B.B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 2 Entrepreneurship Development 2023 Mar Question Paper with Solutions

1. Richard Cantillon (died 1734) called the entrepreneur a risk-bearer: one who buys at a certain price and sells at an uncertain price.
2. Frank H. Knight, in Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921), saw the entrepreneur as the one who bears uncertainty. Uncertainty is the kind of risk that cannot be measured or insured. Profit is the reward for bearing it.
3. J. A. Schumpeter (The Theory of Economic Development, English edition 1934) saw the entrepreneur as an innovator who carries out new combinations.
4. Peter F. Drucker (Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 1985) said the entrepreneur "always searches for change, responds to it, and exploits it as an opportunity".

Taken together, these views describe the entrepreneur as an opportunity-seeker, organiser, risk-bearer and innovator.

Characteristics of a successful entrepreneur

Not every person who starts a business succeeds. Studies of successful entrepreneurs, beginning with David McClelland's work on achievement motivation, point to a common set of qualities. They fall into three groups.

A. Inner drive

4. Organising ability. They bring together money, materials, machines and people, and make them work as one unit.
5. Financial sense. They understand costs, prices, cash flow and credit. Many businesses fail from poor cash management rather than poor products.
6. Technical knowledge. They know their product and process well enough to judge quality and solve problems.

C. Outlook

1. Opportunity orientation. They are always alert to unmet needs and changes in the market.
2. Customer focus. They build the business around what customers value.
3. Adaptability. They change their plans when the market, technology or law changes.
4. Goal-setting and use of feedback. They set clear, realistic targets and watch results closely, correcting course quickly.
5. Integrity. Honesty with customers, workers, lenders and the State builds the trust on which credit and repeat business depend.

The characteristics at a glance

Why the mix matters

No single quality is enough. A creative person without financial sense may build a good product and still run out of cash. A good organiser without perseverance may give up in the first bad year. Banks and investors therefore look at the whole person. They want the drive to start, the ability to run the unit and the outlook to keep it growing.

Can these qualities be developed?

Some of these qualities come from temperament and upbringing. Many can be learned. McClelland's training of businessmen in Kakinada in the 1960s showed that achievement motivation can be raised by training. Entrepreneurship development programmes in India build on this, teaching goal-setting, risk analysis and business planning.

Conclusion. An entrepreneur is a person who spots an opportunity, organises resources, bears uncertainty and innovates. A successful entrepreneur combines inner drive, practical abilities and the right outlook. Achievement motivation, calculated risk-taking, perseverance, creativity, organising ability and integrity matter most. Because many of these qualities can be learned, entrepreneurship can be widened through training and support.