KSLU Solved Question Papers
Political Science (International Relations and Organisation)
Previous Year Question Paper with Solution
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 4
2019 Jun Examination
munotes.in
Mumbai
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 4 Political Science (International Relations and Organisation) 2019 Jun Question Paper with Solutions
First published on munotes.in on 21 October 2026.
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Contents
The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2019 Jun examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2019 Jun examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 100 · 13 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1What is Nationalism ? Explain its principles, merits and demerits.[16]
Answer
For full marks, cover: what nationalism is (Kohn's "state of mind"; Renan's "daily plebiscite"; nationalism as a sentiment, an ideology and a movement); its rise (the French Revolution of 1789; the unification of Italy and Germany; the anti-colonial movements; India); its kinds (civic and ethnic, liberal and aggressive, anti-colonial); its principles (a nation's right to its own state, self-determination with resolution 1514, sovereignty and equality, non-interference, loyalty, cultural identity, popular government), with the Western Sahara opinion (1975); its merits (political, social and cultural, economic, international); its demerits (aggression and war, racism, militarism, dictatorship, break-up of states, economic warfare, obstacles to co-operation); Indian nationalism (Tagore, Gandhi); nationalism today; a balanced view and India's constitutional nationalism; a conclusion.
What nationalism is
Nationalism is the feeling of loyalty to one's nation. It is joined to the political demand that the nation be free, united and governed by its own people. The historian Hans Kohn called it first and foremost "a state of mind". Ernest Renan described the existence of a nation as "a daily plebiscite", the continuing consent of its members to live together.
Nationalism has three faces:
- a sentiment, the love of one's nation;
- an ideology, the belief that every nation should govern itself;
- a movement, the organised struggle to win or defend national independence.
The rise of nationalism
- The French Revolution of 1789 made the nation, not the king, the source of sovereignty.
- The nineteenth century saw national movements unify Italy and Germany into national states.
- The twentieth century saw nationalism break up empires. After 1945, national movements in Asia and Africa won independence for dozens of colonies.
- India is an example of nationalism uniting a people of many languages and religions against colonial rule. The Indian National Congress was founded at Bombay in 1885, and independence came in 1947.
Kinds of nationalism
- Civic nationalism rests on shared citizenship and political values. Anyone who accepts them can belong.
- Ethnic nationalism rests on descent, language or religion. It can exclude those outside the group.
- Liberal nationalism respects the rights of other nations and of individuals.
- Aggressive or extreme nationalism treats the nation as superior and other nations as enemies.
- Anti-colonial nationalism seeks freedom from foreign rule.
Principles of nationalism
1. Every nation should have its own state. J. S. Mill wrote in 1861 that "it is in general a necessary condition of free institutions that the boundaries of governments should coincide in the main with those of nationalities".
2. Self-determination. Every people has the right to decide its own political future. The General Assembly declared in resolution 1514 of 1960 that "All peoples have the right to self-determination". The World Court applied the principle in Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion of 16 October 1975. The Assembly asked about the territory's ties with Morocco and the Mauritanian entity when Spain colonised it. The Court found no tie of territorial sovereignty that could affect the application of "the principle of self-determination through the free and genuine expression of the will of the peoples of the Territory". The opinion turned the central principle of nationalism into a rule the world's highest court would apply.
3. Sovereignty and independence. A nation must be free from foreign control in its internal and external affairs.
4. Equality of nations. Large and small nations are equal in status. The UN "is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members" (art. 2(1)).
5. Non-interference. No nation should interfere in the internal affairs of another. Each nation must be free to choose its own political, economic and social system.
6. Loyalty. The citizen's highest political loyalty is owed to the nation, above loyalty to region, caste or party.
7. Protection of national culture. The nation's language, literature, history and traditions should be preserved and developed.
8. Popular government. Since the nation is sovereign, government should rest on the consent of the people.
Merits of nationalism
A. Political merits
- Freedom from foreign rule. Nationalism inspired colonies to win independence and made the UN a body of free and equal states.
- Unity. It joins regions, classes and faiths into one political community.
- Democracy. It teaches that power belongs to the people, not to a king or a foreign ruler.
B. Social and cultural merits
- Identity and dignity. It gives people pride in who they are and a sense of belonging.
- Cultural revival. It revives languages, literature, art and history.
- Sacrifice for the common good. It inspires citizens to serve and, when necessary, defend their country.
C. Economic merits
- Self-reliance. National pride encourages efforts to build industry, science and education. India's Swadeshi movement of 1905 linked national feeling to the use of Indian goods.
D. International merits
- A world of equal states. Free nations, secure in their identity, are the building blocks of international co-operation.
Demerits of nationalism
1. Aggression and war. Extreme nationalism leads states to seek territory and glory by force. Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 began the Second World War in Europe.
2. Racism and persecution of minorities. Where the nation is defined by race or religion, others are treated as aliens. The Nazi regime announced the Nuremberg race laws on 15 September 1935, stripping Jews of German citizenship.
3. Militarism. Armies are glorified and military leaders gain power, as in Japan's seizure of Manchuria in 1931. Spending on arms grows at the cost of schools, health and welfare, and neighbours arm in turn.
4. Dictatorship at home. In the name of the nation, critics are silenced and freedoms curtailed.
5. Break-up of states. The demand that every nationality have its own state can tear multinational states apart, often violently, as in Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992.
6. Economic warfare. High tariffs and closed markets, as in the 1930s, hurt all countries and deepened the Depression that helped bring extremists to power.
7. Obstacles to co-operation. Nationalist governments resist international law and organisations. Japan walked out of the League in 1933, and Germany left later that year.
Indian nationalism
Indian nationalism was unusual because it united a people of many languages, religions and regions. It grew from common subjection to British rule, the spread of education and the press, and leaders who carried the national idea to the villages. Rabindranath Tagore, in his lectures on Nationalism (1916 to 1917), warned against worship of the nation and the pursuit of power for its own sake. Mahatma Gandhi gave the movement a non-violent and inclusive character. The result was a nationalism that sought freedom for India without hatred of other peoples.
Nationalism today
Nationalism remains one of the strongest forces in world politics. It still drives movements for self-determination and the defence of sovereignty. It also appears in narrower forms: barriers to trade and migration, hostility to minorities and distrust of international bodies. The task for every state is to keep national loyalty open, civic and respectful of others.
A balanced view and India's constitutional nationalism
Nationalism is neither wholly good nor wholly bad. George Orwell distinguished patriotism, "devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force on other people", from a nationalism "inseparable from the desire for power". India's Constitution chooses the first kind. Its Preamble promotes "FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation". Article 51 directs the State to "maintain just and honourable relations between nations". This is nationalism that unites a diverse people without hostility to others.
Conclusion. Nationalism is a sentiment, an ideology and a movement, "a state of mind" in Kohn's words. It rose with the French Revolution, unified Italy and Germany, and freed the colonies. Its principles are a state for every nation, self-determination (applied in Western Sahara), sovereignty, equality, non-interference, loyalty, cultural identity and popular government. Its merits are freedom, unity, democracy, dignity, cultural revival, self-reliance and a world of equal states. Its demerits, in its extreme form, are aggression, racism, militarism, dictatorship, the break-up of states, economic warfare and resistance to co-operation. Civic nationalism of the kind India's Constitution expresses keeps the merits while guarding against the dangers.
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