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Political Science (International Relations and Organisation)
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B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) · Sem 4
2019 Dec Examination
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Mumbai
B.A. LL.B. (Five Years) Sem 4 Political Science (International Relations and Organisation) 2019 Dec Question Paper with Solutions
First published on munotes.in on 21 October 2026.
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Contents
The questions below are the paper as Karnataka State Law University set it at the 2019 Dec examination, in the order it was set.
MarksPage
The Paper as Set
The questions in this volume are the questions asked at the 2019 Dec examination, reproduced as Karnataka State Law University set them, in the order it set them. Long reading passages are shortened to their first and last lines and our summary; the original paper prints them in full. Only the answers are ours. See the original question paper.
Duration 3 hours · Total marks 100 · 13 questions answered
How to use this volume
Solve the paper first, under exam conditions and against the clock. Then read the answers here and mark your own. Reading a solution before attempting the question feels productive and teaches very little, because recognising an answer is not the same as being able to write one.
Q1Discuss the reasons for the growth of 'Internationalism'.[16]
Answer
For full marks, cover: the meaning of internationalism and how it differs from both nationalism and world government; the reasons for its growth, grouped under eight heads, each with evidence: (A) political and security reasons (two world wars, nuclear weapons, collective security); (B) economic reasons (interdependence, trade, development, globalisation); (C) scientific and technological reasons (transport, communications, the internet); (D) social and humanitarian reasons (human rights, refugees, health, the Red Cross); (E) environmental reasons (the ozone layer, climate change); (F) legal and institutional reasons (the UN system, international law and courts; the Chagos opinion, 2019); (G) intellectual and moral reasons (Kant, Wilson, Tagore, UNESCO's "minds of men"); (H) India's contribution (Panchsheel, non-alignment, peacekeeping, "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam"); the obstacles that remain; a conclusion.
Meaning of internationalism
Internationalism is the belief and practice that nations should co-operate for their common good, while keeping their own identity and independence. It accepts that the welfare of one nation is bound up with the welfare of all.
It differs from nationalism, which puts one's own nation first, though healthy nationalism and internationalism can go together. It also differs from world government: internationalism keeps sovereign states and asks them to co-operate, rather than replacing them with a single world authority.
Reasons for the growth of internationalism
A. Political and security reasons
1. Two world wars. The wars of 1914 to 1918 and 1939 to 1945 killed tens of millions. They showed that unchecked national rivalry leads to catastrophe. Each war was followed by a new world organisation: the League of Nations in 1920 and the United Nations in 1945.
2. Nuclear weapons. After 1945, a war between great powers could destroy civilisation itself. Survival now depends on agreements to control weapons, such as the NPT, in force from 5 March 1970.
3. Collective security. States came to accept that peace is indivisible. The UN Charter commits members "to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace" (art. 1(1)).
4. Decolonisation. As colonies in Asia and Africa became free, the UN grew from 51 members in 1945 to 193. The General Assembly declared in resolution 1514 of 1960 that "All peoples have the right to self-determination". The new states, many of them small and poor, needed international co-operation for security, trade and development, and they became its strongest supporters.
B. Economic reasons
5. Interdependence. No economy is self-sufficient. States depend on one another for food, energy, capital, technology and markets, so a crisis in one spreads to others.
6. Trade and finance. Co-operation in the IMF and World Bank (1944), the GATT (1947) and the WTO (1995) created common rules for the world economy.
7. Financial crises. Crises now spread across the world within days. After the crisis of 2008, the leaders of the G20 met for the first time, in Washington on 14 and 15 November 2008. They met to co-ordinate their response to the crisis.
8. Development. The gap between rich and poor nations became an international concern. The General Assembly called for a New International Economic Order in 1974 and adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015.
C. Scientific and technological reasons
9. Transport and communications. Railways, steamships, the telegraph, aircraft, radio and now the internet have shrunk the world. Common rules were needed from the start: the Treaty of Bern of 9 October 1874 created what became the Universal Postal Union.
10. Science as a shared enterprise. Scientists work across borders, and problems such as space, the oceans and disease need joint research.
D. Social and humanitarian reasons
11. Human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 made the treatment of every person a matter of international concern.
12. Refugees and migration. Wars and persecution drive people across borders. Their protection needs shared rules and shared burdens.
13. Health. Diseases ignore borders. The WHO led the eradication of smallpox, certified in 1980, and the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 showed again that health is a common concern.
14. Humanitarian law. The International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in Geneva in 1863 at the initiative of Henry Dunant. It began the protection of the victims of war. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 carry that work on.
E. Environmental reasons
15. Shared environmental problems. Damage to the ozone layer and climate change affect everyone. The Montreal Protocol of 16 September 1987, to protect the ozone layer, had been joined by every country by 2009. Under the Paris Agreement of 2015, states agreed to hold warming "well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels".
F. Legal and institutional reasons
16. International organisations. The UN, its specialised agencies and regional bodies give states permanent places to meet, talk and act together.
17. Regional co-operation. Regional bodies show internationalism at a smaller scale. The Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950 began the European integration that turned old enemies into partners. It declared that "World peace cannot be safeguarded without the making of creative efforts proportionate to the dangers which threaten it". ASEAN, the African Union, SAARC and BIMSTEC follow the same idea in other regions.
18. International law and courts. A growing body of treaties, and courts such as the International Court of Justice, give co-operation the force of law.
The case is Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965, Advisory Opinion of 25 February 2019. Britain had detached the Chagos Islands from Mauritius in 1965, before Mauritian independence in 1968. The General Assembly asked the Court whether decolonisation had been lawfully completed. By thirteen votes to one, the Court held that it had not, because the detachment "was not based on the free and genuine expression of the will of the people concerned". It held that Britain must end its administration as rapidly as possible. All member states must co-operate with the UN to complete the decolonisation of Mauritius. The opinion shows internationalism at work: a question once left to one colonial power became a duty of the whole community of states.
G. Intellectual and moral reasons
19. Thinkers and ideals. Immanuel Kant's Perpetual Peace (1795) proposed a federation of free states. Woodrow Wilson's fourteenth point (1918) called for "A general association of nations". In India, Rabindranath Tagore, in his lectures on Nationalism (1916 to 1917), warned against worship of the nation.
20. Education for peace. The UNESCO Constitution declares that "since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed". Education and cultural exchange spread an international outlook.
H. India's contribution
21. India's ideals and practice. India's ancient ideal "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" means "the world is one family", and India used it as the theme of its G20 presidency in 2023. Panchsheel (1954) set out principles of peaceful co-existence. Non-alignment gave new states a voice. India's long service in UN peacekeeping puts internationalism into practice. Article 51 of the Constitution directs the State to "promote international peace and security".
How the reasons reinforce one another
The reasons do not act alone. Technology made economies interdependent; interdependence created common problems; common problems needed common rules; and common rules needed organisations and courts. Each world war strengthened the moral case, and each new organisation made the next step easier. Internationalism has grown in this way, step by step, through practical need as much as idealism.
Obstacles that remain
Internationalism has grown, but it has not replaced national interest. Great powers still act alone when it suits them, the Security Council veto blocks common action, and some states leave agreements they dislike. Narrow nationalism has revived in many countries, and trade disputes and sanctions have grown. Yet even states that resist co-operation still use international bodies to press their claims, which shows how far internationalism has become part of the system.
Conclusion. Internationalism is co-operation among nations for the common good, short of world government. It grew because of political reasons (two world wars, nuclear weapons, collective security) and economic reasons (interdependence, trade, development). Scientific progress, humanitarian needs, environmental dangers and the growth of international law and institutions added to them, as the Chagos opinion shows. Thinkers from Kant to Tagore, and India's own ideals, gave it moral force. National interest still limits it, but every one of these reasons has grown stronger, not weaker.
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