panini's Treatment of Sound: Sandhi as a Rewrite Rule 202
6. Paribhasha: Rules About Rules 205
7. When Two Rules Could Fire: the Four Principles 208
8. Panini's Grammar Against Formal Language Theory 212
9. Which Chomsky Class the Comparison Reaches 215
10. A Panini Rule Written as a Production 218
11. Derivation as an Execution Trace 221
12. Karaka: Roles Before Cases 224
13. Parallels with Program Structure, and Where They Stop 227
14. Sanskrit and the Design of Programming Languages 230
15. Is Sanskrit Unambiguous? 233
16. What Influence Was Actually Claimed, and by Whom 236
17. Sanskrit Grammar Against Compiler Design 239
18. Lexical Analysis, Parsing, and the Grammar's Own Machinery 242
19. Sanskrit in Natural Language Processing 245
20. Briggs 1985, Read Properly 248
21. Machine Translation and Semantic Representation 251
22. What a Sanskrit Corpus Looks Like Today 254

Module IV Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Models in Ancient Indian Thought

1. Why a Computing Paper Asks About Consciousness 257
2. Perception, Cognition and Memory in Nyaya 260
3. Antahkarana: the Inner Instrument in Vedanta 264
4. Patanjali's Yoga Sutra on Mental Process 267
5. Knowledge Representation in the Classical Systems 270
6. Vaisesika's Categories as an Ontology 273
7. Building a Taxonomy from a Classical Scheme 276
8. Learning and Mental Process: Anubhava 280
9. Observation, Inference and Experiential Learning 283
10. The Modern Learning Paradigms, Set Beside Them 286
11. Artificial Beings in Indian Narrative: What the Texts Say 289
12. Yantra, Vimana and the Claims That Do Not Survive 292
13. Predictive Astronomy as a Computational Model 296
14. The Yuga, the Revolutions and the Ahargana 299
15. Computing a Mean Longitude 302
16. Mandaphala: the Epicycle Correction 305
17. Pattern Recognition and Classification 308
18. Classification in Medicine: the Tridosha Scheme 311
19. A Decision Tree from a Classical Scheme 314
20. Classification in Linguistics and in Philosophy 318

Module V Mechanical Devices and Early Computational Concepts

1. Early Counting Devices: What the Evidence Supports 321
2. Pati Ganita: Dust, Board and the Written Algorithm 324
3. Counting Aids in Trade and Astronomy 327
4. Chaturanga: What the Game Actually Was 330
5. The Ashtapada Board and the Four-Handed Game 333
6. Counting the Moves: a Game Tree 336
7. Minimax on a Chaturanga Endgame 339
8. Combinatorics in Indian Mathematics 342
9. Permutation and Combination in the Lilavati 345
10. Meru-Prastara Proved 348
11. Combinatorics in Metre and in Astronomy 351
12. Cryptography: the Requirement Kautilya States 354
13. Symbolic Codes and Secret Writing 357
14. Katapayadi: Numbers Written as Words 360
15. A Substitution Cipher, Built and Broken 363
16. Indian Astronomy as Early Computational Modelling 366
17. Computing an Eclipse 369
18. The Calendar: Tithi, Nakshatra and the Panchanga 374
19. The Antikythera Mechanism, Described Accurately 378
20. A Geared Mechanism Against a Written Algorithm 382

Module VI Present Innovations and Future Directions

1. Digitizing Traditional Knowledge: What Exists 386
2. The National Mission for Manuscripts, and What It Has Done 389
3. Digital Repositories and What Makes One Usable 392
4. Knowledge Management and Digital Archives 396
5. Metadata Standards: Dublin Core, TEI and OAI-PMH 399
6. Designing a Schema for a Manuscript Collection 402
7. Cloud Computing and AI in Preserving IKS 407
8. OCR, and What It Did to This Book's Own Sources 410
9. Classifying and Searching a Digitised Corpus 414
10. Integrating IKS with Emerging Technology 419
11. Interdisciplinary Work That Is Actually Running 423
12. Vaisesika and Vedic Mathematics: What MU's Objectives Add 427
13. Data Science Innovation from an IKS Domain 431
14. Reliable Knowledge in a Data-Intensive Environment 436
15. A Culturally Grounded Solution to an Indian Problem 440
16. Ethics and Philosophy for Future Technology 444
17. Dharma, Ahimsa and Responsible AI: the Argument and Its Weak Forms 447
18. Data Ethics, Read Against the Classical Virtues 451
19. What to Read Next, and What This Book Could Read 455
20. Answering at Five Marks: Module 1 459
21. Answering at Five Marks: Module 2 463