Wireless and Sensor Networks Notes | B.Sc. (Computer Science) Semester 5 | Mumbai University | munotes

Contents

Module I Wireless sensor networks: the node and the network, operating systems and ad hoc networks, medium access control, routing, transport and middleware

1. What a Wireless Sensor Network Is 1
2. The Architectural Elements of a Sensor Network 8
3. The Sensor Network Protocol Stack and Its Three Planes 15
4. The Advantages of Wireless Sensor Networks 20
5. The Challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks 25
6. Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks 34
7. Inside a Sensor Node: The Five Units 39
8. The Radio, the Sensors and the Power Supply of a Node 45
9. How Long a Node Lasts: The Energy Budget Worked Out 52
10. Sensor Taxonomy 58
11. The Operating Environment and the Design Factors 64
12. Radio Technology in WSNs: The Sensor Radio and Its Link Budget 70
13. The Wireless Technologies a Sensor Network Can Use 76
14. Network Architecture: Sources, Sinks, Hops and Mobility 82
15. Single Hop or Multiple Hops: The Energy Argument Worked Out 87
16. Optimization Goals: Quality of Service, Energy Efficiency and Lifetime 93
17. Figures of Merit: Scalability, Robustness and Measuring a Network 98
18. Deployment and Coverage: Random Against Grid 102
19. Design Principles: Distributed Organisation and In-network Processing 107
20. Design Principles: Data Centricity, Location, Activity and Heterogeneity 112
21. Service Interfaces of a WSN 117
22. Gateway Concepts 121
23. Sensor Networks in the Internet of Things: 6LoWPAN, RPL and CoAP 126
24. Why a Sensor Node Needs an Operating System 133
25. Event-driven or Multithreaded: The Two Execution Models 137
26. TinyOS: Components, Tasks and the Scheduler 142
27. Commands, Events and Split-phase Operation 147
28. nesC: Modules, Configurations, Interfaces and Wiring 152
29. Blink: A TinyOS Application Read Line by Line 157
30. TOSSIM: Simulating Motes, Radio Gain and Packet Loss 161
31. Contiki, RIOT and the Other Sensor Operating Systems 174
32. Ad Hoc Networks: MANETs, and How a Sensor Network Differs 185
33. The Characteristics and Challenges of Ad Hoc Networks in a WSN 193
34. Time Synchronisation and Localisation 202
35. Routing in Ad Hoc Networks: Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid 212
36. AODV: Route Discovery and Route Maintenance 220
37. DSR, and What Its Routes Cost Against AODV 229
38. Measuring a MANET Protocol: Throughput, Delivery Ratio and Delay 237
39. Energy Efficiency in Ad Hoc Networks: Where the Energy Goes 243
40. Energy-aware Routing 250
41. Security in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Goals, Constraints and Attacks 257
42. Routing Attacks: Sinkhole, Sybil, Wormhole and HELLO Flood 265
43. Keys and Link Security: Key Predistribution, SPINS and 802.15.4 273
44. Privacy in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 281
45. MAC Protocols for Sensor Networks: The Job and Where the Energy Goes 289
46. Contention: ALOHA and CSMA 298
47. Hidden and Exposed Terminals, and RTS and CTS 309
48. CSMA/CA Worked Step by Step 317
49. TDMA and Schedule-based MAC 325
50. Duty Cycling: Preamble Sampling, B-MAC and X-MAC 332
51. S-MAC: Periodic Listen and Sleep, and Keeping Neighbours in Step 341
52. S-MAC: Collision Avoidance, Overhearing Avoidance and Message Passing 348
53. S-MAC: Latency, Adaptive Listening and the Energy Saved 355
54. Routing Challenges and Design Issues in WSNs 363
55. Routing Strategies in WSNs: A Map 370
56. Flooding, Gossiping and the Broadcast Storm 377
57. SPIN: Negotiating Before Sending 385
58. Directed Diffusion and Rumour Routing 392
59. LEACH: Clusters That Take Turns 401
60. PEGASIS, TEEN and the Other Hierarchical Protocols 409
61. Geographic Routing: Greedy Forwarding and GPSR 417
62. Routing Tables and What Happens When the Topology Changes 425
63. IEEE 802.15.4: The Standard, Its Devices and Its Topologies 433
64. The 802.15.4 Physical Layer 440
65. The 802.15.4 Superframe and Guaranteed Time Slots 454
66. CSMA-CA, Data Transfer and Frames in 802.15.4 466
67. Built on 802.15.4: Zigbee Routing, Security and the Later Amendments 479
68. Traditional Transport Control Protocols: TCP and UDP 492
69. Why a Sensor Network Cannot Simply Run TCP 502
70. Transport Protocol Design Issues in WSNs 511
71. Transport Protocols Built for Sensor Networks: PSFQ, ESRT, CODA and RMST 521
72. WSN Middleware: Why It Is Needed, and Its Architecture 531
73. Middleware Approaches, and TinyDB 540

Module II Wireless transmission: frequencies, signals, antennas, propagation, multiplexing, modulation and spread spectrum, then cellular systems and GSM, DECT, TETRA and UMTS, and satellite and broadcast systems

1. Frequencies for Radio Transmission 550
2. Signals: Amplitude, Frequency and Phase 559
3. Antennas: Radiators, Dipoles and Radiation Patterns 567
4. Directional Antennas, Sectorisation, Diversity and Spatial Reuse 576
5. Signal Propagation: Ranges, Path Loss and How a Signal Travels 585
6. Multipath, Fading and the Doppler Effect 594
7. Multiplexing: Space, Frequency, Time and Code 602
8. Modulation: ASK, FSK and PSK 611
9. Advanced Modulation: MSK, GMSK, QPSK, QAM and OFDM 619
10. Spread Spectrum and Direct Sequence 628
11. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 636
12. Cellular Systems: Cells, Clusters and Frequency Reuse 644
13. Channel Allocation, Cell Splitting, Sectorisation and Cell Breathing 653
14. GSM and Its Mobile Services 662
15. The GSM System Architecture 670
16. The GSM Radio Interface: Carriers, the TDMA Frame and Bursts 678
17. GSM Logical Channels and the Frame Hierarchy 686
18. GSM Protocols 694
19. Localization and Calling in GSM 701
20. Handover in GSM 709
21. GSM Security 716
22. New Data Services: HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE 724
23. DECT: System Architecture and Protocol Architecture 732
24. TETRA 740
25. UMTS and IMT-2000 748
26. The UMTS System Architecture: UTRAN and the Core Network 755
27. The UMTS Radio Interface: W-CDMA, Codes, Power Control and Soft Handover 762
28. A Web Request Over a Cellular Network 770
29. The History of Satellite Systems 778
30. Applications of Satellite Systems 785
31. Satellite Basics: Orbits, Periods, Elevation and Footprints 793
32. GEO: The Geostationary Orbit 803
33. LEO and MEO 813
34. Routing in Satellite Systems 822
35. Localization and Handover in Satellite Systems 832
36. Broadcast Systems: Cyclic Repetition, DAB and DVB 840
37. Across the Two Modules: The Comparisons Question 3 Draws On 851